欧洲侵权法基本原则中英文对照版

欧洲侵权法基本原则中英文对照版EuropeanGrouponTortLawPrinciplesofEuropeanTortLaw欧洲侵权法基本原则部分章节示例如下：(1)Apersontowhomdamagetoanotherislegallyattributedisliabletocompensatethatdamage.任何在法律上对第三方造成损害的行为人应承担赔偿责任．(2)Damagemaybeattributedinparticulartotheperson损害赔偿应尤其由下列各方承担：a)whoseconductconstitutingfaulthascausedit;or其行为构成过错并造成损失的一方；或b)whoseabnormallydangerousactivityhascausedit;or从事异常危险的活动且造成损失的一方；或c)whoseauxiliaryhascauseditwithinthescopeofhisfunctions.其附属机构在其职责范围内造成损失的一方。TITLEII.GeneralConditionsofLiability第二篇．责任原则Chapter2.Damage第二章．损害Art.2:101.Recoverabledamage第二条：可受偿损失Damagerequiresmaterialorimmaterialharmtoalegallyprotectedinterest.该损失必须对合法保护的利益造成物质上或非物质上的损害。Art.2:102.Protectedinterests第二条：受保护的利益(1)Thescopeofprotectionofaninterestdependsonitsnature;thehigheritsvalue,theprecisionofitsdefinitionanditsobviousness,themoreextensiveisitsprotection.某一利益受保护的范围取决于该利益的性质;其价值越高，定义越精确，利益越明显，对该利益的保护范围越广泛。(2)Life,bodilyormentalintegrity,humandignityandlibertyenjoythemostextensiveprotection.生命，人身或精神上的完整性，人格尊严和人身自由享受最广泛的保护。(3)Extensiveprotectionisgrantedtopropertyrights,includingthoseinintangibleproperty.财产权，包括无形资产享受广泛的保护。(4)Protectionofpureeconomicinterestsorcontractualrelationshipsmaybemorelimitedinscope.Insuchcases,dueregardmustbehadespeciallytotheproximitybetweentheactorandtheendangeredperson,ortothefactthattheactorisawareofthefactthathewillcausedamageeventhoughhisinterestsarenecessarilyvaluedlowerthanthoseofthevictim.对纯经济损失和合同利益的保护范围相对受限。在此情况下，应适当考虑行为人与受害方的接近程度，或考虑到行为人明知其行为将造成损失的事实（尽管其利益的价值被认为低于受害方的利益)。(5)Thescopeofprotectionmayalsobeaffectedbythenatureofliability,sothataninterestmayreceivemoreextensiveprotectionagainstintentionalharmthaninothercases.利益保护范围也受责任性质的影响，因此对国际利益造成的损害的保护应比其他情况下的保护更广泛。(6)Indeterminingthescopeofprotection,theinterestsoftheactor,especiallyinlibertyofactionandinexercisinghisrights,aswellaspublicinterestsalsohavetobetakenintoconsideration.决定利益保护范围时，应考虑行为人的利益，尤其该行为人行动与行使权利的自由，以及公共利益。Art.2:103.Legitimacyofdamage第二条：损害的合法性Lossesrelatingtoactivitiesorsourceswhichareregardedasillegitimatecannotberecovered.与非法行为及非法资源相关的损失不能得到赔偿。Art.2:104.Preventiveexpenses第二条104.款：预防措施的费用Expensesincurredtopreventthreateneddamageamounttorecoverabledamageinsofarasreasonablyincurred.为避免紧急威胁造成的费用在合理的范围内可以得到赔偿。Art.2:105.Proofofdamage第二条105款：举证责任Damagemustbeprovedaccordingtonormalproceduralstandards.Thecourtmayestimatetheextentofdamagewhereproofoftheexactamountwouldbetoodifficultortoocostly.损害的证明必须依据通常的程序标准进行举证。在无法举证损害的确切数额或举证费用过高时，法院有权判定损害数额。Chapter3.Causation第三章．因果原则Section1.Conditiosinequanonandqualifications第一节．必要条件与原因识别Art.3:101.Conditiosinequanon第三条：必要条件Anactivityorconduct(hereafter:activity)isacauseofthevictim’sdamageif,intheabsenceoftheactivity,thedamagewouldnothaveoccurred.若无某一活动或行为（以下简称为行为)，损失就不会发生，则此行为被认为是造成受害方损失的原因。Art.3:102.Concurrentcauses第三条：共同原因Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavecausedthedamageatthesametime,eachactivityisregardedasacauseofthevictim’sdamage.在多方行为的情况下，若任一方的单独行为足以造成损失，则每一方的行为都被认定为造成受害方损失的原因。Art.3:103.Alternativecauses第三条：其他原因(1)Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavebeensufficienttocausethedamage,butitremainsuncertainwhichoneinfactcausedit,eachactivityisregardedasacausetotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthevictim’sdamage.在多方行为的情况下，若任一方的单独行为都可能足以造成损失，但事实上并不明确哪一方的行为造成此损失，则每一方的行为依据其可能造成受害方损失的可能性来判定其作为造成受害方损失的原因的程度。(2)If,incaseofmultiplevictims,itremainsuncertainwhetheraparticularvictim’sdamagehasbeencausedbyanactivity,whileitislikelythatitdidnotcausethedamageofallvictims,theactivityisregardedasacauseofthedamagesufferedbyallvictimsinproportiontothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthedamageofaparticularvictim.在多方受害人的情况下，若不能确认某一受害方的损失由某一行为造成，而此行为很可能并未造成所有受害方的损失，则依据该行为造成某一受害方损失可能性的大小依比例认定其作为所有受害方损失的原因。Art.3:104.Potentialcauses第三条：潜在原因(1)Ifanactivityhasdefinitelyandirreversiblyledthevictimtosufferdamage,asubsequentactivitywhichalonewouldhavecausedthesamedamageistobedisregarded.若某一行为绝对且不可避免的造成受害方遭受损害，则相继的可单独造成同样损失的行为不被采纳为造成损害的原因。(2)Asubsequentactivityisneverthelesstakenintoconsiderationifithasledtoadditionaloraggravateddamage.但若相继行为导致额外损失或加重损失，则仍应考虑此行为。(3)Ifthefirstactivityhascausedcontinuingdamageandthesubsequentactivitylateronalsowouldhavecausedit,bothactivitiesareregardedasacauseofthatcontinuingdamagefromthattimeon.若第一个行为造成持续的损失，后发的相继行为本来也可能造成此损失，则这两个行为都被视为持续损失的原因。Art.3:105.Uncertainpartialcausation第三条：不明确的部分原因Inthecaseofmultipleactivities,whenitiscertainthatnoneofthemhascausedtheentiredamageoranydeterminablepartthereof,thosethatarelikelytohave[minimally]contributedtothedamagearepresumedtohavecausedequalsharesthereof.在多方行为的情况下，若能确定无一行为造成全部损失或决定性部分损失，则所有（至少)可能造成该损失的行为被推定为相同比例造成损失。Art.3:106.Uncertaincauseswithinthevictim’ssphere第三条：受害方范围内不明确原因Thevictimhastobearhislosstotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavebeencausedbyanactivity,occurrenceorothercircumstancewithinhisownsphere.若损害可能由受害方范围内的活动、行为或其他情况造成，受害方应承担与该活动、行为或其他情况造成损害的可能性相对应的损失。Section2.ScopeofLiability第二节．责任范围Art.3:201.ScopeofLiability第三条：责任范围WhereanactivityisacausewithinthemeaningofSection1ofthisChapter,whetherandtowhatextentdamagemaybeattributedtoapersondependsonfactorssuchas若某一行为构成本章第一节规定中的原因，行为人是否及至何种程度承担责任取决于下列因素：a)theforeseeabilityofthedamagetoareasonablepersonatthetimeoftheactivity,takingintoaccountinparticulartheclosenessintimeorspacebetweenthedamagingactivityanditsconsequence,orthemagnitudeofthedamageinrelationtothenormalconsequencesofsuchanactivity;在善意行为人行为时损失的可预见性，尤其考虑到致损行为与其后果在时间或空间上的接近性，或该行为造成的通常后果与该损失程度之间的关系；b)thenatureandthevalueoftheprotectedinterest(Article2:102);受保护利益的性质和价值（第二条：102)；c)thebasisofliability(Article1:101);c)责任基础（第一条：101)；d)theextentoftheordinaryrisksoflife;andd)生活中通常风险的程度；和e)theprotectivepurposeoftherulethathasbeenviolated.被违反的本原则的保护目的。TITLEIII.BasesofLiability第三篇．责任性质Chapter4.Liabilitybasedonfault第四章．过错责任制Section1.Conditionsofliabilitybasedonfault第一节．过错责任制的条件Art.4:101.Fault第四条：101．过错Apersonisliableonthebasisoffaultforintentionalornegligentviolationoftherequiredstandardofconduct.行为人在过错的基础上对由于其故意或过失而违反必要行为准则的行为承担责任。Art.4:102.Requiredstandardofconduct第四条：必要行为准则(1)Therequiredstandardofconductisthatofthereasonablepersoninthecircumstances,anddepends,inparticular,onthenatureandvalueoftheprotectedinterestinvolved,thedangerousnessoftheactivity,theexpertisetobeexpectedofapersoncarryingiton,theforeseeabilityofthedamage,therelationshipofproximityorspecialreliancebetweenthoseinvolved,aswellastheavailabilityandthecostsofprecautionaryoralternativemethods.必要行为准则指善意行为人善意行为时的行为准则，尤其取决于受保护利益的性质和价值，行为的危险性，可期望的行为人的专业知识，损失的可预见性，所涉及各方之间接近或特殊依赖关系，以及可用资源和预防措施及其他替代办法的费用。(2)Theabovestandardmaybeadjustedwhenduetoage,mentalorphysicaldisabilityorduetoextraordinarycircumstancesthepersoncannotbeexpectedtoconformtoit.当行为人由于年龄、精神病或身体残疾或极其特殊的情况而不能执行该准则时，上述准则可适当调整。(3)Ruleswhichprescribeorforbidcertainconducthavetobeconsideredwhenestablishingtherequiredstandardofconduct.当确立必要行为准则时，规定或禁止某些行为的规则应被考虑在内。Art.4:103.Dutytoprotectothersfromdamage第四条：保护其他方免受损失的责任Adutytoactpositivelytoprotectothersfromdamagemayexistiflawsoprovides,oriftheactorcreatesorcontrolsadangeroussituation,orwhenthereisaspecialrelationshipbetweenpartiesorwhentheseriousnessoftheharmontheonesideandtheeaseofavoidingthedamageontheothersidepointtowardssuchaduty.行为人积极行为保护其他方免受损失的责任存在于下列几种情况：在有法律规定时，或行为人制造或控制危险局面时，或当事方之间存在特殊关系时，或一方面危害的严重性，另一方面避免此损失的容易性共同指向此责任时。Section2.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfault第二节．举证责任倒置Art.4:201.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfaultingeneral第四条：一般举证责任倒置(1)Theburdenofprovingfaultmaybereversedinlightofthegravityofthedangerpresentedbytheactivity.举证责任的倒置在某行为构成紧急危险时可成立。(2)Thegravityofthedangerisdeterminedaccordingtotheseriousnessofpossibledamageinsuchcasesaswellasthelikelihoodthatsuchdamagemightactuallyoccur.危险的紧急性由该情况下可能造成损失的严重性以及该损失实际发生的可能性决定。Art.4:202.EnterpriseLiability第四条：企业责任(1)Apersonpursuingalastingenterpriseforeconomicorprofessionalpurposeswhousesauxiliariesortechnicalequipmentisliableforanyharmcausedbyadefectofsuchenterpriseorofitsoutputunlessheprovesthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconduct.使用辅助设备或技术设备，长期从事经济或专业性企业经营的行为人，对该企业或其产品的缺陷造成的损害承担责任，除非该行为人能证明他采取了所有必要的防护措施。(2)„Defect“isanydeviationfromstandardsthatarereasonablytobeexpectedfromtheenterpriseorfromitsproductsorservices.缺陷是指偏离对该企业、其产品或其服务合理期待的标准。Chapter5.Strictliability第五章．严格责任制Art.5:101.Abnormallydangerousactivities第五条：异常危险的活动(1)Apersonwhocarriesonanabnormallydangerousactivityisstrictlyliablefordamagecharacteristictotheriskpresentedbytheactivityandresultingfromit.从事异常危险活动的行为人对活动本身特有的风险所造成的损害及该活动造成的损害负严格责任。(2)Anactivityisabnormallydangerousif满足下列条件的活动被视为异常危险的活动：a)itcreatesaforeseeableandhighlysignificantriskofdamageevenwhenallduecareisexercisedinitsmanagementand即使在从事活动过程中采取所有防护措施，该活动仍造成可预见的和极高的风险；且b)itisnotamatterofcommonusage.该活动并非通常惯例。(3)Ariskofdamagemaybesignificanthavingregardtotheseriousnessorthelikelihoodofthedamage.基于损失的严重性和可能性，造成损失的风险很大。(4)ThisArticledoesnotapplytoanactivitywhichisspecificallysubjectedtostrictliabilitybyanyotherprovisionofthesePrinciplesoranyothernationallaworinternationalconvention.此条规定不适用于本原则其他条款、国内法或国际条约明确规定适用严格责任的活动。Art.5:102.Otherstrictliabilities第五条：其他适用严格责任制的活动(1)Nationallawscanprovideforfurthercategoriesofstrictliabilityfordangerousactivitieseveniftheactivityisnotabnormallydangerous.国内法有权规定其他适用严格责任制的危险活动，即使该活动并非异常危险。(2)Unlessnationallawprovidesotherwise,additionalcategoriesofstrictliabilitycanbefoundbyanalogytoothersourcesofcomparableriskofdamage.除非国内法另有规定，其他适用严格责任制的活动可依据造成损失的同类风险类推适用。Chapter6.Liabilityforothers第六章．对第三方的责任Art.6:101.Liabilityforminorsormentallydisabledpersons第六条：对未成年人及精神病人的责任Apersoninchargeofanotherwhoisaminororsubjecttomentaldisabilityisliablefordamagecausedbytheotherunlessthepersoninchargeshowsthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconductinsupervision.监护人对其监护的未成年人或精神病人造成的损害负责，除非该监护人能证明他已尽到监护责任要求的必要行为准则。Art.6:102.Liabilityforauxiliaries第六条：对附属机构的责任(1)Apersonisliablefordamagecausedbyhisauxiliariesactingwithinthescopeoftheirfunctionsprovidedthattheyviolatedtherequiredstandardofconduct.行为人对其附属机构在职权范围内造成的损失负责，若该附属机构违反了必要行为准则。(2)AnindependentcontractorisnotregardedasanauxiliaryforthepurposesofthisArticle.独立承揽人不视为本条款所规定的附属机构。TITLEIV.Defences第四篇．抗辩Chapter7.Defencesingeneral第七章．基本抗辩Art.7:101.Defencesbasedonjustifications第七条：证明适当的抗辩(1)Liabilitycanbeexcludedifandtotheextentthattheactoractedlegitimately行为人在下列情况下合法行为可免责：a)indefenceofhisownprotectedinterestagainstanunlawfulattack(self-defence),为保护自身利益防止非法侵犯（自卫)，b)undernecessity,必要的情况下，c)becausethehelpoftheauthoritiescouldnotbeobtainedintime(self-help),救济机关不能及时提供救济（自立救济)，d)withtheconsentofthevictim,orwherethelatterhasassumedtheriskofbeingharmed,or取得受害方同意，或受害方同意承担受损害的风险，e)byvirtueoflawfulauthority,suchasalicence.合法授权，比如许可证。(2)Whetherliabilityisexcludeddependsupontheweightofthesejustifi