新教材适用2024版高考英语二轮总复习第2部分阅读能力突破篇专题1阅读理解第4讲题型破解-主旨大意题课件

第二部分阅读能力突破篇专题一阅读理解第4讲题型破解——主旨大意题高频考点·研析透主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象，既考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。考点1标题归纳题辨明题类标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，

结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(2)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage/text?(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?(4)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis“

”．最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁。②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符。③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。技法点拨1．一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2．所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。真题体验(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷B)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids．Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools．Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles．Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores．“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks，”shesays．“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful．”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew．UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden．Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools．Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses．“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey'reeatingdifferently，”Jaramillosays．Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition．Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens．Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues．“Theygetoutside，”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful．”27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？

A．RescuingSchoolGardensB．ExperiencingCountryLifeC．GrowingVegetableLoversD．ChangingLocalLandscape【解题示范】第一步：阅读文章，概括文章大意：文章主要讲述了AbbyJaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的UrbanSprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远；第二步：分析各选项，进行斟酌判断，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨：根据第一段“Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools．Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles．(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了UrbanSprouts学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了AbbyJaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的UrbanSprouts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。考点2文章大意题辨明题类文章大意题要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息，概括归纳出文章的主旨大意、中心思想。此类题目没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解。设问形式常有：(1)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis

．(2)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?(3)Thepassage/textismainlyabout

．(4)Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?(5)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson

．技法点拨1．定位主题句确定文章大意文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。以下为快速找到主题句的5个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表转折的词语(however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句。(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句。(3)作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)。(4)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句。(5)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,inshort,conclude,conclusion,thus等词。2．根据不同文体的结构和写作方法来定位主题句(1)议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。(2)说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。(3)记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。真题体验(2023·浙江1月卷B)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon．IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme．I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold．Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback．IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere．Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging．Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach．Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed．SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable．Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries．Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire．Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate．Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged．Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction．27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？____

A．Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers．B．Howtohaveone'sownpersonalspaceathome．C．Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold．D．Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries．【解题示范】第一步：阅读文章，概括文章大意：文章讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式；第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断：根据第一段“Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon．”及第二段“I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold．”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。考点3段落大意题辨明题类段落大意题主要考查文章某一段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。考生要用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?(2)WhatisParagraph1mainlyabout?(3)Whatdoesthefirstparagraphmainlytalkabout?技法点拨1．定位段落主题句，做到首尾兼顾做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。2．通过暗示揣摩段落大意有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。真题体验(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect．Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate．Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame．Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate．Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate．Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout．Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent．Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown．ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon．Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals．Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals．Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion．Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse．Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”．Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror．AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous．32．WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout？____

A．Themethodsofestimation．B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect．C．Thec