历年四级真题(选词填空)2014年12月-2016年12月

2016年12月第一套题Manymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare“male”and“female”brains,believingthatexplainsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthesexes.Anewstudy26thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,TelAndwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor28brainsas“male”or“female”,researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightinthemiddle.DaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender‐based29,manydifferenttypesofbraincan’talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.Whilethe“average”maleand“average”femalebrainswere30different,youcouldn’ttellitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall31ofpeoplehad“all-male”or“all-female”characteristics.LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist(神经科学家)，saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquestioning32beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,33ofgender.“There’samountainofevidence34theimportanceofsexinfluencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,”hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy35thatgenderplaysaveryimportantroleinthebrain—“evenwhenwearenotclearexactlyhow.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A）abnormalB）

appliedC）

brieflyD）categorizingE）

challengesF）figureG）percentageH）proving

I）regardlessJ）searchedK）similarities

L）

slightlyM)

suggestsN)

tastesO)

traditional2016年12月第二套题Theoceanisheatingup.That'stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth'soceansnow

（26）heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakenplacesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.

Warmingwatersareknownto

（27）tocoralbleaching（珊瑚白化）andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea

（28）.Whilethetopoftheoceanisstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto

（29）Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter（30）ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury

31）ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,

（32）withcomputersimulations（计算机模拟）,createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel

（33）.

About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidentsata

（34）ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey're

（35）whetherthedeep-seawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea'ssurface.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A）absorb

B）combined

C）contribute

D）depth

E）emissions

F）excursion

G）explore

H）floorI）heightsJ）indifferentK）levelsL）

mixedM)pictureN)

unsureO)

voyage2016年12月第三套题Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes—animalfighting—things__26__(rarely)workoutthatway.Dogfightingvictimsare__27__(tortured)andkilledforprofitand“sport,”yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea__28__(minimal)sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(缓刑).Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution(起诉)ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey__29__(determine)penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely__30__(inadequate).TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which__31__(creates)thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright__32__(direction),butwe’dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherguidelines.Simultaneoustothiseffort,we’reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto__33__(strengthen)anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal__34__(shelters)thatcareforanimal

fightingvictims.Thishelpis__35__(critically)importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajordeterrenttointerveningincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A）convenient

B）

creates

C）

critically

D）

determine

E）

directionF）hesitate

G）inadequate

H）inspired

I）methodJ）

mineralK）

rarelyL）sheltersM)strengthenN)

sufferingsO)

tortured2016年6月第一套题PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationismakingeffortstoensurethatallstudentshaveequalaccesstoaqualityeducation.Todayitis__26___thelaunchoftheExcellentEducatorsforAllInitiative.Theinitiativewillhelpstatesandschooldistrictssupportgreateducatorsforthestudentswhoneedthemmost.

“Allchildrenare27toahigh-qualityeducationregardlessoftheirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.Itis28importantthatweprovideteachersandprincipalsthesupporttheyneedtohelpstudentsreachtheirfull29,”U.S.SecretaryofEducationArneDuncansaid.“Despitetheexcellentworkanddeep30ofournation'steachersandprincipals,studentsinhigh-poverty,Yetchildrenaresmartintheirownway.Likegoodlittlescientists,childrenarealwaystestingtheirchild-sized__39__abouthowthingswork.Whenyourchildthrowsherspoononthefloorforthesixthtimeasyoutrytofeedher,andyousay,“That’senough!Iwillnotpickupyourspoonagain!”thechildwill__40__testyourclaim.Areyouserious?Areyouangry?Whatwillhappenifshethrowsthespoonagain?Sheisnotdoingthistodriveyou__41__;rather,sheislearningthatherdesiresandyourscandiffer,andthatsometimesthose__42__areimportantandsometimestheyarenot.Howandwhydoeschildren’sthinkingchange?Inthe1920s,SwisspsychologistJeanPiagetproposedthatchildren’scognitiveabilitiesunfold__43__,likethebloomingofaflower,

almostindependentofwhatelseis__44__intheirlives.Althoughmanyofhisspecificconclusionshavebeen__45__ormodifiedovertheyears,hisideasinspiredthousandsofstudiesbyinvestigatorsallovertheworld.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)advocateB)amountC)confirmedD)crazyE)definiteF)differencesG)favoriteH)happeningI)immediatelyJ)naturallyK)obtainingL)primarilyM)protestN)rejectedO)theories2015年6月第一套Part

Ⅲ

Reading

Comprehension

(40

minutes)

SectionATheU.S.DepartmentofEducationismakingeffortstoensurethatallstudentshaveequalaccesstoaqualityeducation.Todayitis__36___thelaunchoftheExcellentEducatorsforAllInitiative.Theinitiativewillhelpstatesandschooldistrictssupportgreateducatorsforthestudentswhoneedthemmost.“Allchildrenare37toahigh-qualityeducationregardlessoftheirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.Itis38importantthatweprovideteachersandprincipalsthesupporttheyneedtohelpstudentsreachtheirfull39,”U.S.SecretaryofEducationArneDuncansaid.“Despitetheexcellentworkanddeep40ofournation'steachersandprincipals,studentsinhigh-poverty,high-minorityschoolsareunfairlytreatedacrossourcountry.Wehavetodobetter.Localleadersandeducatorswill41theirowncreativesolutions,butwemustworktogetherto42ourfocusonhowtobetterrecruit,supportand43effectiveteachersandprincipalsforallstudents,especiallythekidswhoneedthemmost.”Today’sannouncementisanotherimportantstepforwardinimprovingaccesstoqualityeducation,a44ofPresidentObama’syearofaction.Latertoday,SecretaryDuncanwillleadaroundtablediscussionwithprincipalsandschoolteachersfromacrossthecountryaboutthe45ofworkinginhigh-needschoolsandhowtoadaptpromisingpracticesforsupportinggreateducatorsintheseschools.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)

announcing

B)

beneficialC)

challengesD)

commitment

E)

componentF)

contestsG)criticallyH)

developI)

distributingJ)

enhanceK)

entitledL)

potentialM)

properly

N)

qualifiedO)

retain2015年6月第二套It’sourguiltypleasure:WatchingTVisthemostcommoneverydayactivity,afterworkandsleep,inmanypartsoftheworld.AmericansviewfivehoursofTVeachday,andwhileweknowthatspendingsomuchtimesitting36canleadtoobesity(肥胖症)andotherdiseases,researchershavenowquantifiedjusthow37beingacouchpotatocanbe.Inananalysisofdatafromeightlarge38publishedstudies,aHarvard-ledgroupreportedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationthatforeverytwohoursperdayspentchannel39,theriskofdevelopingType2diabetes(糖尿病)rose20%over8.5years,theriskofheartdiseaseincreased15%overa40,andtheoddsofdyingprematurely4113%duringaseven-yearfollow-up.Allofthese42arelinkedtoalackofphysicalexercise.Butcomparedwithothersedentary(久坐的)activities,likeknitting,viewingTVmaybeespecially43atpromotingunhealthyhabits.Forone,thesheernumberofhourswepasswatchingTVdwarfsthetimewespendonanythingelse.Andotherstudieshavefoundthatwatchingadsforbeerandpopcornmaymakeyoumorelikelyto44them.Evenso,theauthorsadmitthattheydidn’tcomparedifferentsedentaryactivitiesto45whetherTVwatchingwaslinkedtoagreaterriskofdiabetes,heartdiseaseorearlydeathcomparedwith,say,reading.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A)

climbed

B)

consume

C)

decade

D)

determine

E)

effectiveF)

harmful

G)

outcomes

H)

passively

I)

previously

J)

resumeK)

sufferedL)

surfing

M)

term

N)

terminals

O)

twisting2015年6月第三套题As

a

teacher,

you

could

bring

the

community

into

your

classroom

in

many

ways.

The

parents

and

grandparents

of

your

students

are

resources

and

(36)______

for

their

children.

They

can

be

(37)

______

teachers

of

their

own

traditions

and

histories.

Immigrant

parents

could

talk

about

their

country

of

(38)

________

and

why

they

emigrated

to

the

United

States.

Parents

can

be

invited

to

talk

about

their

jobs

or

a

community

project.

Parents,

of

course,

are

not

the

only

community

resources.

Employees

at

local

business

and

staff

at

community

agencies

have

(39)_______

information

to

share

in

classrooms.

Field

trips

provide

another

opportunity

to

know

the

community.

Many

students

don’t

have

the

opportunity

to

(40)

________

concerts

or

visit

museums

or

historical

sites

except

through

field

trips.

A

school

district

should

have

(41)

________

for

selecting

and

conducting

field

trips.

Families

must

be

made

(42)

_________

of

field

trips

and

give

permission

for

their

children

to

participate.Through

school

projects,

students

can

learn

to

be

(43)

______

in

community

projects

ranging

from

planting

trees

to

cleaning

up

a

park

to

assisting

elderly

people.

Students,

(44)______

older

ones,

might

conduct

research

on

a

community

need

that

could

lead

to

action

by

a

city

council

or

state

government.

Some

schools

require

students

to

provide

community

service

by

(45)_______

in

a

nursing

home,

child

care

center

or

government

agency.

These

projects

help

students

understand

their

responsibility

to

the

larger

community.A)assets

B)

attend

C)

aware

D)

especially

E)excellent

F)

expensive

G)

guidelines

H)

involved

I)

joining

J)

naturally

K)

observe

L)

origin

M)

recruited

N)

up-to-date

O)

volunteering

2014年12月第一套题Oneprincipleoftaxation,calledthebenefitprinciple,statesthatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices.Thisprincipletriestomakepublicgoodssimilarto__36__goods.Itseemsreasonablethatapersonwhooftengoestothemoviespaysmorein__37__formovieticketsthanapersonwhorarelygoes.And__38__apersonwhogetsgreatbenefitfromapublicgoodshouldpaymoreforitthanapersonwhogetslittlebenefit.

Thegasolinetax,forinstance,issometimes__39__usingthebenefitsprinciple.Insomestates,__40__fromthegasolinetaxareusedtobuildandmaintainroads.Becausethosewhobuygasolinearethesamepeoplewhousetheroads,thegasolinetaxmightbeviewedasa__41__waytopaythisgovernmentservice.

Thebenefitsprinciplecanalsobeusedtoarguethatwealthycitizensshouldpayhighertaxesthanpoorerones,__42__becausethewealthybenefitmorefrompublicservices.Consider,forexample,thebenefitsofpoliceprotectionfrom__43__.Citizenswithmuchtoprotectgetgreaterbenefitfrompolicethanthosewithlesstoprotect.Therefore,accordingtothebenefitsprinciple,thewealthyshould__44__morethanthepoortothecostof__45__thepoliceforce.Thesameargumentcanbeusedformanyotherpublicservices,suchasfireprotection,nationaldefense,andthecourtsystem.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)adapt

B)contribute

C)exerting

D)expenses

E)fair

F)justified

G)maintainingH)private

I)provided

J)revenuesK)similarly

L)simply

M)theft

N)total

O)wealth2014年12月第二套题AsanAlaskanfisherman.TimothyJune,54,usedtothinkthathewassafefromindustrialpollutants（污染物）athishomeinHaines-atownwithapopulationof2,400peopleand4,000eagles,with8millionacresofprotectedwildlandnearby.Butinearly2007,Juneagreedtotakepartina36of35Americansfromsevenstates.Itwasabiomonitoringproject,inwhichpeople’sbloodandurine（尿）weretestedfor37ofchemicals-inthiscase,threepotentiallydangerousclassesofcompoundsfoundincommonhousehold38likefacecream,tincans,andshowercurtains.Theresults-39inNovemberinareportcalled“IsItinUs?”byanenvironmentalgroup-wereratherworrying.Everyoneoftheparticipants,40fromanIllinoisstatesenatortoaMassachusettsminister,testedpositiveforallthreeclassesofpollutants.Andwhilethe41presenceofthesechemicalsdoesnot42indicateahealthrisk,thefactthattypicalAmericanscarrythesechemicalsatall43Juneandhisfellowparticipants.Clearly,therearechemicalsinourbodiesthatdon’t44there.OngoingstudyconductedbytheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionhasfound148chemicalsinAmericansofallages.Andin2005,theEnvironmentalWorkingGroupfoundan45of200chemicalsinthebloodof10new-borns.“Ourbabiesarebeingbornpre-polluted,”SaysSharylePattonofCommonweal,whichcosponsored“IsItinUs?”“Thisisgoingtobethenextbigenvironmentalissueafterclimatechange.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)analysesB)average

C)belongD)demonstratedE)excessF)

extendingG)habitually

H)necessarily

I)products

J)rangingK)releasedL)shocked

M)simple

N)survey

O)traces2014年12月第三套题Fordecades,AmericanshavetakenforgrantedtheXXXXdevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Theinnovations(创新)XXXXopmentduringWorldWarIIandafterwardswere(37)_____totheprosperityofthenationinthesecondhalfoft