俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)ASystematicReviewonSoftwaremeasurementProgramsTouseefTahir,AliJafarDepartmentofcomputerscience,Comsatsinstituteofinformationtechnology,Lahore,PakistanBlekingeinstituteoftechnology,SE37179,Karlskrona,SwedenAbstractMostofthemeasurementprogramsfailtoachievetargetedgoals.Thispaperpresentsoutcomesofsystematicreviewonsoftwaremeasurementprograms.TheaimofthestudywastoanalyseApplications,successfactors,existing measurementmodels/frameworksandtools.1579researchstudieswerereviewedinthebeginningandonbasisofpredefinedcriteria28studieswerechosenforanalysis.The selectionofresearchstudieswasdoneonthebasisofstructuredprocedureofsystematicOutcomeofthisstudyconsistsof observationsandsuggestionsonthebasisofanalysisofselectedstudies.Keywords:MeasurementProgram；Software；MeasurementModels；Measurement FrameworkINTRODUCTIONSoftware measurement programs (MP) help in both management and1implementationofsoftwareprocessesateachleveloftheorganization.Inordertogetaccurateresults,itmanagesflowofdatawithintheprocesses.Thesoftwareproductsarebecominglargerandmorecomplex.Bymanagingsuchsoftwareprojectsrequireaccurateandpreciseestimationsthatcanbehelpfultoprovideaqualityproducttothecustomer.Thereshouldbeatechnologicalsupportandwelldefinedstructuredapproachtogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopment.Thisprocessiscalledthemeasurementprocess.ThisisusedintheMPswhichisbasicallyasetofproceduresandguidelinestogather,calculateandevaluatethemeasures.Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailafterimplementationinasoftwaredevelopmentprocess.In,50-80%oftheMPsfailafterayearduetodifferentreasons.ThemostimportantreasonofthefailureoftheMPsincludesthelackofappropriateknowledgeavailabletogaintherequiredmeasuresand/ortooabstractgoals.ThefailureofthesoftwareMPdependsondifferentfactorsrelevanttoproduct,processresources.Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailastheyrequireexpertjudgmentforselectingappropriatenumberofmeasuresinrelationtotheorganizationalgoals.Thereisaneedtoimprovethemeasurementprocess;whenthereisdifferencebetweentheexpectedoutcomeoftheprocessandtheactualperformanceoftheprocess.Inrecentyears,therearedifferentmodelsandframeworksdevelopedthatareusedtomeasuredifferentattributesofthesoftwareprocess.InassessmentoftheMPcanbedoneaccordingtodifferentviewsi.e.process,product,resource,valuebased,contextandsocial.Inrecentyears,MPsassistaquantitativeapproachtodevelopmentprocesses.TheseMPsalsousedinordertoincreasethesoftwareprocessimprovement.SoftwareMPsgiveacompetitiveadvantageoverthosewhoprefertraditionalapproaches.Theseprogramshavebeenanimportantpartofsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC)likeotherprocessesi.e.design,testing,andimplementation.Measurementactivitiesarecarriedoutduringthesoftwarelifecycleofproject.ImplementingaMPisawelldefinedstructuredapproachinordertogatherand2processthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.Themainpurposeofsoftwaremeasuresistoextractgoodfromtherawdata,andMPsareusedtoapplythesesoftwaremeasuresinmanagementandtechnicalaspects.measuresareusedtoclassifythebestpracticesi.e.SoftwareProcessImprovement,estimatingandplanningprojectseffectively,managebudgeteffectively,anditalsohelpscomparisonofcurrentpracticesandtools.SoftwareMPsprovideasourceforindustrycomparisonandfacilitateeffectivecommunicationbetweendeveloperandcustomer.MPsstartwithdefinitionofgoalsandtheirrespectivequestionswhichleadstoformationofmetrics.Atstart,anorganizationneedstosetproperobjectivesforwhattheyaregoingtodoandthenstartmeasuring.Thispaperpresentsasystematicreview(SR)onMPs,theirapplications,measurementmodels/frameworksandtools.SectionIIpresentsSRprocessdefinitionandresearchquestions.SectionIIIpresentsSRplanningprocess.SectionIVpresentsselectedprimarystudy.SectionVpresentsreportingprocessofSR.SectionVIpresentsanalysisanddiscussion.SectionVIIpresentsimplementationofSRanalysis.SectionVIIIpresentsconclusions.SYSTEMATICREVIEWAccordingto,thepurposeofsystematicreviewistoprovidemorestructuredwaytomakeanassessment,identificationandinterpretationofresearchwhichisrelevanttothespecificresearchquestion.Ithasthreephasesnamely“planningthereview”,“conductingthereview”and“reportingthereview”.Intheplanningphase,itisdefinedthathowliteraturereviewhavebeenconductedinasystematicmannerandareviewprotocolisdevelopedwhichactsasasearchguideduringsystematicliteraturereview.Inthesecondstep,systematicliteraturereviewisconductedwhichinvolvesprimarystudies,qualityassessment,dataextractionanddatasynthesis.Inthelaststep,literaturereviewisreported.Systematicreviewisaniterativeprocessinsteadofsequential,becauseitinvolvesanumberofiteration.Examplewouldbeinclusionandexclusioncriteria,3whenactualreviewisconductedseveralprimarystudiesareincludedandexcluded.A.ResearchQuestionsFollowingresearchquestionswillbeansweredduringthesystematicreview:RQ_1a: HowdoOrganizationsusesoftwaremeasurementprograms?RQ_1b: Whatarethesuccessfactorsinsoftwaremeasurementprograms?RQ_2: Whatarethemodels/frameworks,andtoolsdevelopedmeasurementprograms?PLANNINGTHEREVIEWReviewisplannedaccordingtotheguidelinesgivenin.ReviewProtocolReviewprotocolconsistsofinclusion/exclusioncriteria,searchkeywords,databasestobesearched,qualityassessmentchecklist,datasynthesis,dataextractionformandresearchquestions.ReviewProtocoldevelopedtoidentifythecurrentstateoftheartinMPsandgoaldefinitionfrom01Jan,1997to01June,2011.SearchstrategyAppropriateSearchkeywordsareveryimportantforeffectingsearchprocess.Thisprocessisdonebyfollowingtheguidelinesin.ThishasbeendonebyfollowingstepsIdentificationofsearchkeywordsbyanalysingthecontext,objectives,relevantareaofresearchquestions.Searchedresourceswereanalysedforfurtheridentificationofkeywords,includingthekeywordssectionofresearchresources.Identificationofsynonyms,alternativesandhypernymsforeachkeyword.BooleanORwasusedforsynonyms,alternatives,andhypernyms.BooleanANDwasusedtomakeasearchstringandmakesearchingTheresultedsearchstringgivenbelow:(metricORmeasureORmeasurement)AND(programORplanORprocess)AND(successORimportantOrsuccessfulORsuccessstoryorgoodpracticesorpractices)AND(factorORfeatureORvariable)AND(SoftwareORsoftwareapplicationORsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycleORsoftwaredevelopmentprocessOR4softwaresystemORsoftwareindustry)AND(modelsORguidelinesorpractices)AND(frameworkorstructureinfrastructure)AND(toolORinstrumentORmechanismordevice).PrimarysearchprocessThesearchprocessisdividedintotwosteps:primaryandsecondaryresearch.Theprimarysearchprocessconsistedofsearchingonlineresearchdatabases,searchengines,e-journals,conferenceproceedingandgreyliteratureusingsetofkeywordsintheresultedsearchstring.Inthefirststep1579articleswerescannedand69articles wereselectedonthebasisoftitleandabstract.Inthesecondstepselectedarticleswerereviewedcompletedandfinalsetofarticlesafterthesecondstepconsistsof28articles。StudySelectionCriteriaThefollowinginclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoincludeinsystematicreview.F.ExclusionCriteriaThefollowingexclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoexcludeinsystematicreview.QualityAssessmentChecklistItisessentialtoevaluatethequalityofprimarystudiesduringinclusion/exclusioncriteria.Thepurposeofthequalityassessmentinthisresearchistoweighttheimportanceofindividualstudiesduringdatasynthesis.DataExtractionStrategyDataextractionstrategyisgiven。SynthesisoftheExtractedDataThepurposeofdatasynthesisistoproposeaconclusiononthebasisofcollecteddataanalysis.Itinvolvesextractingandsummarizingtheresultsoftheselectedstudies.Thedatawhichisextractedfromprimarystudiesshouldbe abletoanswertheresearchquestions.Datasynthesiscanbeexpressivesynthesis,quantitativeorqualitativesynthesis.Thequalitativesynthesisinvolvesthestudiesthatresultsafterthe5analysisoftheoreticalgrounds,languageresultsandconclusions.Thestudiesinsystematicreviewareheterogeneousbecauseofdifferentmethodologyandoutcomes.Qualitativesynthesisisperformedbecauseofheterogeneousnatureofdata.Accordingto,therearethreeapproachesavailableforqualitativedatasynthesisi.e.Reciprocaltranslation,Refutationalsynthesis,Lineofargumentsynthesis.Inthisstudywefollowedlineofargumentsynthesisbecausefirstly,weanalyzedthestudiesindividuallyandtheninthelaterstepweanalyzethestudiesasawhole.PRIMARYSTUDYSELECTIONPROCESSTherearetwostepsintheselectionprocessofprimarystudiesgiven。Inthefirststeptitle,abstractandconclusionoftheresearchpapersareanalyzedforselection/rejection.Thepapersselectedinthefirststepwerefartherfilteredagainstinclusion/exclusioncriteriadefinedinthereviewprotocol.CONDUCTINGTHEREVIEWInordertoanswerRQ1,wefirstcategorizedtheresearch articles。A.RQ_1aImplementingaMPisawelldefinedstructuredapproachin ordertogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.Themainpurposeofsoftwaremeasuresistoextractgoodsfromtherawdata,andMPsareusedtoapplythesesoftwaremeasuresinmanagementandtechnicalaspects.Softwaremeasuresareusedtoclassifythebestpracticesi.e.SoftwareProcessImprovement,estimatingandplanningprojectseffectively,managebudgeteffectively,anditalsohelpscomparisonofcurrentpracticesandtools.SoftwareMPsprovideasourceforindustrycomparisonandfacilitateeffectivecommunicationbetweendeveloperandcustomer.MPsstartwithdefinitionofgoalsandtheirrespectivequestionswhichtoformationofmetrics.Atthestart,anorganizationneedstosetproperobjectivesforwhattheyaregoingtodoandthen startmeasuring.Anorganizationsetsgoalsbeforestartingimplementationandthesegoalsintendtosatisfytheorganizationalbusinessobjectives.Themappingofthesegoalswithappropriate measures requires experienced resources in the field of 6measurements.Thesegoalsshouldbeprioritizedsothatrelevantandimportantmeasuresareselectedtobecollectedandanalyzedaccordingly.TherearesomereasonswhichhighlighttheimportanceofMPsinindustry.B.RQ_1bShowsthefindingsrelatedtosuccessfactorsinsoftwareMP.Thecontributionofprimarystudiesisshownbyusingscaleoffull,partialandnone.MPsplaysignificantroleinthesuccessofaproject.InordertostartanefficientMPitisimportanttounderstandpreciselytherationaleofusingmeasurementandourobjectiveregardingmeasurementi.e.whatdowewanttoaccomplish?MPsareimplementedinastructuredwaywhichismoreefficientandeffective.InordertostartMPinanorganization,havequotedsteps.SuccessofMPsdependsontwostageapproach.In thefirststage,organizationusesoutputfromtheMPfor decisionmaking.Inthesecondstage,consistentuseoftheseoutputfordecisionmakingincreasetheperformanceofthe TheseSuccessfactorsareshown.C.RQ_2Therearevariousmodels/frameworksandtoolsthatcanbeusedinaMP.Showstheselectedmodelswithindustrialapplica.tionANALYSISANDDISCUSSIONThepurposeofsystematicreviewistoprovidemorestructuredwaytomakeanassessment,identificationandinterpretationofresearchwhichisrelevanttothespecificresearchquestionsinsectionA.ThefirstpartoftheRQ1isrelatedtowaystheMPsarebeingused.Thementioned areas are related to organizational management perspective, softwareprocessimprovement,anditcanbeusedtorealizetherelationship themeasures/entitiesofsoftwareprocess,productandresources.ThemainaimofeveryMPisfirsttocontroltheprocessandasthematurityoftheMPimprovesitcanbeusedfortheimprovementoftheoverallqualityofthemeasurement.Soanyorganizationthatneedstoimprovethe processareascanusetheMP.Similarlyifan7organizationisnotgettingtherequiredoutputintheareasofsoftwareproducts,processesandresources,theycanusetheMPstocollectthedataandanalyzetheresults.ThefirststepofMPsistoassessthesituation,thencontrolandthenusingittoimplementtheimprovementprocesses.ThesecondpartofRQ1isrelatedtothesuccessfactorsofMP.Thereareresearchstudiesinwhichdifferentfactorsfromdifferentorganizationalperspectivesarediscussed.TheMPshelpmanagersinidentifyingthesuccessfactorsforanorganizationandareasofimprovementonthebasisofcollecteddataanalysis.InthesystematicreviewthosesuccessfactorsfortheMPsareidentifiedthatcanhelptoutilizetheMPforbestofitspurpose.Followingaretheimportantsuccessfactors:Welldefinedgoals,questionsandmetrics.Thewell-definedtasks,activitiesfordatacollection.(3)Traceabilityofmeasurementgoalswithrespecttobusinessgoals(4)MeasuresrepositoryThepresenceofwelldefinedstructure,flowandconnectionbetweenmeasurementactivities.TraceabilityofmeasurementgoalswithintheMP.Well-Definedwayofdatacollection(8)Well-Definedwayofdataanalysis(9)Toolsupportindata collection,storageand analysis Understandingmeasurementprocessobjectives（10）Re-usabilityofmeasurementobjects（11）CommunicationandfeedbackTheRQ2isaboutroleofmeasurementmodels,frameworksndofMPintheorganizationtoimprovetheoverallquality oftheorganization.Therationalebehindanalyzing different models is that every MP uses a measurement model measurementtool.SothemoreefficientisthemodelortoolthemoreefficientwilltheMP.InaMP,thereisneedoftopdownapproachtocopetheproblemsandlimitations8inthebottomupapproach.TheGQMapproachisagoaldrivenapproachthatoperatesintopdownfashion.Therearemanymodelse.g.GQIM,GAM,QIP,MIS-PyME,AMIthataredesignedtoovercomethedeficiencyinGQMmodel,followingthebasicideaofGoal,QuestionsandMetrics.TheGQMmodelisalsousedasabasisforthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechniquese.g.MPSP,M2P,Primer,fortheMP.EveryMPusesamodel,framework,andtools,definethestructureofitstasks,activitiesandprocesses.SotheeffectivenessoftheMPdependsontheeffectivenessandprecisionofthemeasurementmethodused.AneffectiveMPnotonlyprovidesthetruevalueoftheobject(product,understudybutitalsoprovidestheareaswheretheimprovementscanbemade.ThedataprovidedbytheMPcanbeanalysedandinterpretedtochecknotonlythematurityoftheprocessesofanorganizationbutalsoMPs.Thiscanimprovetheoverallqualityoftheorganization.IMPLEMENTATIONOFSRANALYSISTheanalysisofSRwasusedtodesignStructuredPrioritizedGoalquestionMetrics(SPGQM)Model.Thismodelisalsovalidatedinindustry.CONCLUSIONSThispaperpresentsasystematicreviewbyfollowing.TheSRandanalysisonapplications,successfactorsandavailablemodels,frameworksandtoolsforMPisdone.MPsareessentialingredientforqualityimprovementastheynotonlyhelpusmonitorand controlthe progressofSDLCbutalsohelptomakepredictions,estimationsandlearningfromexperienceofeveryproject.ThesuccessesofMPsdependonwelldefinedphases,procedures,guidelines.Thechancesoffailureofmeasurementprogramcanbeminimizedbyfollowingthefindingsandanalysis.arefewsuggestionsforfuturework:thereisaneedofwelldefinedmeasurementmodels,frameworksandtoolstodefine,collect,analyze,storeandreusesoftwaremetrics/measures.Thereisneedofsharingmoresuccessandfailuresof MPs.Mostofthemodels,frameworksandtoolsareanextensionof GQMbuttherearenowaysdefinedforsharingofcollectedmeasures,comparisonoffindingsandguidelinesfor9reusabilityofcollecteddatawithinoroutsidesameMPsusing same/differentframeworksortools.REFERENCESM.BerryandM.F.Vandenbroek,“ATargetedAssessmentoftheSoftwareMeasurementProcess,”inProceedingsofthe7thInternationalSymposiumonSoftwareMetrics(ISSM„01),Washington,DC,IEEEComputerSociety,pp.222-235,2001.D.B.Simmons,“Awin-winmetricbasedsoftwaremanagementapproach,”IEEETransactionsonEngineeringManagement,vol.39,Texas:IEEE,pp.32-41,1992.C.KanerandW.P.Bond,“SoftwareEngineeringMetrics:Whatdotheymeasureandhowdoweknow?,”Inproceedingsofthe10thinternationalmetricssymposium,IEEEComputerSociety,pp.2-5,2004.J.SchalkenandH.V.Vliet,“Measuringwhereitmatters:Determiningstartingpointsformetricscollection,”InSpringersystemandsoftwareModeling,vol.(NY,USA):ElsevierScienceInc,pp.603-615,2008.L.LavazzaandG.Barresi,“Automatedsupportfor process-awaredefinitionandexecutionofmeasurementplans,”InProceedingsofthe27thinternationalConferenceonSoftwareEngineering(ICSE'05),May15-21,St.Louis,MO,USA,ACM:NewYork,NY,234-243.2005.[6]A.Fontana,andJ.H.Frey,“TheInterview,FromStructuredQuestionstoNegotiatedText,”ThousandOaks:SagePublications,2ndedition,2000.[7]F.NiessinkanH.V.Vliet,“TowardsMatureMeasurementPrograms,”InProceedings of the 2nd Euromicro Conference on Software Maintenance andReengineering(CSMR‟98),March08–11,IEEEComputerSocietyWashington,DC,USA,pp.82.1998.[8]A.Gopal,M.S.Krishnan,T.MukhopadhyayandD.R.Goldenson,“MeasurementProgramsinSoftwareDevelopment:DeterminantsofSuccess,”IEEETransactionsonSoftwareEngineering,vol.28:IEEEPress,pp.863-875.2002.D.R.Goldenson,A.Gopal,andT.Mukhopadhyay,“Determinantsof successin10softwaremeasurementprograms:initialresults,”InProceedingsof6thInternationalSoftwareMetricsSymposium(ISMS„99),November04–06,IEEEComputerSociety,Washington,DC,Pp.10,1999.R.V.SolingenandE.Berghout,“Integratinggoal-orientedmeasurementinindustrialsoftwareengineering:industrialexperienceswithandadditionstoGoal/Question/Metricmethod(GQM),”InProceedingsof7thInternationalSoftwareMetricsSymposium(ISMS„01),IEEEComputerSociety,Washington,DC,pp.246-258,2001.B.Kitchenham,“Proceduresforperformingsystematicreviews,”JointTechnicalReport,KeeleUniversityTechnicalreportTR/SE-0401,ISSN:1353-7776.NICTATechnicalReport0400011T.1,2004系统回顾软件测量程序摘要大部分的测量项目未能很好的实现目标。本文系统综述软件测量程序的结果。这项研究的目的是分析应用程序,成功因素,现有的测量模型/框架和工具。157928基础上选定的研究分析。关键词:测量程序;软件;测量模型;测量框架绪论软件测量程序(MP准确的结果,它是流程管理的数据流。软件产品变得更大、更复杂。通过管理软件项目需要准确和精确的估计更严谨,可以帮助提供一种高质量的产品给客户。应该有一个技术支持和良好定义的结构化的方法来收集和处理数据不断在整个11集、计算和评估措施。根据软件通常失败后实现的软件开发过程。,50-80%的微处理失败由于不需要提高测量过程;当有不同进程的预期结果和实际过程的性能。近年来,根据不同的观点即过程,产品,资源,基于价值、环境和社会。近年来,微处理协助开发过程的定量方法。这些微处理也为了增加使用软件成部分软件开发生命周期(SDLC)软件生命周期的项目开展。实现一个微处理是一个定义良好的结构化的方法来收集和处理数据不断在整个软件开发生命周期。软件措施的主要目的是为了从原始数据中提取好,微处实践即软件过程改进,有效地估计和计划项目,有效地管理预算,它还有助于当前效沟通。微处理开始与定义的目标和各自的问题导致形成的量度。在开始,一个组织需要设置适当的目标他们要做什么,然后开始测量。本文系统回顾(SR)的微处理系统,他们的应用程序,测量模型/框架和工具。SRSRSR系统的检查根据,系统综述的目的是提供更结构化的方法进行评估,识别和解释的研究相关的特定的研究问题。定义,文献综述进行了系统化的方式和审查协议开发过程中充当一个搜索指南系12估、数据提取和数据。在最后一步中,文献综述报告。子是包含和排除标准,当实际审查进行几个主要研究包括和排除。研究的问题后将回答研究问题在系统回顾:1a：组织使用软件测量程序如何?1b：软件测量程序的成功因素是什么?2：是什么模型/框架和工具开发测量程序吗?计划评审审核计划中给出的指导方针。审查协议审查协议由包含/排除标准、搜索关键字、数据库搜索、质量评估检查表、199711201161检索策略针。这是由以下步骤完成:(1)(2)搜索资源分析为进一步识别关键词,包括研究资源的关键字部分。(3)识别同义词,替代品,并为每个关键字上义词。布尔或使用同义词、替代、上位词。导致搜索字符串下面:(公制测量或测量)和(项目或计划或过程)和(成功或重要或成功或成功的故事或良好的实践或实践)(因素或特征或变量)和(软件或软件应用程序或软件开发生13架或结构基础设施)和(工具或仪器或机制或设备)。主要的搜索过程搜索过程分为两个步骤:小学和中学的研究。搜索在线研究的主要搜索过程包括数据库、搜索引擎、)、会议程序和灰色文献使用的关键词搜索字符串。1579,6928研究选择标准使用规定的入选标准值，包括在系统回顾内的