智能卡外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译IntroductionofsmartcardAsmartcard,chipcard,orintegratedcircuitcard(ICC),isinanypocket-sizedcardwithembeddedintegratedcircuitswhichcanprocessdata.Thisimpliesthatitcanreceiveinputwhichisprocessed—bywayoftheICCapplications—anddeliveredasanoutput.TherearetwobroadcategoriesofICCs.Memorycardscontainonlynon-volatilememorystoragecomponents,andperhapssomespecificsecuritylogic.Microprocessorcardscontainvolatilememoryandmicroprocessorcomponents.Thecardismadeofplastic,generallyPVC,butsometimesABS.Thecardmayembedahologramtoavoidcounterfeiting.Usingsmartcardsalsoisaformofstrongsecurityauthenticationforsinglesign-onwithinlargecompaniesandorganizations.OverviewA"smartcard"isalsocharacterizedasfollows:Dimensionsarenormallycreditcardsize.TheID-1ofISO/IEC7810standarddefinesthemas85.60×53.98mm.AnotherpopularsizeisID-000whichis25×15mm(commonlyusedinSIMcards).Bothare0.76mmthick.Containsasecuritysystemwithtamper-resistantproperties(e.g.asecurecryptoprocessor,securefilesystem,human-readablefeatures)andiscapableofprovidingsecurityservices(e.g.confidentialityofinformationinthememory).Assetmanagedbywayofacentraladministrationsystemwhichinterchangesinformationandconfigurationsettingswiththecardthroughthesecuritysystem.Thelatterincludescardhotlisting,updatesforapplicationdata.Carddataistransferredtothecentraladministrationsystemthroughcardreadingdevices,suchasticketreaders,ATMsetc.BenefitsSmartcardscanbeusedforidentification,authentication,anddatastorage.[1]Smartcardsprovideameansofeffectingbusinesstransactionsinaflexible,secure,standardwaywithminimalhumanintervention.Smartcardcanprovidestrongauthentication[2]forsinglesign-onorenterprisesinglesign-ontocomputers,laptops,datawithencryption,enterpriseresourceplanningplatformssuchasSAP,etc.HistoryTheautomatedchipcardwasinventedbyGermanrocketscientistHelmutGröttrupandhiscolleagueJürgenDethloffin1968;thepatentwasfinallyapprovedin1982.ThefirstmassuseofthecardswasforpaymentinFrenchpayphones,startingin1983(Telecarte).RolandMorenoactuallypatentedhisfirstconceptofthememorycardin1974.In1977,MichelUgonfromHoneywellBullinventedthefirstmicroprocessorsmartcard.In1978,BullpatentedtheSPOM(SelfProgrammableOne-chipMicrocomputer)thatdefinesthenecessaryarchitecturetoauto-programthechip.Threeyearslater,theveryfirst"CP8"basedonthispatentwasproducedbyMotorola.Atthattime,Bullhad1200patentsrelatedtosmartcards.In2001,BullsolditsCP8DivisiontogetherwithallitspatentstoSchlumberger.Subsequently,SchlumbergercombineditssmartcarddepartmentandCP8andcreatedAxalto.In2006,AxaltoandGemplus,atthetimetheworld'sno.2andno.1smartcardmanufacturers,mergedandbecameGemalto.Asmartcard,combiningcreditcardanddebitcardproperties.The3by5mmsecuritychipembeddedinthecardisshownenlargedintheinset.Thecontactpadsonthecardenableselectronicaccesstothechip.ThesecondusewaswiththeintegrationofmicrochipsintoallFrenchdebitcards(CarteBleue)completedin1992.WhenpayinginFrancewithaCarteBleue,oneinsertsthecardintothemerchant'sterminal,thentypesthePIN,beforethetransactionisaccepted.Onlyverylimitedtransactions(suchaspayingsmallautoroutetolls)areacceptedwithoutPIN.Smart-card-basedelectronicpursesystems(inwhichvalueisstoredonthecardchip,notinanexternallyrecordedaccount,sothatmachinesacceptingthecardneednonetworkconnectivity)weretriedthroughoutEuropefromthemid-1990s,mostnotablyinGermany(Geldkarte),Austria(Quick),Belgium(Proton),France(Moneo),theNetherlands(ChipknipandChipper),Switzerland("Cash"),Norway("Mondex"),Sweden("Cash"),Finland("Avant"),UK("Mondex"),Denmark("Danmønt")andPortugal("Porta-moedasMultibanco").Themajorboominsmartcardusecameinthe1990s,withtheintroductionofthesmart-card-basedSIMusedinGSMmobilephoneequipmentinEurope.WiththeubiquityofmobilephonesinEurope,smartcardshavebecomeverycommon.TheinternationalpaymentbrandsMasterCard,Visa,andEuropayagreedin1993toworktogethertodevelopthespecificationsfortheuseofsmartcardsinpaymentcardsusedaseitheradebitoracreditcard.ThefirstversionoftheEMVsystemwasreleasedin1994.In1998astablereleaseofthespecificationswasavailable.EMVco,thecompanyresponsibleforthelong-termmaintenanceofthesystem,upgradedthespecificationin2000andmostrecentlyin2004.ThegoalofEMVcoistoassurethevariousfinancialinstitutionsandretailersthatthespecificationsretainbackwardcompatibilitywiththe1998version.WiththeexceptionofcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesofAmericatherehasbeensignificantprogressinthedeploymentofEMV-compliantpointofsaleequipmentandtheissuanceofdebitandorcreditcardsadheringtheEMVspecifications.Typically,acountry'snationalpaymentassociation,incoordinationwithMasterCardInternational,VisaInternational,AmericanExpressandJCB,developdetailedimplementationplansassuringacoordinatedeffortbythevariousstakeholdersinvolved.ThebackersofEMVclaimitisaparadigmshiftinthewayonelooksatpaymentsystems.Incountrieswherebanksdonotcurrentlyofferasinglecardcapableofsupportingmultipleaccounttypes,theremaybemerittothisstatement.Thoughsomebanksinthesecountriesareconsideringissuingonecardthatwillserveasbothadebitcardandasacreditcard,thebusinessjustificationforthisisstillquiteelusive.WithinEMVaconceptcalledApplicationSelectiondefineshowtheconsumerselectswhichmeansofpaymenttoemployforthatpurchaseatthepointofsale.Forthebanksinterestedinintroducingsmartcardstheonlyquantifiablebenefitistheabilitytoforecastasignificantreductioninfraud,inparticularcounterfeit,lostandstolen.Thecurrentleveloffraudacountryisexperiencing,coupledwithwhetherthatcountry'slawsassigntheriskoffraudtotheconsumerorthebank,determinesifthereisabusinesscaseforthefinancialinstitutions.SomecriticsclaimthatthesavingsarefarlessthanthecostofimplementingEMV,andthusmanybelievethattheUSApaymentsindustrywillopttowaitoutthecurrentEMVlifecycleinordertoimplementnew,contactlesstechnology.Smartcardswithcontactlessinterfacesarebecomingincreasinglypopularforpaymentandticketingapplicationssuchasmasstransit.VisaandMasterCardhaveagreedtoaneasy-to-implementversioncurrentlybeingdeployed(2004-2006)intheUSA.Acrosstheglobe,contactlessfarecollectionsystemsarebeingimplementedtodriveefficienciesinpublictransit.Thevariousstandardsemergingarelocalinfocusandarenotcompatible,thoughtheMIFAREStandardcardfromPhilipshasaconsiderablemarketshareintheUSandEurope.Smartcardsarealsobeingintroducedinpersonalidentificationandentitlementschemesatregional,national,andinternationallevels.Citizencards,drivers’licenses,andpatientcardschemesarebecomingmoreprevalent;ForexampleinMalaysia,thecompulsorynationalIDschemeMyKadincludes8differentapplicationsandisrolledoutfor18millionusers.ContactlesssmartcardsarebeingintegratedintoICAObiometricpassportstoenhancesecurityforinternationaltravel.ContactsmartcardContactsmartcardshaveacontactarea,comprisingseveralgold-platedcontactpads,thatisabout1cmsquare.Wheninsertedintoareader,thechipmakescontactwithelectricalconnectorsthatcanreadinformationfromthechipandwriteinformationback.[3]TheISO/IEC7816andISO/IEC7810seriesofstandardsdefine:thephysicalshapethepositionsandshapesoftheelectricalconnectorstheelectricalcharacteristicsthecommunicationsprotocols,thatincludestheformatofthecommandssenttothecardandtheresponsesreturnedbythecard.robustnessofthecardthefunctionalityThecardsdonotcontainbatteries;energyissuppliedbythecardreader.ElectricalsignalsdescriptionAsmartcardpinoutVCC:PowersupplyinputRST:Eitheruseditself(resetsignalsuppliedfromtheinterfacedevice)orincombinationwithaninternalresetcontrolcircuit(optionalusebythecard).Ifinternalresetisimplemented,thevoltagesupplyonVccismandatory.CLK:Clockingortimingsignal(optionalusebythecard).GND:Ground(referencevoltage).VPP:Programmingvoltageinput(deprecated/optionalusebythecard).I/O:InputorOutputforserialdatatotheintegratedcircuitinsidethecard.NOTE-Theuseofthetworemainingcontactswillbedefinedintheappropriateapplicationstandards.ReaderContactsmartcardreadersareusedasacommunicationsmediumbetweenthesmartcardandahost,e.g.acomputer,apointofsaleterminal,oramobiletelephone.SincethechipsinthefinancialcardsarethesameasthoseusedformobilephoneSubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)cards,justprogrammeddifferentlyandembeddedinadifferentshapedpieceofPVC,thechipmanufacturersarebuildingtothemoredemandingGSM/3Gstandards.So,forinstance,althoughEMVallowsachipcardtodraw50mAfromitsterminal,cardsarenormallywellinsidethetelephoneindustry's6mAlimit.Thisisallowingfinancialcardterminalstobecomesmallerandcheaper,andmovesareafoottoequipeveryhomePCwithacardreaderandsoftwaretomakeinternetshoppingmoresecure.[citationneeded]ContactlesssmartcardAsecondtypeisthecontactlesssmartcard,inwhichthechipcommunicateswiththecardreaderthroughRFIDinductiontechnology(atdataratesof106to848kbit/s).Thesecardsrequireonlycloseproximitytoanantennatocompletetransaction.Theyareoftenusedwhentransactionsmustbeprocessedquicklyorhands-free,suchasonmasstransitsystems,wheresmartcardscanbeusedwithoutevenremovingthemfromawallet.ThestandardforcontactlesssmartcardcommunicationsisISO/IEC14443.Itdefinestwotypesofcontactlesscards("A"and"B"),allowsforcommunicationsatdistancesupto10cm.TherehadbeenproposalsforISO/IEC14443typesC,D,EandFthathavebeenrejectedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.AnalternativestandardforcontactlesssmartcardsisISO15693,whichallowscommunicationsatdistancesupto50cm.ExamplesofwidelyusedcontactlesssmartcardsareHongKong'sOctopuscard,SouthKorea'sT-money(Bus,Subway,Taxi),London'sOystercard,JapanRail'sSuicaCardandMumbaiBustransportationserviceBESTusessmartcardsforbuspass,whichpredatetheISO/IEC14443standard.Allofthemareprimarilydesignedforpublictransportationpaymentandotherelectronicpurseapplications.ArelatedcontactlesstechnologyisRFID(radiofrequencyidentification).Incertaincases,itcanbeusedforapplicationssimilartothoseofcontactlesssmartcards,suchasforelectronictollcollection.RFIDdevicesusuallydonotincludewriteablememoryormicrocontrollerprocessingcapabilityascontactlesssmartcardsoftendo.Likesmartcardswithcontacts,contactlesscardsdonothaveabattery.Instead,theyuseabuilt-ininductortocapturesomeoftheincidentradio-frequencyinterrogationsignal,rectifyit,anduseittopowerthecard'selectronics.CryptographicsmartcardsCryptographicsmartcardsareoftenusedforsinglesign-on.MostadvancedsmartcardsareequippedwithspecializedcryptographichardwarethatletyouusealgorithmssuchasRSAandDSAonboard.Today'scryptographicsmartcardsarealsoabletogeneratekeypairsonboard,toavoidtheriskofhavingmorethanonecopyofthekey(sincebydesignthereusuallyisn'tawaytoextractprivatekeysfromasmartcard).Suchsmartcardsaremainlyusedfordigitalsignatureandsecureidentification,(seeapplicationssection).[4]ThemostcommonwaytoaccesscryptographicsmartcardfunctionsonacomputeristouseaPKCS#11libraryprovidedbythevendor.OnMicrosoftWindowsplatformstheCSPAPIisalsoadopted.Themostwidelyusedcryptographicalgorithmsinsmartcards(excludingtheGSMso-called"cryptoalgorithm")are3DES(TripleDES)andRSA.Thekeysetisusuallyloaded(DES)orgenerated(RSA)onthecardatthepersonalizationstage.ComputersecurityTheMozillaFirefoxwebbrowsercanusesmartcardstostorecertificatesforuseinsecurewebbrowsing[5].Somediskencryptionsystems,suchasFreeOTFEorTrueCrypt,canusesmartcardstosecurelyholdencryptionkeys,andalsotoaddanotherlayerofencryptiontocriticalpartsofthesecureddisk[6].Smartcardsarealsousedforsinglesign-ontologontocomputersSmartcardssupportfunctionalityhasbeenaddedtoWindowsLivePassportsFinancialTheapplicationsofsmartcardsincludetheiruseascreditorATMcards,inafuelcard,SIMsformobilephones,authorizationcardsforpaytelevision,pre-payutilitiesinhousehold,high-securityidentificationandaccess-controlcards,andpublictransportandpublicphonepaymentcards.Smartcardsmayalsobeusedaselectronicwallets.Thesmartcardchipcanbeloadedwithfundswhichcanbespentinparkingmetersandvendingmachinesoratvariousmerchants.Cryptographicprotocolsprotecttheexchangeofmoneybetweenthesmartcardandtheacceptingmachine.Thereisnoconnectiontotheissuingbanknecessary,sotheholderofthecardcanuseitregardlessofhimbeingtheowner.TheGermanGeldkarteisalsousedtovalidatethecustomersageatvendingmachinesforcigarettes.

智能卡简介智能卡、芯片卡或IC卡（ICC），是指任何具有嵌入式集成电路并且可处理信息的袖珍卡。这意味着，它可以接收输入并由IC卡处理程序处理后产生输出。IC卡有两大类：记忆卡只包含非易失性存储器存储组件，甚至只有一些具体的安全逻辑；微处理器卡含有挥发性内存和微处理器组成部分，该卡是由塑料（一般是聚氯乙烯，但有时是ABS树脂）制成，可嵌入一个全息图像，以避免伪造。“智能卡”的特点如下：尺寸通常为信用卡大小，根据ISO/IEC7810的ID-1标准定义为85.60×53.98毫米，还有一种流行的尺寸根据ID-000标准为25×15毫米，两者都是0.76毫米厚。通常包含一个安全系统——防篡改属性（例如一个安全的密码，安全文件系统，人类可读的功能等），并有能力提供安全服务（如对信息保密的记忆）。通过一个中央管理系统进行交流信息和配置设置的卡通过安全体系完成信息管理。后者包括信用卡更新的应用程序数据。卡数据传送到中央管理系统通过卡阅读设备，如车票的读者，自动柜员机等好处：智能卡提供了一种手段，实行商业交易灵活，安全，标准方法以最小的人为干预。智能卡可以提供强大的身份验证[2]为单点登录或企业单点登录电脑、笔记本电脑、数据加密、SAP等企业资源规划平台等。历史：自动化的芯片卡是由德国火箭科学家HelmutGrottrup和他的同事JürgenDethloff在1968年提出，并1982年获得专利。首次大规模使用的信用卡是开始于1983年用于在法国支付付费电话。RolandMoreno在1974年首次提出实际概念的记忆卡。1977年，MichelUgon发明了第一个微处理器的智能卡。1978年，Bull获得SPOM（自可编程单片微机）的专利，它确定了其必要的结构，以进行芯片自动编程。三年后，第一个“CP8”由摩托罗拉公司在此基础上获得专利。到现在共有1200个有关智能卡的专利。智能卡结合了信用卡和借记卡的属性。3到5毫米厚度使得安全芯片可以嵌入到卡中以存储安全信息。卡上有可以通电的金属片。智能卡的第二次的使用是在1992年的法国由整合芯片制成的借记卡（蓝卡）。当在法国使用蓝卡，只需要将卡插入到商家的终端，然后输入密码，在交易被接受之后便可完成支付。只有非常有限的交易（如支付小高速公路通行费）是使用了个人识别号码。智能卡的电子钱包系统（信息记录在卡上，而不是在外部记录帐户，使机器识别信用卡不需要网络连接）从20世纪90年代中期开始风靡在整个欧洲：最典型的有德国（Geldkarte），奥地利（Quick），比利时（Proton），法国（Moneo），荷兰（ChipknipandChipper），瑞士（Cash），瑞典（Cash），芬兰（Avant），英国（Mondex），丹麦（Danmønt）和葡萄牙（Porta-moedasMultibanco）。智能卡是在20世纪90年代随着使用SIM卡的GSM移动电话设备在欧洲广泛应用。随着手机在欧洲的普及，智能卡已成为非常普遍的。国际支付品牌的MasterCard，Visa和Europay商定于1993年开发共同的标准，使用智能卡无论是作为借记卡还是信用卡都能在支付时使用。EMV系统的第一个版本的公布于1994年。在1998年发布了稳定的标准。EMVco公司负责系统的长期维护，并在2000年升级了标准，最近一次是在2004年。EMVco的目标是要保证各金融机构和零售商的标准保持1998年版向后兼容。除了一些国家坚持的EMV标准如美利坚合众国已取得EMV兼容的销售点设备和发放借记卡和信用卡部署的重大进展。一般来说，在国家支付协会的协调下，确保同MasterCard国际组织，Visa国际组织，AmericanExpress和JCB共同制订详细的实施计划的标准一致，使各利益相关者参与。EMV卡的支持者声称它提供了一个支付系统的范例。在有些国家的银行目前不提供单卡支持多个帐户类型的服务的情况系，这个声明可能是有道理的。虽然一些银行在这些国家正在考虑发行一张卡，使其作为一个借记卡和信用卡，商业卡，但这仍然相当困难。在所谓的EMV概念下界定的消费者如何选择支付手段成为销售点。至于银行感兴趣的是介绍智能卡的标准化的好处是能够显着减少欺诈行为，特别是伪造，丢失和被盗。目前许多国家正在经历欺诈行为，再加上无论是国家法律对消费者或银行或是否有商业案例的金融机构赋予的欺诈风险。一些批评者宣称，实施EMV储蓄是远远低于成本的。因此许多人认为，美国支付行业将选择等待目前的EMV的生命周期以便实施新的非接触式技术。非接触式接口智能卡在支付和票务应用方面变得越来越普遍，如大众交通。Visa和MasterCard已同意在美国部署一个易于执行的版本（2004-2006）。在全球范围内，非接触式收费系统正