军队文职-英语-英译汉-法律科普类

军队文职-英语-英译汉-法律科普类[问答题]1.

Practice1Howdoesanearthquakestart?Whatmakesanearthquakeh（江南博哥）appen?Therockoftheearth’scrust(地壳)mayhavea“fault”,akindofbreakinthesurface.Theblockswhichmakeuptheearthmove,andsometimesthismaycausethesidesofthefaulttomoveupanddownorlengthways(纵向地)againsteachother.Whenonepieceofrockstartstorubonanotherwithgreatforce,alotofenergyisused.Thisenergyischangedintovibrations(振动)anditisthesevibrationsthatwefeelasanearthquake.ThevibrationscantravelthousandsofkilometersandsoanearthquakeinTurkeymaybefeltinGreece.Whattododuringanearthquake?AtschoolAssoonastheearthquakestarts,studentsshouldgetunderthedesksimmediatelyandwaituntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetocomeout.Theteachershould,atthesametime,goimmediatelytotheteacher’sdesk,getunderneath(在……下面)itandstaytheretillthedangerisover.Studentsmustnotarguewiththeteacherorquestioninstructions.Assoonasthetremors(震动)stop,allstudentsshouldwalktowardstheexitandgostraighttotheschoolplaygroundoranyopenspacesuchasasquareorapark.Theymustwaitthereuntiltheteachertellsthemitissaletogo.AthomeIfyouareathomewhentheearthquakeoccurs,getimmediatelyunderthetableinthelivingroomorkitchen.Choosethebiggestandstrongesttableyoucanfind.Youmustnotgoanywherenearthewindowanddon’tgooutontothebalcony(阳台).Oncethetremorshavestopped,youcancomeoutfromunderthetable,butyoumustleavethebuildingstraightaway.Youshouldwalkdownthestairsandshouldnotusethelift—theremaybeapowercutasaresultoftheearthquakeandyoucouldfindyourselftrappedinsidetheliftforhours.InthestreetIfyouareinthestreetwhentheearthquaketakesplace,donotstandnearbuildings,fencesorwalls—moveawayasquicklyaspossibleandtrytofindalargeopenspacetowaitin.Standingundertreescouldalsobedangerous.提交答案[问答题]2.

Practice2Theobjectofthisessayistoassertoneverysimpleprincipleasentitledtogovernabsolutelythedealingsofsocietywiththeindividualinthewayofcompulsionandcontrol,whetherthemeansusedbephysicalforceintheformoflegalpenalties,orthemoralcoercionofpublicopinion.Thatprincipleis,thatthesoleendforwhichmankindiswarranted,individuallyorcollectively,ininterferingwiththelibertyofactionofanyoftheirnumber,isself-protection.Thattheonlypurposeforwhichpowercanberightfullyexercisedoveranymemberofacivilizedcommunity,againsthiswill,istopreventharmtoothers.Hisowngood,eitherphysicalormoral,isnotasufficientwarrant.Hecannotrightfullybecompelledtodoorforbearbecauseitwillbebetterforhimtodoso,becauseitwillmakehimhappier,because,intheopinionsofothers,todosowouldbewise,orevenright.Thesearegoodreasonsforremonstratingwithhim,orreasoningwithhim,orpersuadinghim,butnotforcompellinghim,orvisitinghimwithanyevilincasehedootherwise.Tojustifythat,theconductfromwhichitisdesiredtodeterhimmustbecalculatedtoproduceeviltosomeoneelse.Theonlypartoftheconductforanyone,forwhichheisamenabletosociety,isthatwhichconcernsothers.Inthepartwhichmerelyconcernshimself,hisdependenceis,ofright,absolute.Overhimself,overhisownbodyandmind,theindividualissovereign.提交答案[问答题]3.

Practice3Equitysecuritiesareknownasshares(orstock)inacorporation.Stockholdersareconsideredownersofthecorporation.TheArticlesofIncorporationmuststatethenumberofsharesandthecharacteristicsofthestock.Toissuestockisactuallytooffersharesofstockforsale.Thecorporation’sBoardofDirectorscontrolswhenandtowhomthecorporation’ssharesareofferedandsold.Outstandingshares—Outstandingsharesaresharesalreadyissuedandpurchasedbytheshareholderorstockholder.Parvalue—ParvalueisanarbitraryvalueassignedtoeachshareintheArticlesofIncorporationbutdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthetruemarketvalueofthestock.Sharesmaynotbeissuedandsoldbythecorporationforlessthantheirparvaluethereforeitissometimesadvisablenottostateanyparvalueatallorstateaparvaluelowerthantheestimatedmarketprice.NoparvalueallowstheBoardofDirectorstodecideeachtimesharesareissuedwhatthepricepersharewillbe.Inaverylargecorporationwherethestockispubliclytradedatapublicexchange,suchastheNewYorkStockExchange,thepublicdemandforthestockofthecorporationratherthantheBoardofDirectorsdeterminesthesellingpriceofthestock.Capitalaccount—Thecapitalaccountofacorporationisanentryinthebooksofthecorporationandisdeterminedbymultiplyingtheparorstatedvalueofthecorporation’sstockbythenumberofsharesoutstanding.Forexample,ifthecorporationhadsold1,000sharesofstockwhichhad$10parvalue,thecapitalaccountwouldbe$10,000.提交答案[问答题]4.

Practice4AsImentionedlastweek,I’verecentlyreturnedfromAustralia.WhileIwasthere,Ivisitedaeucalyptusforestthat,inFebruary,wasthesceneofanappallingwildfire.Perhapsnaively,Ihadexpectedtofindthatmanytreeshadbeenkilled.Theyhadn’t.Theyhadblackenedbark,butwereotherwiselookingratherwell,manyofthemwreathedinnewyoungleaves.Thispromptedmetoconsiderfireandtheroleitplaysasaforceofnature.FossilcharcoalstellusthatwildfireshavebeenpartoflifeonEarthforaslongastherehavebeenplantsonland.That’smorethan400millionyearsoffire.Firewasherelongbeforearrivisteplantslikegrasses;itpre-datedthefirstflowers.Andwithoutwantingtogetmysticalaboutit,fireis,inmanyrespects,akindofanimal,albeitanetherealone.Likeanyanimal,itconsumesoxygen.Likeasheeporaslug,iteatsplants.Butunlikeanormalanimal,it’sashape-shifter.Sometimes,itmerelynibblesafewleaves;sometimesitkillsgrowntrees.Sometimesitismoredeadlyanddestructivethanaswarmoflocusts.Theshape-shiftingnatureoffiremakesithardtostudy,foritisnotasingleentity.Somefiresareinfernallyhot;others,relativelycool.Somestayatgroundlevel;othersclimbtrees.Moreover,fireismuchmorelikelytoappearinsomepartsoftheworldthaninothers.SatelliteimagesoftheEarthshowthatwildfiresarerarein,say,northernEurope,andcommoninpartsofcentralAfricaandAustralia.(Thesedaysmanywildfiresarestartedbyhumans,eitheronpurposeorbyaccident.Butlongbeforeourancestorsbegantothrowtorchesorcigarettebutts,fireswerestartedbylightningstrikes,orbysparksgivenoffwhenrocksrubtogetherinanavalanche.)Onceafiregetsstarted,manyfactorscontributetohowitwillbehave.Theweatherobviouslyhasahugeeffect:windscanfanflames,rainscanquenchthem.Thelieofthelandmatters,too:firerunsuphillmorereadilythanitgoesdown.Butanothercrucialfactoriswhattypeofplantsthefirehastoeat.It’scommonknowledgethatplantsregularlyexposedtofiretendtohavefeaturesthathelpthemcopewithit—suchasthickbark,orseedsthatonlygrowafterbeingexposedtointenseheatorsmoke.Butwhatislessoftenremarkedonisthattheplantsthemselvesaffectthenatureandseverityoffire.提交答案[问答题]5.

Practice5ThelargeriverbestknowntotheancientGreekswastheNileofEgypt.TheyspokeoftheriverwithadmirationandcalledEgypt“thegiftoftheNile”.Thereasonforthiswas,first,thattheNilebroughtwatertoarainlessdesertand,second,thatonceayear,theriveroverfloweditsbanks,leaving,asthewaterwentback,anewlayeroffertilesoil.Thefloodwaterscarryinthemsoil(calledsilt)fromtheupperpartsoftherivervalleytothelowerparts,andsotothesea.Butastherivermeetsthesea,theseaactsasabarrierandforcestherivertodropthesiltitiscarrying.TherearenotidesintheMediterraneantocarrythesiltaway,soyearafteryearitcollectsatthemouthoftheNile,andtherivermustfinditswayaroundislandsofsilttothealwaysmoredistantMediterranean.Inthisway,avastareaoffertilesoilhasbeenbuiltupatthemouthoftheNileandoutintothesea.Theriverwatersplitsuptoformsmallbrancheswindingacrossthearea.TotheancientGreeks,themouthoftheNilelookedlikethedrawing.Nowwesometimesnamethingsafterthelettersofthealphabettheyresemble:aU-turn,anI-beamaT-square,anS-bend,andsoon.TheGreeksdidthesame.ThetriangularareaoflandbuiltupatthemouthoftheNilelookedlikethefourthletteroftheGreekalphabetdelta(Δ)andsothiswasthenametheygaveit.Thewordisnowusedforallareasoflandformedatthemouthofriverswhichflowintotidelessseas,evenwhentheyarenortriangularinshape.TheMississippidelta,forexample,isnotshapedatallliketheGreekdelta,asyouwillseeifyoulookatamap.提交答案[问答题]6.

Practice6Beforearrest.Somecommunitiesareusingmediationandarbitrationcentersforresolvingfamilyandneighborhooddisputes.Forinstance,theCitizensDisputeSettlementProjectinColumbus,Ohio,useslawstudentstodothis.Theprojectiscreditedwithloweringthenumberofminorarrestsandassaultsby22percent.SanFrancisco'sDelanceyStreetFoundationhasaresidentialcenterwheredrugaddictsaresentforcounseling.Erie,Pa.,offerssimilarhelptoinebriates.Beforetrial.Citationsandsummonses,similartotraffictickets,aregivenforcertainmisdemeanors,suchasdisorderlyconduct.Theoffenderisallowedtopayafine,ratherthangotojail.Somecourtsareusingnon-bailreleasewhichreliesonathirdpartyoracourt-appointedsupervisortoensureanaccused'sappearanceattrial.Duringatrial.Somecitiesareusingweekendandnightcourtstohandlethelargenumberofarreststhatoccuroverweekends.Withoutsuchoff-hourcourtsessions,jailsarefrequentlyfilledtocapacityoverweekends.Inplaceofprison,somecommunitiesrequireViolatorstopaycompensationtovictimsinlarceny,burglary,andautotheftcases.Somejudgessentenceminoroffenderstoperformsomekindofcommunityservice.Georgia,whichhandles85percentofitsmisdemeanorsand15percentofitsfelonyconvictionsinthismanner,haslowereditscountyjailpopulationbyadailyaverageof66percent.提交答案[问答题]7.

Practice7Inrecentyearsintellectualpropertyhasreceivedalotmoreattentionbecauseideasandinnovationshavebecomethemostimportantresource,replacingland,energyandrawmaterials.Asmuchasthree-quartersofthevalueofpubliclytradedcompaniesinAmericacomesfromintangibleassets,upfromaround40%intheearly1980s.“TheeconomicproductoftheUnitedStates”,saysAlanGreenspan,thechairmanofAmerica’sFederalReserve,hasbecome“predominantlyconceptual”.Intellectualpropertyformspartofthoseconceptualassets.Ininformationtechnologyandtelecomsinparticular,theroleofintellectualpropertyhaschangedradically.WhatusedtobethepreserveofcorporatelawyersandengineersinR&Dlabshasbeenspeedilyembracedbytheboardroom.“Intellectual-assetmanagement”nowfiguresasastrategicbusinessissue.InAmericaalone,technologylicensingrevenueaccountsforanestimated$45billionannually;worldwide,thefigureisaround$100billionandgrowingfast.Technologyfirmsareseekingmorepatents,expandingtheirscope,licensingmore,litigatingmoreandoverhaulingtheirbusinessmodelsaroundintellectualproperty.Yetparadoxically,assomecompaniesbattendownthehatches,otherfirmshavefoundwaysofmakingmoneybyopeninguptheirtreasure-chestofinnovationandsharingitwithothers.Theriseofopen-sourcesoftwareisjustoneexample.Andanewbreedofcompanieshasappearedontheperipheryoftoday’stechfirms,actingasintellectual-propertyintermediariesandcreatingamarketforideas.提交答案[问答题]8.

Practice8In1992,twolawprofessors,PeterNeufeldandBarrySeheck,decidedtouseDNAevidencetohelpsetfreesuchmistakenlyconvictedprisoners.Withthehelpoftheirstudents,theycreatedanot-for-profitorganizationcalledtheInnocenceProject.Mostoftheirclientsarepoormen,manyfromracialandethnicminorities.Infact,studieshaveshownthatU.S.judgesandjuriesareofteninfluencedbyracialandethnicbackground,andthatpeoplefromminoritygroupsaremorelikelytobeconvicted.Between1992and2006,theInnocenceProjecthelpedfree100men.Someoftheseprisonershadbeeninjailforten,buttwentyyearsormoreforcrimestheydidnotcommit.However,thegoaloftheInnocenceProjectisnotsimplytosetfreethosewhoarewrongfullyinjail.Theyalsohopetobringaboutrealchangesinthecriminaljusticesystem.Illinoisinthelate1990s,agroupofjournalismstudentsatNorthwesternUniversitywereabletobringaboutsuchachangeinthatstate.TheybeganinvestigatingsomeIllinoisprisonerswhoclaimedtobeinnocent.ThroughDNAtesting,thestudentswereabletoprovethatinfacttheprisonerswerenotguiltyofthecrimestheyhadbeenaccusedof.Thirteenofthesemenweresetfree,andin2000,GovernorRyanofIllinoisdecidedtostopcarryingoutdeathsentencesuntilfurtherstudycouldbemadeoftheprisonerscases.TheuseofDNAincriminalcasesisstillbeingdebatedaroundtheworld.Somefearthatgovernmentswillonedaykeeprecordsofeveryone’sDNA,whichcouldputlimitsontheprivacyandfreedomofcitizens.OtherpeoplemistrustthescienceofDNAtestingandthinkthatlawyersuseittogettheirclientsfreewhetherornottheyareguilty.Butforthosewhoseinnocencehasbeenprovenandwhoarenowfreemen.DNAtestinghasmeantnothinglessthanareturntolife.AndwiththecarefuluseofDNAtesting,noinnocentpersonshouldeverbeconvictedagain.提交答案[问答题]9.

Practice9Inanequitablesociety,everyonewillhavethesameopportunitiestopursuealifeoftheirchoosing,whetherthisintermsofacquiringaneducation,obtainingcredit,findingajoborparticipatinginthepublicdebate,regardlessoftheircountryofbirth,thewealthandsocialstatusoftheirparents,ortheirgender,race,caste,ethnicityorsocialclass.Thedistributionofincome,educationlevels,wealthandotherassetswilltypicallybeuneveneveninanequitablesociety,becausepeopledifferintheefforttheymake,howtheychoosetospendtheirtime,intheirdesiretobearrisks,orinthewaytheyprocessinformation.Buteveryoneshouldhavetheopportunitytomakethemostoftheirtalentsandenergies.Whentheydoso,itisnotonlygoodandjustandfairfortheindividual,itisgoodforthesocietyasawhole,becauseequityandgrowthare,inthelongrun,complementary.Equityisnotthesameasequality.Thisyear’sWorldDevelopmentReport,focusesonequity.AndI’mfollowingtheusageofequityinthatreportthatwasjustissuedwhereequityisdefinedasequalityofopportunities,whereopportunitiesarethefactorsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletogenerateacertainincomeandachieveacertainlevelofwell-being.Notethatthisisnotthesameasequalityinincome.Inequalityofincomesisnotonlyacceptable,butitmayevenbedesirablefortheincentivesitprovidesforpeopletodowell.Butinequalitiesinopportunitynotonlyharmtheindividualbutcanretardgrowth.提交答案[问答题]10.

Practice10Lik