2024届高考英语二轮专题复习与测试专题一阅读理解第三讲主旨大意题-辨主干细加工

第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。一、了解题型特点与设问方式[命题解读]1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[题型特点]1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。Thebesttitleforthepassageis________．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。(2)低频考点：段落大意题。二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——题型特点解题捷径主题类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主题句四窍门：①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however、but、infact、actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。④表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等词标题类要求选出文章的最佳标题文章标题三特点：①形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多。②短小精悍，精确性强。③涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——正确选项特征干扰选项特征1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点移花接木，偷换概念所给选项，命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析，会发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——类型1标题归纳题标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)理解标题的3大特点巧用三大方法确定文章标题(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等[典例](2022·全国乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear？Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh­tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityandon­timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher­valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco­pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast­movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways[解题示范]第一步：读文章，理清结构第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A无人机可以检测到哪些故障本文在最后一段提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出现任何安全问题之前”B如何扩大无人机生产文中并未提到扩大无人机生产C无人机发展将面临什么困难文中并未提到无人机发展的困难D无人机将如何改变铁路的未来从无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]D类型2文章大意题文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意主题句法解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。（1）根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：（2）根据行文标志来定位主题句：转折词如but、however、infact、actually等，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点总结词如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题句疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句高频词法若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项[典例]（2023·浙江卷）Livewithroommates？Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou？Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagonＷ.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot­always­supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash！Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries（洗漱用品），Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard，yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice：Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone'sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A如何与其他家庭成员和睦相处无中生有，生搬硬套B如何在家里拥有自己的私人空间无中生有，曲解文意C如何在家庭中实现零浪费的生活方式。文章二、三段作者开始转向“零废弃”的生活方式，第四段为实现“零废弃”生活方式做出改变，最后两段“用行动发挥引领作用”是最好方法，由此可知，整篇文章都在讲如何过“零废弃”的生活方式涵盖性强，覆盖全文D购买杂货时如何控制预算无中生有，生搬硬套第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]C类型3段落大意题段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意常用的写作架构每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高[典例]（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage，withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter­gathererpeopletoday.34.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout？A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.第一步：首尾兼顾定段意选文第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关,而第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实,在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的confirm(证实)是关键词。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A为研究结果提供证据。选段第二段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据涵盖性强，覆盖全段B研究成果的潜在应用。原文提及研究成果，但是没有提及潜在应用以偏概全，曲解文意C进一步说明研究方法。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套D对研究过程的合理怀疑。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]A

A（2023·辽宁名校联盟高三联考）Whenromanticpartnersargueoverthingslikefinances，jealousy，orotherinterpersonalissues，theytendtoemploytheircurrentfeelingsasfuelforaheatedargument.Butthinkingaboutthefuturehelpsovercomerelationshipconflicts，accordingtoaUniversityofWaterloostudyjustpublishedonlineinSocialPsychologicalandPersonalityScience.AlexHuynh，adoctoralcandidateinpsychology，istheleadauthorofthestudy，whichhepublishedwithIgorGrossmannfromtheUniversityofWaterloo，andDanielYangfromYaleUniversity.Previousresearchhasshownthatthird­perspectivereasoningcanbeapositivestrategyforreconciliation（调解）ofinterpersonalstruggles.Huynhandhiscollaboratorsinvestigatedwhethersimilarbenefitscanbeinducedbysimplythinkingaboutthefuture.Studyparticipantswereinstructedtoreflectonarecentconflictwitharomanticpartneroraclosefriend.Onegroupofparticipantswerethenaskedtodescribehowtheywouldfeelabouttheconflictoneyearinthefuture，whileanothergroupwasaskedtodescribehowtheyfeelinthepresent.Theteamexaminedparticipants'writtenresponsesthroughatext­analysisprogramfortheiruseofpronouns—suchasI，me，she，he.Thesechoicesofpronounswereusedtocaptureparticipants'focusonthefeelingsandbehaviourofthoseinvolvedintheconflict.Writtenresponseswerealsoexaminedforforgivenessandreinterpretingtheconflictmorepositively，bothofwhichimpliedtheparticipants'useofreasoningstrategies.Theresearchersfoundthatenvisioning（展望）futurerelationshipaffectedbothparticipants'focusontheirfeelingsandtheirreasoningstrategies.Asaresult，participantsreportedmorepositivityabouttheirrelationshipaltogether，especiallywhenstudyparticipantsextendedtheirthinkingabouttherelationshipayearintothefuture.“Ourstudydemonstratesthatadoptingafuture­orientedperspectiveinthecontextofarelationshipconflict—reflectingonhowonemightfeelayearfromnow—maybeavaluablecopingtoolforone'spsychologicalhappinessandrelationshipwell­being，”saidHuynh.【语篇解读】文章主要介绍了一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，保持长远的目光才是维持人际关系的好方法。1.Whatdoromanticpartnersdointhefaceofmostdisagreements？A.Theylosefaithintheirfuture.B.Theylookforwardtoafierceconflict.C.Theyfocusontheirpresentfeelings.D.Theycaremoreaboutfinancialproblems.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Whenromanticpartnersargueoverthingslikefinances，jealousy，orotherinterpersonalissues，theytendtoemploytheircurrentfeelingsasfuelforaheatedargument.”可知，面对大多数分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选C项。答案：C2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“induced”inParagraph2mostprobablymean？A.Explained.B.Caused.C.Reduced.D.Improved.解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Previousresearchhasshownthatthird­perspectivereasoningcanbeapositivestrategyforreconciliation（调解）ofinterpersonalstruggles.”可知，先前的研究已经表明，第三视角的理性观点是一种积极的人际矛盾调解策略；结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果“Asaresult，participantsreportedmorepositivityabouttheirrelationshipaltogether”可推知，画线词所在句意为：Huynh和他的合作者调查了仅仅通过简单地思考未来是否就能产生类似的好处。induce意为“导致，引起”，故选B项。答案：B3.Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy？A.Thereasoningstrategiesinparticipants'writtenresponseswerewellworthyofnote.B.Studyparticipantsdescribedtheirrecentrelationshipwiththeirromancepartnersorfriends.C.Atext­analysisprogramwasemployedtoexamineparticipants'useofnegativewords.D.Allthestudyparticipantsdescribedhowtheyfeltbothinthepresentandinthefuture.解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Writtenresponseswerealsoexaminedforforgivenessandreinterpretingtheconflictmorepositively，bothofwhichimpliedtheparticipants'useofreasoningstrategies.”可知，参与者书面回答中的宽恕度和正面重述都表明了参与者使用了推理策略，由此可以推知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。答案：A4.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext？A.YouHaveaYeartoSolveYourInterpersonalProblems！B.BeneficialReasoningIsaPositiveStrategyforReconciliation！C.YourCurrentFeelingsAretheRealCauseofYourHeatedArguments！D.ThinkingAbouttheFutureIsEssentialforRelationshipMaintenance！解析：标题归纳题。根据文章第一段中的“Butthinkingaboutthefuturehelpsovercomerelationshipconflicts，accordingtoaUniversityofWaterloostudyjustpublishedonlineinSocialPsychologicalandPersonalityScience.”和最后一段“Ourstudydemonstratesthatadoptingafuture­orientedperspectiveinthecontextofarelationshipconflict—reflectingonhowonemightfeelayearfromnow—maybeavaluablecopingtoolforone'spsychologicalhappinessandrelationshipwell­being...”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于解决人际关系冲突。D项“考虑未来对维持关系至关重要”最适合作为文章标题，故选D项。答案：DB（2023·广东湛江雷州三中高三5月冲刺考试）Willskippingbreakfastmakemefat？Thegoodnewsforthosewhodon'thavebreakfastisthatputtingonweightisn'tinevitable—aslongasyoucontrolthosehigh­caloriedesiresandstayactive.Researchshowsthatalthoughavoidingbreakfastwillmakeyouhungrierandyoumightmakeupforthatwithabiggerlunch，thiswon'tnecessarilymakeyou“fatter”—onaverage，thosewhoskipbreakfastdon'teatmoreacrossthewholedaythaniftheydidn'tskipit.Someresearchershavefoundthatyoumayeveneatfewercaloriesoverall，andendupusingyourbody'sfatreservesforenergy，whichcanactuallyhelpyouloseweight.However，weightisn'ttheonlyconsideration：studiesshowthatbreakfast­skippersarelikelytoexerciseless.Thismaybebecausetheyhavelowerenergylevels－aftereighthoursorsowithoutfood，thebodywillhaveusedupmostofitsstoresofeasy­to­accessenergyduringsleep.Morningfastersarealsomorelikelytohaveunhealthy，butappetite­suppressinghabits，suchassmokingordrinkingalotofcoffee.Ifyouwanttoensurethatyoueataregular，nutritiousbreakfast，trypreparingitthenightbeforedon'tleaveituntilthemorning，whenyourbrainstrugglestomakegooddecisions.Ifyoudoskipbreakfast...•Don'tmakeupforitwithahugelunch，otherwiseyou'llsufferovereating.•Makesureyoueatsomethingbeforeyouexercise，oryourisk“hittingthewall”.•Don'tmakeupforlackofenergywithcoffee－itcanmakeyouloseyourappetiteandmakeyouanxiousandnervous.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文中主要就不吃早餐是否会变胖的问题展开论述，引用了各种研究结果和发现。5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inevitable”meaninParagraph2？A.Unbelievable.B.Unavoidable.C.Uncomfortable.D.Unbearable.解析：词句猜测题。根据后文“aslongasyoucontrolthosehigh­caloriedesiresandstayactive.（只要你控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃）”可知，只要控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃，对于那些不吃早餐的人来说，好消息是体重并不是不可避免的，故画线词意思是“不可避免的”。故选B。答案：B6.Whydosomebreakfast­skippersloseweight？A.Theydomoreexercise.B.Theystayactiveallday.C.Theyreservetheirbodyfat.D.Theytakeinfewercalories.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段