文体学GraphologicalStyle知识点

文体学GraphologicalStyle知识点

GraphologicalStyleMarkers

Graphology（笔迹，语相）refers

to

theshapeorsizeofthesymbols

usedto

conveymeaning.

Variousaspectsofdesigningraphology(e.g.punctuation,capitalization,spelling,paragraphing)areresourceswhichcanbeutilizedforcommunicativepurpose.

Andinextremecases,theshapeofthetextandthesymbolsofthedifferent

linguisticlevelsareevenessentialfortheinterpretationofthetext.I.Punctuation标点符号都有其常规的,无标记的用法。偏离这些常规,以及某种符号的高频率出现,都可在适当的情景语境中取得特殊的文体效应。Exclamation1.Avocativeusedwithanexclamationmark

representsurgentwarningorcommand.“Nicholas!”saidhisunclesharply.“Nicholas,”saidhismothersoftly.2.Anexclamationmarkendinganimperativesentenceaddstotheperemptoryorurgnentforceofacommand.Shutthedoor!3.Thecombinationofquestionandexclamation

marksspecifiesthewriter’sdoubtorsurpriseaboutcertainlanguage

items.What?!HesaidIwashisbest(?!)friend.

4.

Excessiveuseofexclamationmarks

isoftenconsideredasasignoffrivolous

andimmaturewriting;Theuseofmorethanone

exclamationmarkisafeatureofvery

informalwriting.Dash1.Dashisconsideredamarkofinformalwriting.Itmayindicateasuddenbreakorinterruption.“Nohedidn’t,AuntMollie.Itwasn’tMrEdmond.Mr.Edmonddidn’t–-”2.Dashescanbeusedtomarkoffaparenthesis.Theytendtogiveasomewhatmoredramaticandinformalimpression.“Letussay“goodnight”,myfineboy,saidthegentleman,whenhehadbenthishead—Isawhim!Overmymother’slittleglove

(DavidCopperfield,Murdstone)QuotationToindicatetheauthenticityofthequotedwords.Todirectthereader’sattentiontothequotedwords.Inmarringthegirlheworried“abitmore

thanhecouldchew”.Toenclosewordsusedinspecialsensesorborrowedfromothercontexts.Toenclosewordsthatthewriterconsidersinappropriateoruntrue.Another“Livelihoodproject”Exle:How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?--CharlesDickensDombeyandSonCommasarerepeatedlyusedheretoimitatetherhythmofaclock.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.---Juliascaesar

凯撒用这种手段来炫耀他可以不费吹灰之力就可以征服对手的能力。

这种形式一方面使阅读时间变短,停顿变得简短有力使各句之间的意义联系密切,减少了三个过程之间的时间差;另一方面,这一手段特别强调了最后一个过程。用逗号来连接came,saw,conquered三个过程,从而在语法上给三者相同的地位。因此,“征服对手”所需时间与“来”和“看”所需时间一样长,从而强调了“征服”这一过程的迅速,使凯撒的傲慢之情味跃然纸上。…thefirstcarintownagirlGirlthat’swhatJasoncouldn’tbearsmellofgasolinemakinghimsickthengotmadderthaneverbecauseagirlGirlhadnosisterbutBenjaminBenjaminthechildofmysorrowfulifI’djusthadamother

soIcouldsayMotherMother…--Willian\mFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury

ThisisaparagraphdescribingQuentin’s

psychologybeforehecommitsuicide.

Theabsenceofpunctuationrevealshis

illogical,irrational,crazythoughtsatthemoment.(2)Layout(Shapeofatext)Theshapeofatextcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.L(aLeAfFaLls)oneliness

(E.E.Cummings)e.e.cummings的这首诗l(a,通过语言变异的现象,来达到突出的目的,给读者留下了过目不忘的印象。诗人把诗歌看作一种可视艺术,通过独特的排版方法,把单个的词在视觉上的美表现的淋漓尽致。他的诗歌给读者美的享受,同时也留给读者许多遐想的空间。这首怪异的l(a从视觉上给了我们强烈的冲击。aleaffalls/lonelinessl(a里的l恰恰是树干的形状，代表一棵树，随后用拆分单词的形式呈垂直状态落下，刚刚像是树叶离开树在风中飘零而后无声、孤寂地凋落在离树不远处的地面上。更巧妙的是对单词loneliness的拆分，l/one/iness。一片叶子从树上飘落。从此，离开了树的叶子孤独了，没有了叶子的树也孤独了。[冰山译]

艹

（一

十

艹

洛）冖

卂

艹

冖

卂

译文：茕（一叶落）茕—Thinkyou’reinHeaven?Well—you’llsoonbeinHELL

(M.Horovitz)

在这首诗里，诗人就是用一种违

反常规的奇特的书写方式来直观

地表现入地狱是往下行的。40-LOVE

RogerMcGoughmiddleagedcoupleplayingten-niswhenthegameendsandtheygohomethenetwillstillbebe-tweenthem40-Love四十岁的爱情

RogerMcGough

Middle

aged

中

年couple

playing

夫

妇ten

nis

打

网when

the

球

打game

ends

完

后and

they

回

家go

home

走

球the

net

网

依will

still

旧

把

be

be-

人

分tween

them

左

右本首诗运用了语象变异的方法。其一，诗中选的词排成两个竖列，宛如夫妇双方，中间隔了一张网，正在一来一去的击球；其二，诗中选的词基本都是单音节词，读来机械单调，很容易让人联想到这对夫妇枯燥乏味，缺乏情趣的生活；其三，诗中的两个关键词tennis和between被拆开了，分别置于两个竖列中，隐喻两人的感情世界已被一张无形的网隔开，不再融为一体。这些都说明了语象变异在表达主题的重要性，尤其是在诗歌中。R.Draper,TargetPracticeThepoemisshapedlikeabull’seye

or

targetwithaseriesofconcentric

circles.Eachcircle