功能对等理论视角下的洛阳旅游景点介绍英译技巧分析

PAGE4PAGE2AnalysisofEnglishTranslationSkillsofLuoyangTouristAttractionsfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory功能对等理论视角下的洛阳旅游景点介绍英译技巧分析Abstract[Abstract]AlthoughChinahascarriedoutinboundtourismformanyyearsandhasmadegreatachievements,theEnglishtranslationofsometouristattractionsisnotsatisfactory:someEnglishattractionshavenoobviousgrammaticalerrors,buttheyareveryconfusingforforeigntourists,evenunintelligible..SincemanyforeigntouristsrelyontheintroductionofEnglishattractionstogetinformationabouttheattractions,theintroductionofappropriateEnglishattractionsisnotonlyconvenientfortourists,butalsohelpstopromotethefurtherdevelopmentofChina'stourismindustry.Therefore,itisnecessaryforustodelveintothetranslationoftouristattractionstoarousethetranslator'sattentionandproposesolutions.Thispaperintroducesthefunctionalequivalencetheory,analyzesthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofLuoyangtouristattractionsintroduction,studiestheculturalissuesinvolvedintranslation,anddiscussesthecharacteristicsoftranslationandintroductionrequirementsandstandardsofLuoyangtouristattractions.Basedonthefunctionalequivalencetheory,thispapermakesatentativestudyonthetranslationofLuoyangtouristattractions,andusesexamplestoillustratethestrategiesandmethodsthatshouldbeusedintheintroductionofChinesetouristattractions.[KeyWords]Luoyang;functionalequivalence;introductionoftouristattractions;translationstrategy摘要【摘要】尽管中国开展入境游已经很多年,也已取得巨大的成就,但是一些旅游景点的英译并不如人意:有的英文景点介绍虽无明显语法错误,却让外国游客很费解,甚至是不知所云。由于外国游客很多依赖英文景点介绍来获知景点的相关信息,所以恰当的英文景点介绍不仅方便游客,也有助于推动我国旅游业的进一步发展。因此,我们有必要深入研究旅游景点介绍的翻译以此唤起翻译者的注意并提出解决方案。本论文介绍了功能对等理论,分析了洛阳旅游景点介绍的特点和作用；研究了翻译涉及的文化问题,并探讨了洛阳旅游景点介绍翻译的特点以及翻译的要求和标准。本文以功能对等理论为基础,对洛阳旅游景点介绍的翻译做了尝试性研究,并用实例说明在中文旅游景点介绍翻译过程中所应采用的策略与方法。 【关键词】洛阳；功能对等；旅游景点介绍；翻译策略目录Introduction 4ChapterOneAnIntroductiontoNidaandFunctionalEquivalenceTheory 61.1BriefBiographyofEugeneA.Nida 61.2ABriefIntroductiontoNida’sFunctionalEquivalence 8ChapterTwoLuoyangTouristAttractionsIntroductionfeatures 92.1FigurativeUseinDescription 102.2AbundantQuotationofPoemsandAllusions 102.3FloweryStyleofWriting 11ChapterThreeTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 123.1RequirementsandCriteriaofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 123.2TouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationandCulture 13ChapterFourStrategiesandMethodsofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation 144.1TranslationStrategies 144.2TranslationMethods 154.2.1Addition 154.2.2Deletion 164.2.3Explanation 164.2.4Analogy 164.2.5Paraphrase 174.2.6Rewriting 184.3Summary 18Conclusion 19Bibliography 21IntroductionAsweallknow,tourismistheworldwidefavoriterecreationalactivityinmodernsociety.Withthedevelopmentofthenationalcommunication,tourismbecomesmoreandmoreimportantinthecrossculturalcommunication.ItisanimportantchannelthroughwhichChinacancommunicatewiththeothercountries.Withafairlylonghistoryofcivilizationandresplendentculture,modernChinahasplentyofwell-knownhistoricalsites,spectacularscenicspots,colorfulnationalcustoms,andpotentialtouristresources,whichguaranteetheunceasingdevelopmentofitstouristindustry.AccordingtotheestimatebytheWorldTourismOrganization,Chinawouldbecometheworld’sleadingtouristdestination,overtakingtraditionaldestinationssuchasSpain,FranceandtheUnitedStatesby2020.ItisbelievedthatChina’stourismhasabrightfuture.Withthedevelopmentofdomestictouristtrade,moreandmoreTouristAttractionIntroductionneedtobetranslatedintoEnglish.TouristAttractionIntroductionpublicizestouristresources,localcustoms,culture,historyandreligion.Astheprincipalmeansoftouristadvertisement,TouristAttractionIntroductionplayasignificantroleandareneededtobetranslatedintoEnglishinmuchlargerquantityandhigherquality.PropertranslationofTouristAttractionIntroductionhelpstobuildupChina’sinternationalimageasahighlycivilizedcountry,toshowherattractivenesstotheworld,andtoexpandtheinternationaltourismmarket.DespitetheimportanceofTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation,thequalityofChinese-English(C-E)translationofTouristAttractionIntroductionisfarfrombeingsatisfactory.Manyofthemarefilledwithword-for-wordtranslation,linguisticmistakes,Chinglish,andmanyculturalelementsarenotadequatelyrenderedintoEnglish.SomeofthemevencausemisunderstandingbyEnglishspeakingtourists.Seriousmistakesmayfrequentlyoccurinsomepublications,whichresultsinanegativeinfluenceontheimageofChina.So,inordertoenhancethenationalimageandacceleratethedevelopmentoftourism,itisquitenecessarytoproducesatisfyingTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslations.ThereasonbehindtheinadequaciesinC-EtranslationistheinterferencebyChineselanguageandcultureandthefailuretotaketargetlanguageandcultureintoconsideration.TouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationisbynomeansaneasyjob,sothethesiswillmakeatentativestudyonTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationbyapplyingfunctionalistapproachandprescribewhatmethodsandstrategiesshouldbeadoptedinthetranslatingofChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.Anyway,thethesisishopedthatitwillnotonlybehelpfultoimprovethequalityofthewholeTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation,butwillhelpthedevelopmentofChina’stourism.ChapterOneAnIntroductiontoNidaandFunctionalEquivalenceTheory1.1BriefBiographyofEugeneA.NidaBornonNovember11,1914,inOklahomaCity,EugeneNidaandhisfamilymovedtoLongBeach,Californiawhenhewas5yearsold.HebeganstudyingLatininhighschoolandwasalreadylookingforwardtobeingabletotranslatescriptureasamissionary.BythetimehereceivedhisBachelor’sdegreein1936fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles,hewaswellonhisway.HavingearnedhisdegreeinGreek,heenrolledintheSummerInstituteofLinguisticsanddiscoveredtheworksofsuchlinguistsasEdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield.NidathenpursuedaMaster'sdegreeinGreekNewTestamentattheUniversityofNidawasdeterminedtoproduceatheorythatwouldfostereffectivecommunicationoftheGoodNewsofBibleacrossallkindsofculturalandlinguisticsbarriers.Aprolificwriter,hisbookTowardaScienceofTranslating,andlaterTheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationhelpedhimachievethisobjective.Thesetwoveryinfluentialbookswerehisfirstbook-lengtheffortstoexpoundhistheoryonwhathecalleddynamicequivalencetranslation,latertobecalledfunctionalequivalence.Howsignificant,revolutionary,andconvincingthisnewapproachprovedtobecanbeseeninthefactthathundredsoftheBibletranslationshavenowbeeneffectivelycarriedoutwiththismethodology.Inessence,thisapproachenablesthetranslatortocapturethemeaningandspiritoftheoriginallanguagetextwithoutbeingboundtoitslinguisticstructure.Nida’sworkwithindigenouslanguagetranslationshadshownthatinordertoreachpeoplewhobringnopriorknowledgetotheirencounterwiththeBible,thetranslationneedstoplacethehighestpriorityonclearcommunicationineasilyunderstoodlanguageandstyle.Thus,undertheleadershipoftranslatorWilliamWonderly,aSpanishNewTestament,calledtheVersiónPopular,acontemporarytranslation,waspublishedin1966.Atalmostthesametime,theGoodNewsBibleNewTestament,Today’sEnglishVersion,undertheleadershipofRobertG.Bratcher,aNidacolleague,waspublished.Bothofthesebookswereenormouslysuccessfulpublications,withsalesindozensofmillionsevenbeforetheBibleeditionswerepublishedin1976.Ascholar,teacher,leader,influencer,innovator,andinfluentialtheoretician,EugeneA.NidaisverypossiblyunsurpassedinthehistoryoftheBibleSocietymovementintermsofglobalimpact.Hiswork,hisorganization,hisideasandtheorganizationheputintoplacerepresentawatershedforthemovementandforBibletranslation.Thankstohim,theworldofBibletranslationandtranslationstudieshasbeenenrichedandchallengedintoanexcitingfieldofstudyanddiscourse.1.2ABriefIntroductiontoNida’sFunctionalEquivalenceNidaisanoutstandingAmericanlinguistandtranslationtheoristofthecontemporarytime.Intheearlyphaseoftranslationstudies,theconceptionoflinguisticequivalenceplaysapredominantrole.Discardingthetraditionalequivalence,Nidaadvocatesafunctionalapproachanddifferentiatesbetweenformalanddynamicequivalenceintranslation.“Formalequivalence”referstofaithfulreproductionofthesourcetext(ST)while“dynamicequivalence”indicatesacquisitionofequivalentextra-linguisticcommunicativeeffect.AccordingtoNidatranslationisacommunicativeprocess,soheviewsdynamicequivalenceasatranslationprinciple.Inordertoachievethepurposeofeffectivecommunication,anytextmustbethereader-centered.Nidaexplainshisconceptofdynamicequivalenceasfollows:intermsofthedegreetowhichthereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguagerespondtoitinsubstantiallythesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage(Nida,1969:24).That’stosay,therelationoftargetlanguagereceptorstothetargetlanguagetextshouldberoughlyequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandtheoriginaltext.Theconceptof“dynamicequivalence”whichhasfeaturedNida’swholetheorysystemlaterhasbeenreplacedbytheterm“functionalequivalence”whichemphasizesthefunctionofcommunication.DifferentfromtraditionaltranslationtheorieswhichfocusontherelationshipbetweentheSTandtargettext(TT),Nida’sdynamicequivalenceintroducesanewmeasurementtheresponseofthereceptortothetargettextshouldbeequivalenttothatofthesourcetextreadertotheoriginal.Nidastressesthatthetargettextshouldfunctioninthesamemannerinthetargetsituationasthesourcetextfunctionsinthesourcetext.Thatistosay,thetargettextshouldbefunctionallyequivalenttothesourcetext.Nidaindicatesthatthevalidityofatranslationcannotbejudgedonlybyacomparisonofcorrespondinglexicalmeanings,grammaticalclassesandrhetoricaldevices.Whatismoreimportantistheextenttowhichthetargetreceptorcanunderstandorappreciatethetranslatedtext.Functionalequivalencerequiresboththeequivalenceofmessageandequivalenceofform,becausethereceptorwillnodoubthasdifferentresponsetothatofthesourcetextreaderifthetranslatoronlytransmitsthemeaningoftheoriginalbutignorethestyle.AccordingtoNida,thecomparisonofthereceptors’responseratherthanthecomparisonofthestructurebetweentheSTandtheTTisthekeypointtodeterminewhetheritisfaithfultothesourcetextornot.Hebelievesthatifthetranslationhaslaidgreatdifficultythesourcetext,orresultedinthemisunderstanding,thetranslatorhastherighttocorrectthesourcetextsoastomakethetargettextreachtheexpectedresponse.ChapterTwoLuoyangTouristAttractionsIntroductionfeaturesInChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction,specificattentionisalwayspaidtotheintroductionoftheChineseculture.TheparticularculturalinformationisalwaysembeddedinChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.Becauseofthedeep-rooteddifferencesinthoughtpatternsandaesthetichabitsbetweenChineseandEnglishspeakingpeople,thesametexttypemayhavequitedifferentlanguageconventions.AccordingtoNewmark’stexttypologyandNida’sdynamicequivalence,TouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationshouldbereader-centeredandthetranslationneedstomakesensetothetargetreaderssoastoreachtheintendedpurposeofthetargettext.OneofthedifficultiesinC-EtouristtranslationiscausedbythedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction．Thusthetranslatorhastodooneworkbeforestarting:studyingthespecificfeaturesofChineseTouristAttractionIntroduction.2.1FigurativeUseinDescriptionItisfulloffigurativelanguageinChinesedescriptiveTouristAttractionIntroduction.TheuseoffigurativelanguagemakestheTouristAttractionIntroductionmoreinteresting,andsuchrhetoricdevicesassimile,metaphor,parallelism,hyperboleandpersonificationcanhelptoenhancecommunicationeffectbymakingthetextsmorevividandappealing.ManyTouristAttractionIntroductionmakegreatefforttoimpressthereaderbyofferingfloweryandexaggerateddescriptionsofthescenicspots.玻璃与铜板相间，宛如“琴键飞奔’’；凌空飞架的四条钢架，又似高山流水、水袖当舞。‘‘Betweentheglassandbronzeplatesare‘‘pianokeys’’andthefoursteelflameslooklikestreamrunningfromhighmountainsandsleevesflyinginthesky.”/question/84227302.htmlIntheaboveexample，theChineseversionusesthesimiles,“宛如琴键飞奔",whileintheEnglishversion,itjustrendersasthe“pianokeys”.2.2AbundantQuotationofPoemsandAllusionsBecauseofChina’slonghistory,numeroushistoricalallusionshavecomeintouseandbecomevaluablelegacyofChinesecultureaswellasrichmaterialsforChineseliterature.Inscenerydescriptions,ChinesepeoplelikequotingChineseclassicpoemsorallusionstosupporttheiropinionsandatthesametimeenhancecharmtothescenicspots.Eachallusionhasanimpressivestory,eitherappealingorinstructive.Chinesewritersliketouseallusionstobringnumerousassociationstoreaders,whoarefamiliarwiththeChinesecultureandhistory,whileforeignersarenotacquainted,thusiteventuallybringsaboutgreatchallengesfortranslators,asthefollowingexampleshows:“慈母手中线，游子身上衣。临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归。谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。”这是唐朝著名诗人孟郊的经典之作。“ThreadinthehandsofalovingmotherTurnstoclothesonthetravelingson．Sheaddsstitchaftertightstitchuntilheleavesandworriesabouthisreturn．Agrassbladeisbathedinspringsun;Howcanitsinch-sizedheartreturnsuchlove?”ThisisthegreatpoetinTangDynasty.Inthisexample,thepoemisquotedintheintroductionofDeqingCountyinHuzhou，whichisthehometownofthepoetMengiiao.MengiiaomaybeahouseholdnamefortheChinesereadersandthewriterusethepoemtoproducedeeperimpressiononChinesereaders.2.3FloweryStyleofWritingComparingwiththeEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction,ChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionaremoreornate,or“flowery”.ItisatraditionthattheChinesehavedevelopedgreatfavorofflowerywordsandlyricalwritingsfromancienttimes.ManyChinesewritersofscenicdescriptions,influencedbyChineseliterature,havespecialfavoritetorhythmicalprosestyle,neatparallelstructureandelegantdescriptions.Asaresult,manyChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionarecharacterizedbygorgeousdictionandtheabuseofadjectives,four-characterphrases.Chinesefeaturedfour-characterphrasescompoundsrevealtheaestheticvalueofChinese.Balancedinformandsoundingwithemphasisonmeaning,theyaregenerallyregardedastherefinedexpressions,sincemanyofthemarederivedfromtherichChineseliterarytradition.Forexample:山海相连，岚光晦明，峰峦叠嶂，怪石嶙峋，深涧幽谷，碧海仙居，缥缈海市，构成了崂山幽邃文袤、离奇多变的天然之美。峰顶耸立，层峦叠嶂，深涧幽谷，奇峰异石，有“天然雕塑公园"之称。http.enInthisshortdescription,13four-characterphrasesareusedtoachieverhythmandparallelismwhichdepictamagnificentviewbeforeChinesereaders.Someofthesefour-characterphrasesdonothavepracticalmeanings.Soitisnoteasyfortranslatorstorenderthesetexts.ChapterThreeTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation3.1RequirementsandCriteriaofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationTheprinciplesorthecriteriaoftranslationarenotonlyanormformeasuringthequalityoftranslationbutalsoanultimategoalfortranslatorstopursuit.AlexanderFraserTytler,anEnglishtranslationtheoreticianhasputforwardthecriteriawhichclaimedthatatranslationshouldbemadeorjudgedbythreefundamentalsinthelastdecadeofthe18thcentury:(1)Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.(2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.(3)Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition(ChenHongwei,2004:5).Foralongtime,thetranslatorsareboundtotheliteraltranslationtheorybythetranslationtraditions,andtheyhavelittlefreedomtoshowtheircreativity.ButthefunctionorintentionoftranslatingTouristAttractionIntroductionisquitedifferentfromthosetextssuchaslegaldocuments,scientificreports,andGovernmentDocuments,etc.Itissuccessfulifatranslationcanadequatelyreachtheintendedpurposeofthetargettext.BecausethefunctionofTouristAttractionIntroductionistotransmitChineseuniqueculturaltotheforeigntouristsandtoarousetheircuriositytotravel,thetranslationshouldbeinterestingtothetargetreaders.ButChinesereadersandEnglishreadersbelongtodifferentculturebackgrounds,sothequalityofatouristtranslationmustbeevaluatedbythedegreeoftheculturalexchangeonthebasisofthereadabilityofthetranslatedversionandofthereceptivenessofthereaders.Inconclusion,thecriterionforC-EtouristtranslationdemandsatranslatormakethepromotionofChineseculturebearinmind,andexpressasmuchculturalinformationaspossibletotheforeigners.3.2TouristAttractionIntroductionTranslationandCultureTranslationandculturearecloselylinked.Everyculturehasitsparticularpointofviewoftheworldanditsownthinkingpattern.Translationastheconnectorbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageisusedtoconveytheuniquecultureandtoachievethebettercommunication.Inthetranslationprocess,culturalinformationinonelanguagecanbeconveyedinanotherlanguage.Inthisprocess,newconcepts,newgenresandnewdevicesareintroducedintoatargetculture.Thisisindeedacommunicatingprocessfacilitatedbymeansoftranslation.Thehistoryoftranslationis,inaway,“thehistoryoftheshapingpowerofonecultureuponanother.AsNord(1997)putsit,“Translatingmeanscomparingcultures”,aforeignculturecanonlybeapperceivedbymeansofcomparisonwithourownculture.Intheprocessofthiscomparison,translatorsinterpretsource-culturephenomenainthelightoftheirownculture--specificknowledgeofthatculture,fromeithertheinsideortheoutside，dependingonwhetherthetranslationisfromorintothetranslator’snativelanguageandculture.AgoodTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslatedinaculturalperspectivecanimmeasurablycontributetomutualunderstandingandculturalexchangesespeciallyforthoseforeignvisitorswhoknowlittleornothingaboutChineseculture.AcombinationofgeneralintroductionwithculturalinterpretationwillbetterdisplaythefunctionsofTouristAttractionIntroduction.Transculturalactionorcommunicationacrossculturebarriershastotakeaccountofculturaldifferenceswithregardtobehavior,evaluationandcommunicativesituations.Nidaalsosays,“Fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism”(Nida,1993:64).ChapterFourStrategiesandMethodsofTouristAttractionIntroductionTranslation4.1TranslationStrategiesTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslationisbynomeansaneasytaskfortranslatorstocomplete,sincetherearesomanyobscuritiesfortranslatorstocopewiththattranslationalwaysrequirestranslatorstobeequippedwithlinguisticcompetenceandculturalperception.SothefollowingpartistofindoutsomepracticalstrategiesforTouristAttractionIntroductiontranslation.Asisstatedinpreviouschapters,TouristAttractionIntroductioncombinesinformativeandvocativefunctions.TheultimatepurposeofanyTouristAttractionIntroductionistoachieveitsvocativefunction,namelytoattractoverseastouriststovisitthescenicattractionsinChina.Basedonsuchpurposeandfunction,translatorshavetopleasethereaderbyadaptingtheformandcontentofChinesetextwhiletakingtheirbackgroundknowledge,expectations,culturalbackgroundandaestheticsintoconsideration.Inthecasewherethevocativefunctionispredominant,“onemightbejustifiedforplayingdownorevenomittingcertaininformationifitobstructstheappellativefunction”(Nord,2001:77).Onthebasisofthisviewpoint,theinformationwhichisregardedbyforeignvisitorsasirrelevanttothesubjectofsourcetextorinsignificantshouldbedeletedintranslation.TranslatorhastheresponsibilitytointroducetherichcultureofChinatothewesterners,whichisanotherpurposeofC-E,touristtranslationthatshouldnotbeforgotten.Inthiscase,translatorshouldadoptaforeigntranslationstrategywhentranslatingtheculturalphenomenasuchasthecustoms,thewaysofliving,theemotionsofChinesepeopleandthepropernames.Ifculture-loadedinformationisindeednotunderstandabletothetargetreaderbecauseoflanguageandculturalbarrier,translatormayaddsomeexplanationinthetargettext.EnglishlanguagereadershavetheirinbornsocioculturalbackgroundandaestheticpsychologywhichmaketheshapeofthewritingstyleofEnglishTouristAttractionIntroduction.Accordingtothesetranslationtheories,translatorshavetopleasethereaderbyadaptingtheformandcontentofChinesetextwhiletakingtheirbackgroundknowledge,expectations,culturalbackgroundandaestheticsintoconsideration.Theinformationwhichisregardedbyforeignvisitorsasirrelevanttothesubjectofsourcetextorinsignificantshouldbedeletedintranslation.4.2TranslationMethods4.2.1AdditionAdditionisusuallyemployedintranslatingnamesofpersonsandplaces,dynasties,historicaleventsandliteraryquotations,etc.bysupplyingnecessaryinformationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginaltexts.EnglishandChinesearetwoentirelydifferentlanguagesandeachhasitsowncharacteristicsoflanguage,historicalandculturalbackground.Therefore,itisnecessaryfortranslatorstoprovidesomeadditionalinformationtoassisttouriststounderstand.4.2.2DeletionThisprocessistoomitunnecessaryandmeaninglessinformation.Fromtheaboveanalysis,itisknownthatthewaysofexpressingideasaredifferentbetweenChineseandwesternpeople.Chinesepeopleliketoquoteorcitetheclassicsorthepoemstoaddsomeartisticvaluetotheirwritings,whiletheforeignersprefertheplainanddirectwaytoexpresswhattheythink.Sointranslating,toensurethefluencyandconcisenessofthetranslatedtext,itispropertoomitsomeuselessredundantinformationandmaketheversionunderstandable.Nidasaysthat“totranslatepreciselyoutofthesourcelanguageisnottoobservethenumberofwords,buttheperfectsenseandmeaning”(Nida,1964:16).Thetranslatorhastherighttodecidewhichpartshouldbetranslatedordeleted.ProperdeletionshouldbeappliedintranslatingChineseTouristAttractionIntroductionwithallusionsandquotations,flowerydescription,andunnecessaryinformation,whichotherwisemightresultinoverloadedcommunicativeeffect.4.2.3ExplanationExplanationreferstoaliteralinterpretationforwords,phrasesandsentences.Incaseswhenwords,phrases,andsentencesarenotfamiliartoforeignvisitors,itisnecessarytoexplainandofferthemenoughmessages,whichisnotintermsofculturalbackgroundinformation,buttheequivalentmeaningofthelexemes.Inthisway,thereadercanunderstandtheinnermeaningandfindthetranslatedtextmoredelightful,intelligibleandappealing.4.2.4AnalogyAnalogyintranslationissuchamethodaswordsarecreatedintheimitationofotherwordsthathavesimilarfeaturesinordertoshortenthedistancebetweenforeignreadersandtheChineseculture.Thatistosay,usetheirfamiliarthingstocompareandtointerpretthedifferentobjectscanmakethereadersfeelclosetothetargettext.Nordsays“reallifepresentssituationswhereequivalenceisnotpossibleandinsomecases,notevendesired”(Nord,1997).InTouristAttractionIntroduction,analogycanalsobeausefulstrategytodealwithcultureblanks.WhenitisdifficulttotranslatetheChinesecharacterizeditemsandtheomissionofthemislikewiseimpossible,culturalanalogycanbetakenintoconsideration.Analogyisaconciseandeffectivewaytointroducecharactersandspotstoaddresseesfromadifferentculture.ManyChinesehistoricalcelebritiesandeventsareintroducedtotheforeignersinthisway.ItwillmakeiteasierforwesternerstounderstandandappreciatethesignificanceoftheChineseculture.4.2.5ParaphraseDuetoculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandWesterncountrieswemaynotfindinEnglishtheequivalentsofmanyobjectsinChinese.Whenthewords,phrases,sentencesintheoriginalversionaretoodifficulttounderstand,paraphraseshouldbeapplied.Paraphrase,whichisdifferentfromexplanation,referstore-wordingofapieceofwriting,statement,etc.indifferentwords.Thatistosay,wecanusemorecommonwordstotranslatetheoriginal,yetthemeaningisreserved.Nida(1982:73)alsoholdsthesimilarviewaboutthispoint：Whenartifactsthatexistinasourcelanguagedonotcorrespondtoanythinginareceptorlanguage,there’satendencytoparaphrasethethingortoemployadescriptiveequivalent.Example[1]：元宵节那天，各家各户装点彩灯，准备糯米面做的元宵，煮着吃或炸着吃。“OntheLanternFestival(whichfallsonthe15thofthefirstlunarmonth),everyhouseholdisdecoratedwithcolorfullanternsandpreparesYuanXiao,akindofrounddumplingmadeofglutinousriceflourwithsweetorsaltedfillings,whichisboiledorfried.’’Wecannotfindanequivalentof“YuanXiao”inEnglish,sothebestmethodtoinformforeignersaboutthisspecialChinesefoodistoparaphraseit.ManyothertermsuniqueinChinaaretranslatedthiswaywithparaphrasesothattheforeignreadersmayobtaininsightintoChineseculture.Asforparaphrasemethodwealsohavethefollowingexamples:哈达hada(apieceofpurewhitesilkusedasagreetinggiftforhonorableguestsespeciallybyTibetanpeople)华表huabiao(marblepilla