计算机辅助设计建筑CAD中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译Computer-aideddesign(CAD)

Computer-aideddesign(CAD)istheuseofawiderangeofcomputer-basedtoolsthatassistengineers,architectsandotherdesignprofessionalsintheirdesignactivities.ItisthemaingeometryauthoringtoolwithintheProductLifecycleManagementprocessandinvolvesbothsoftwareandsometimesspecial-purposehardware.Currentpackagesrangefrom2Dvectorbaseddraftingsystemsto3Dparametricsurfaceandsoliddesignmodellers.

CADissometimestranslatedas"computer-assisted","computer-aideddrafting",orasimilarphrase.RelatedacronymsareCADD,whichstandsfor"computer-aideddesignanddrafting",CAIDforComputer-aidedIndustrialDesignandCAAD,for"computer-aidedarchitecturaldesign".Allthesetermsareessentiallysynonymous,buttherearesomesubtledifferencesinmeaningandapplication.Contents

Introduction

CADisusedtodesignanddevelopproducts,thesecanbegoodsusedbyendconsumersorintermediategoodsusedinotherproducts.CADisalsoextensivelyusedinthedesignoftoolsandmachineryusedinthemanufactureofcomponents.CADisusedthroughouttheengineeringprocessfromconceptualdesignandlayout,throughdetailedengineeringandanalysisofcomponentstodefinitionofmanufacturingmethods.

FieldsofuseAECArchitectureEngineeringandConstructionMCADMechanicalAutomotiveAerospaceConsumerGoodsMachineryShipBuildingECADElectronicandElectricalManufacturingprocessplanning

Architecture

Thesoftwarepackagemayproduceitsresultsinseveralformats,buttypicallyprovidesagraphically-basedresultwhichisthenabletobeusedtocreateconceptsketchesforassessmentandapproval,andeventuallyworkingdrawings.Anexamplewouldbeastructuraldesignpackageusedtoassesstheintegrityofasteel-framedbuildingbyperformingallthecalculationsnecessarytodeterminethesizeandstrengthofthecomponents,andtheeffectofsuchthingsaswind-loading.Theoutputcommonlyisascheduleofmaterialsandsomebasicsketcheswhichcanbetransferredtoacomputer-aideddraftingpackageforfinalproductionofconstructionworkingdrawings.

Computer-aideddrafting,however,commonlyreferstotheactualtechnicaldrawingcomponentoftheproject,usingacomputerratherthanatraditionaldrawingboard.Theinputintothisaspectofthedesignprocessmaycomefromspecialisedcalculationpackages,frompre-existingcomponentdrawings,fromgraphicalimagessuchasmaps,fromphotosandothermedia,orsimplyfromhand-drawnsketchesdonebythedesigner.Theoperator'staskistousetheCADsoftwaretomeldalltherelevantcomponentstogethertoproducedrawingsandspecificationswhichcanthenbeusedtoestimatequantitiesofmaterials,determinethecostoftheprojectandultimatelyprovidethedetaileddrawingsnecessarytobuildit.

Thespectrumofarchitecturalandengineeringprojectscommonlydocumentedwithcomputer-aideddraftingisbroad,andincludesarchitectural,mechanical,electrical,structural,hydraulic,interiordesign,civilconstruction.CADmayalsoprovideinputtootherformsofdesigncommunicationsuchas3Dvisualisations,modelconstruction,animatedfly-throughs,tonameafew.

Computer-aideddraftingsoftwareisalsoabasictoolusedinotherdisciplinesrelatedtoArchitecture,forexampleCivilEngineering,forsitedesign,forinstanceroads,gradinganddrainage,inmappingandcartography,intheproductionofplansandsketchesforavarietyofotherpurposes(suchsurveyor'splansandlegaldescriptionsofland),andastheinputformattogeographicandfacilitiesinformationsystems.Additionally,landscapearchitectureandinteriordesignisoftenalsocommonlyperformedusingCADsoftware

Mechanical

CADisusedinavarietyofwayswithinengineeringcompanies.Atitssimplestlevelitisa2DWireframepackagethatisusedtocreateengineeringdrawings.Thishashoweveroverthelast20yearsbeenovertakenby3Dparametricfeaturebasedmodelling.ComponentformsarecreatedeitherusingFreeformsurfacemodellingorsolidmodellingorahybridofthetwo.Theseindividualcomponentsarethenassembledintoa3Drepresentationofthefinalproduct;thisiscalledbottom-updesign.Theseassemblymodelscanbeusedtoperformanalysistoassessifthecomponentscanbeassembledandfittogetheraswellasforsimulatingthedynamicsoftheproduct.FEAcanalsobeperformedonthecomponentsandassembliestoassesstheirstrength.Overthelastfewyears,methodsandtechnologyhavebeendevelopedtodotop-downdesignwithinCAD.Thisinvolvesstartingwithalayoutdiagramoftheproduct;whichisbrokendownintosub-systemswitheverincreasingdetailuntilthelevelofsinglecomponentsisreached;geometryineachlevelbeingassociativewiththelevelabove.Detaileddesignoftheindividualcomponentsisthencompletedbeforebuildingupthefinalproductassembly.Ingeneralthe3Dmodelsareusedtogeneratea2Dtechnicaldrawing,thishas,however,beenslowlyreplacedbydirecttransferofthedatatoCAM,CNC,RapidprototypingandProductvisualizationsystems,nongeometricinformationbeingcommunicatedtodown-streamprocesseswiththeaidofPMI.

ElectricalandElectronic

Electronicdesignautomation(EDA)includesPCBdesign,intelligentwiringdiagrams(routing)andcomponentconnectionmanagement.

Manufacturingprocessplanning

2Dand3DCADsystemsaresometimesusedforgraphicallyrepresentedofplantlayout,usuallywiththeaidofspecificmachinegeometrylibrariesandlayouttools.Althoughthisisoftendonewithspecialistreal-timeprocesssimulationtoolsbasedonProductvisualizationandManufacturingProcessManagementtechnologies.

History

Designershavelongusedcomputersfortheircalculations.Initialdevelopmentswerecarriedoutinthe1960swithintheaircraftandautomotiveindustriesintheareaof3DsurfaceconstructionandNCprogramming,mostofitindependentofoneanotherandoftennotpubliclypublisheduntilmuchlater.Someofthemathematicaldescriptionworkoncurveswasdevelopedintheearly1940sbyIsaacJacobSchoenberg,Apalatequi(DouglasAircraft)andRoyLiming(NorthAmericanAircraft),howeverprobablythemostimportantworkonpolynomialcurvesandsculpturedsurfacewasdonebyPierreBezier(Renault),PauldeCasteljau(Citroen),S.A.Coons(MIT,Ford),JamesFerguson(Boeing),CarldeBoor(GM),Birkhoff(GM)andGarabedian(GM)inthe1960sandW.Gordon(GM)andR.Riesenfeldinthe1970s.

ItisarguedthataturningpointwasthedevelopmentofSKETCHPADsysteminMITin1963byIvanSutherland(wholattercreatedagraphicstechnologycompanywithDr.DavidEvans).ThedistinctivefeatureofSKETCHPADwasthatitallowedthedesignertointeractwithcomputergraphically:thedesigncanbefedintothecomputerbydrawingonaCRTmonitorwithalightpen.Effectively,itwasaprototypeofgraphicaluserinterface,anindispensablefeatureofmodernCAD.

FirstcommercialapplicationsofCADwereinlargecompaniesintheautomotiveandaerospaceindustries,aswellasinelectronics.Onlylargecorporationscouldaffordthecomputerscapableofperformingthecalculations.NotablecompanyprojectswereatGM(Dr.PatrickJ.Hanratty)withDAC-1(DesignAugmentedbyComputer)1964;Lockheadprojects;BellGRAPHIC1andatRenault(Bezier)每UNISURF1971carbodydesignandtooling.

ThemostinfluentialeventinthedevelopmentofCADwasthefoundingofMCS(ManufacturingandConsultingServicesInc.)in1971byDr.P.J.Hanratty,whowrotethesystemADAM(AutomatedDraftingAndMachining)butmoreimportantlysuppliedcodetocompaniessuchasMcDonnellDouglas(Unigraphics)Computervision(CADDS),Calma,Gerber,AutotrolandControlData.

Ascomputersbecamemoreaffordable,theapplicationareashavegraduallyexpanded.ThedevelopmentofCADsoftwareforpersonaldesk-topcomputerswastheimpetusforalmostuniversalapplicationinallareasofconstruction.

Otherkeypointsinthe1960sand1970swouldbethefoundationofCADsystemsUnitedComputing,Intergraph,IBM,IntergraphIGDSin1974(whichledtoBentleyMicroStationin1984)

CADimplementationshaveevolveddramaticallysincethen.Initially,with2Dinthe1970s,itwastypicallylimitedtoproducingdrawingssimilartohand-drafteddrawings.Advancesinprogrammingandcomputerhardware,notablysolidmodellinginthe1980s,haveallowedmoreversatileapplicationsofcomputersindesignactivities.Keyproductfor1981werethesolidmodellingpackages-Romulus(ShapeData)andUni-Solid(Unigraphics)basedonPADL-2andthereleaseofthesurfacemodelerCatia(Dassault).Autodeskwasfounded1982byJohnWalker,whichledtothe2DsystemAutoCAD.ThenextmilestonewasthereleaseofPro/Engineerin1988,whichheraldedgreaterusageoffeaturebasedmodelingmethods.AlsoofimportancetothedevelopmentofCADwasthedevelopmentoftheB-repsolidmodelingkernels(graphicsengines)Parasolid(ShapeData)andACIS(SpatialTechnologies)attheendofthe1980sbeginningofthe1990s,bothinspiredbytheworkofIanBraid.Thisledtothereleaseofmid-rangepackagessuchasSolidWorksin1995SolidEdge(Intergraph)in1996.

TodayCADisnotlimitedtodraftingandrendering,anditventuresintomanymore"intellectual"areasofadesigner'sexpertise.

Softwareproviderstoday

Thisisaneverchangingindustrywithmanywellknowproductsandcompaniesbeingtakenoverandmergedwithothers.TherearemanyCADsoftwareproductscurrentlyonthemarket.MorethanhalfofthemarketishowevercoveredbythefourmainPLMcorporationsAutodesk,DassaultSystemes,PTC,andUGSCorp.,buttherearemanyotherCADpackageswithsmalleruserbasesorcoveringnicheuserareas.

Packagesarecanbeclassifiedinto3types:2Ddraftingsystems(e.g.AutoCAD,Microstation);mid-range3Dsolidfeaturemodellers(e.g.SolidWorks,SolidEdge,Alibre);andhigh-end3Dhybridsystems(e.g.CATIA,NX(Unigraphics)).Howevertheseclassificationscannotbetoostrictlytakenasmany2Dsystemshave3Dmodules,themid-rangesystemsareincreasingtheirsurfacefunctionality,andthehigh-endsystemshavedevelopedtheiruserinterfaceinthedirectionofinteractiveWindowssystems.

Capabilities

ThecapabilitiesofmodernCADsystemsinclude:Wireframegeometrycreation3Dparametricfeaturebasedmodelling,SolidmodellingFreeformsurfacemodellingAutomateddesignofassemblies,whicharecollectionsofpartsand/orotherassembliescreateEngineeringdrawingsfromthesolidmodelsReuseofdesigncomponentsEaseofmodificationofdesignsofmodelandtheproductionofmultipleversionsAutomaticgenerationofstandardcomponentsofthedesignValidation/verificationofdesignsagainstspecificationsanddesignrulesSimulationofdesignswithoutbuildingaphysicalprototypeOutputofengineeringdocumentation,suchasmanufacturingdrawings,andBillsofMaterialstoreflecttheBOMrequiredtobuildtheproductImport/ExportroutinestoexchangedatawithothersoftwarepackagesOutputofdesigndatadirectlytomanufacturingfacilitiesOutputdirectlytoaRapidPrototypingorRapidManufactureMachineforindustrialprototypesmaintainlibrariesofpartsandassembliescalculatemasspropertiesofpartsandassembliesaidvisualizationwithshading,rotating,hiddenlineremoval,etc……

Bi-directionalparametricassociatively(modificationofanyfeatureisreflectedinallinformationrelyingonthatfeature;drawings,massproperties,assemblies,etc……andcounterwise)kinematics,interferenceandclearancecheckingofassembliessheetmetalhose/cableroutingelectricalcomponentpackaginginclusionofprogrammingcodeinamodeltocontrolandrelatedesiredattributesofthemodelProgrammabledesignstudiesandoptimizationSophisticatedvisualanalysisroutines,fordraft,curvature,curvaturecontinuity……

Softwaretechnologies

OriginallysoftwareforCADsystemsweredevelopedwithcomputerlanguagesuchasFortran,butwiththeadvancementofObject-orientedprogrammingmethodsthishasoverthelastdecadeorsoradicallychanged.ThedevelopmentofatypicalmodernParametricfeaturebasedmodelerandfreeformsurfacesystemsarebuiltaroundanumberofkey,Cprogramminglanguage,moduleswiththeirownAPIs.ACADsystemcanbeseenasbuiltupfromtheinteractionaGUIwithanAssociativeengineandGeometryconstraintenginecontrollingBREP,CSGandNURBSgeometryviaaGeometricmodelingkernel.

HardwareandOStechnologies

TodaymostCADcomputerworkstationsareWindowsbasedPCs;someCADsystemsalsorunonhardwarerunningwithoneoftheUnixoperatingsystemsandafewwithLinux.GenerallynospecialhardwareisrequiredwiththeexceptionofahighendOpenGLbasedGraphicscard;howeverforcomplexproductdesignmachineswithhighspeed(andpossiblymultiple)CPUsandlargeamountofRAMarerecommended.Thehuman-machineinterfaceisgenerallyviaacomputermousebutcanalsobeviaapenanddigitizinggraphicstablet.Manipulationoftheviewofthemodelonthescreenisalsosometimesdonewiththeuseofaspacemouse/spaceball.Somesystemsalsosupportstereoscopicglassesforviewingthe3Dmodel.计算机辅助设计(CAD)计算机辅助设计(CAD)的广泛使用计算机辅助工具工程师、建筑师和其他设计专业人员设计活动。它是主要的几何学创作工具在产品生命周期管理流程,包括软件和有时用途的硬件。当前软件包的范围从2D基于矢量起草系统3D参数曲面与可靠的设计模型。CAD有时被翻译成“计算机辅助”，或另一个类似的名词“计算机辅助起草”。缩写词是CADD,它代表“计算机辅助设计和起草”,CAID代表”计算机辅助工业设计”和CAAD代表”计算机辅助建筑设计”。所有这些术语本质上是同义词,但是存在一些细微的差别在意义和应用程序。内容介绍：CAD是用于设计和开发产品,这些产品可以被终端消费者或中间产品消费者用于其他产品。CAD也广泛使用在工具和机器设计制造使用的组件中。CAD是用来在整个工程过程中的，从概念设计和布局,通过详细的工程和分析的组件定义的制造方法。字段使用和进行建筑工程与建筑MCAD机械汽车航空消费品机械造船ECAD电子和电气制造工艺规划。架构软件包可能产生结果几种格式,但通常提供了graphically-based结果然后能够被用来创建概念草图的评估和批准,并最终施工图。一个例子是一个结构设计方案用来评估这座建筑的完整性进行所有所需的计算确定的规模和实力的组件,而且效果之类的荷载。输出通常是一个时间表的材料和一些基本的草图可能转移到一个计算机辅助起草方案最终生产建筑施工图。计算机辅助起草,然而,常指实际的技术图纸组件的项目,使用电脑,而不是传统的图纸。输入到这方面的设计过程可能来自专业计算软件包,从已存在的组件图纸,从图形图像如地图、照片和其他媒体,或者只是从手绘草图由设计师。操作员的任务是使用CAD软件将所有相关的组件组合在一起产生的图纸和规格,然后可以用来估计量的材料,确定这个项目的成本,并最终提供详细的图纸需要构建它。光谱的建筑和工程项目一般都记录在计算机辅助起草是宽阔的,包括建筑、机械、电力、结构、液压、室内设计、民用建筑。CAD也可能提供其他形式的设计交流,如三维可视化、模型建立、动画fly-throughs等等。计算机辅助制图软件也是一个基本工具用于其它学科相关的建筑,例如土木工程,为网站设计,例如公路、分级和排水系统,在映射和制图、生产计划和草图用于各种其他目的(这种检验计划和法律描述的土地),以及输入格式对地理信息系统和设施。此外,景观建筑和室内设计也时常使用CAD软件经常执行的机械CAD是采用各种方法在工程公司。在其最简单的水平上,它是一个2D线框图包是用于创建工程图纸。然而这在过去20年里被超越三维参数化特征造型的基础。组件形式是创建既可以使用自由曲面造型或固体造型或混合两种。这些单个组件一组组成一个三维代表最终的产品;这称为自底向上设计。这些装配模型可以用来执行分析来评估如果组件进行组装和配合以及模拟动态的产品。有限元分析还可以执行部件和组件来评估他们的力量。在过去的几年中,方法和技术已经发展到做自上而下设计在CAD。这涉及到从一个产品的布局图,这是分解为子系统与不断增加的细节直到水平达到单一组件;几何每个关卡的被关联以水平以上。单个组件的详细设计然后之前完成最终产品建立组装。在通用的3D模型是用来生成一个2D技术图纸,这,然而,已经慢慢取代直接将数据传输到凸轮、CNC、快速原型和产品可视化系统,非几何信息被传给down-stream进程与援助的PMI。电气和电子电子设计自动化(EDA)包括PCB设计、智能布线图(路由)和组件连接管理。制造工艺规划2D和3DCAD系统有时被用于图形表示工厂布置,通常借助特定的机器几何库和布局工具。虽然这是与专家经常做的实时处理仿真工具基于产品可视化和制造过程管理技术。历史设计师长期使用电脑来计算。最初的发展进行了回顾1960年代在飞机和汽车行业在该地区的三维曲面建设和数控加工编程,其中大部分相互独立的,而且往往没有公开发布的直到很晚。一些数学描述工作在曲线是在1940年代早期开发,由以撒雅各勋伯格,Apalatequi(道格拉斯航空)和罗伊李明(北美飞机),然而可能最重要的工作基于多项式曲线和雕刻的表面是由皮埃尔贝塞尔(雷诺)、保罗·德·Casteljau(雪铁龙),S.A.库恩斯(麻省理工学院,福特),詹姆士·弗格森(波音),卡尔·德·克莱尔(GM),Birkhoff(通用)和Garabedian(GM)在1960年代和w·戈登(通用)和r.Riesenfeld在1970年代认为一个转折点的发展是在1963年在麻省理工的画板系统由伊凡.萨瑟兰(后者创造了一个图形技术公司的DavidEvans博士)。它们的特点是,它允许的画板设计师与计算机图形:设计可以被录入计算机,借鉴CRT显示器带有光笔。实际上,这是一个原型的图形用户界面,现代CAD必不可少的特征。第一次的商业应用CAD是在大公司在汽车和航空航天工业,以及在电子产品。只有大公司可以负担得起的电脑可以执行计算。引人注目的是在通用汽车公司项目(帕特里克博士J.Hanratty)与DAC-1(设计增强计算机)1964;Lockhead项目;贝尔图形1和在雷诺(Bezier)每1971UNISURF车身设计和工具。最具影响力的事件在开发的CAD是成立的MCS(制造业和咨询服务公司博士在1971年发表的p.j.Hanratty,谁写的系统亚当(自动起草和加工),但更重要的是附带的代码等公司麦道公司(Unigraphics)Computervision(CADDS)、包容、Gerber、Auto