【初高中衔接】专题02 名词与代词

2022年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）专题02名词与代词名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配主谓一致等。名词一、名词分类A:专有名词B:普通名词Countablenouns(可数名词)Uncountablenouns(不可数名词)IndividualNouns（个体名词）CollectiveNouns（集体名词）AbstractNouns（抽象名词）MaterialNouns（物质名词）二、数(Number)A:Singularnumber

(单数)B:Pluralnumber

(复数)

（1）一般的词，包括元音字母加y结尾的词，直接在词尾加－s（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加－es（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加－es（4）以f或fe结尾的词，应变f或fe为v再加-es1.规则名词单复数变化:2.不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss（2）改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,phenomenon--phenomena

另：

penny

（pence或

pennies）（3）增加字母:

child--children,ox--oxen（4）以o结尾的词：

加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangaroo

加es:

tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo澳洲野犬

另：zero

（zeros或

zeroes）（5）以f或fe结尾的词:

直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,

变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief

另：handkerchief

（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）

beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）3.名词单复数的特殊情况集体名词只用作复数：

police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:

clothing,jewelry,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：

family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词:

clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：

glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,snow–snows,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),

paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),

custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),

compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),

(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens；theChengs(8)合成名词的复数形式：

①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：

looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数：

grown-up(s),go-between(s)

(中间人），

good-for-nothing(s)

(无用之人）

③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：

boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers

④含man或woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：

amandoctor,twomendoctors(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语doexercises做操takenotes做笔记taketurns轮流makerepairs搞修理changetrains改换火车makefriendswith交朋友shakehandswith握手asfollows如下inrags衣衫褴褛indozens成打的(10)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：makefaces/aface（做鬼脸）havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈）playjokes/ajokeon（拿…开玩笑）makecontributions/acontributionto（为…做贡献）(11)名词单复数意义不同的短语：haveawordwithsb.（与…某人说句话）havewordswithsb.（与…某人吵架）makecloth(织布）makeclothes（制衣）三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):主格(Subjectcase)

宾格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.～’s属格：

原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：

theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail

然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用～’s属格。如：today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation①一般的名词，包括不以s结尾的复数名词，在词后加’s。如：thechildren’sgifts②以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加～’。如：theteachers’officebuilding③以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加～’s

也可加～’。如：Engels’（s）letter

④两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:TomandMike’sbedroom

若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用所有格形式，如:Tom’sandMike’sbedrooms

2.of～属格：

多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of～短语来表示所有关系。如：thecoverofthebook;atoyofJenny’syoungerbrother3．双重属格：

既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:

用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.四、名词的性（Gender)Masculine（阳性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,lad,hero

2.Feminine（阴性）:

actress,waitress,mastress,

princess,lass,heroine

3.Neuter（中性）:

teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop

五、名词在句子中的作用（Function)

功能

例子

主语Bushwaselectedpresident.

表语Thesearenotgoatsbutsheep.

宾语Shewasreadingabook.同位语Mr.Smith,themanager,willhostthemeeting.

定语Youaresupposedtogatherattheschoolgate.

补语MarxmadeLondonthebaseofrevolution.

状语Thecouplewalkedshouldertoshoulder.

呼语Bequiet,children.

连词Themomenttheysawthetower,theycheered.代词为了行文简洁，避免重复，人们常用一部分词来指代上文提到过的名词，名词词组或更高层次的语法结构，这部分词被称作代词。代词的分类:人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，连接代词，关系代词，疑问代词。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey宾格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem代词分类物主代词形容词性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itselfours-elvesyours-elvesthem-selves指示代词this,thatthese,those疑问代词what,which,who,whom,whose关系代词that,which,who,whose,as连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever不定代词all,both,either,other,another,one,each,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,none,noone,more,most复合不定代词someone,anyone,something,anything,nothing,everything,everyone,nobody…相互代词宾格eachother,oneanother所有格eachother’s,oneanother’s一、人称代词人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中作主语、表语等成，宾格在句中作动词、介词宾语、同位语等成分，有时也可作表语。不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的变化。人称代词，物主代词，反身代词1)Mostofthehomeworkwasdonebytwomembersofthefamily,mymotherand______.AIB.mineC.meD.myselfC2)Openthedoor,please.It’s_____(我).whatwouldyoudoifyouwere______他.3).Itis_____(他）whotakesgoodcareofme.Itis_______（我）thathelovesmost.人称代词单独使用或作表语，用宾格mehimheme选词填空1.Jimtold______(we/us/our)toleave_____(him/he/his)alone.2.---Whoisknockingatthedoor?---It’s_____(I/me/you)3.IwishtospeaktoMary.---Thisis______(she/I/her).二、物主代词1.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如：Thewaitersofferedtheirfoodtothehomelessman.【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如：2.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作名词或动名词的定语。e.g.Thisisourclassroom.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Eachboyandeachgirlwantstolendhisraincoattothesoldiers.3.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。如：Thisishercoat.Mineisoverthere.Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.1）Someofthe

stampsbelongtome,whiletherestare______.AhimandherB.hisandhersC.hisandherD.himandhers2)Ourhomeisfinerthan_______.ByoursorhimB.you’sorhisC.youorhisD.yoursorhisBD三、反身代词1.反身代词通常在enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce,seat,dress,express,amuse,behave等动词和by,for,to,of等介词后作宾语。如：Hewasleftathomebyhimselfthewhole

dayyesterday.2.反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身”。e.g.Theteacherandpupilsmendedthe

roadthemselves.3.反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。e.g.—Youlookpale.What’swrongwithyou?—I’mnotfeelingmyselftoday,notserious,though.注意(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(正)Imyself

drovethecar.我自己开车。(误)Myselfdrovethecar.(2)在由and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。e.g.Charlesandmyself

sawit.(3)在不强调的情况下，but,except,for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。e.g.Noonebutmyself/meishurt.4.反身代词的习惯搭配介词+反身代词foroneself为自己；亲自地tooneself对自己；独用ofoneself自动地byoneself独自地(2)动词＋反身代词dressoneself自己穿衣makeoneselfathome不要客气seatoneself=beseated就坐teachoneself自学cometooneself苏醒devoteoneselfto=bedevotedto致力于enjoyoneself过得愉快，玩得高兴helponeselfto自行取用，请自便accustomoneselfto=beaccustomedto习惯于amuseoneself消遣，自娱behaveoneself表现良好applyoneselftosth.致力于explainoneself说明自己的意图expressoneself表达自己的思想abandononeselfto沉迷于，放纵一、指示代词指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个（些）”、“那个（些）”。1.指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：HesaidIwaslying,andthatwasunfair.

(that指代上文HesaidIwaslying)WhatIwantyoutorememberis

this：Practisemakesperfect.

(此句中this指代下文，不能换为that)指示代词，相互代词，疑问代词和不定代词2.that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that不能。如：Shehasknownthatwhichshewantedtoknow.Iadmirethosewhoarealwayshelpingothers.(those作定语从句的先行词，指人)二、相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有eachother和oneanother两个词组，都表示“互相，相互”。1.eachother和oneanother在句中可以作动词或介词的宾语。如：Let’shelpeachotherandlearnfromeachother.Theylookedatoneanotherandlaughed.2.作定语时eachother和oneanother须用所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

Wesaidhellotooneanother’s/eachother’sfamily.三、疑问代词疑问代词是用来进行提问，构成特殊疑问句的词，包括who,whom,whose,what,which等。1.疑问代词后接­ever的用法。(1)whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意为“无论……”。如：Youhaveoursupport,whateveryoudecide.

Whicheverofyougetsherefirstwillgettheprize.Idon’twanttoseethem,whoevertheyare.(2)置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：

Whateverdoyoumean?

Whoeverheardofsuchathing!2.疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。

如：

Whatheneedsmostishismother’slove.

Whatweneedaregoodbooks.四、不定代词1）不定代词可分为两类：a.由body,one,thing构成的复合不定代词人物某someone/somebodysomething任何anyone/anybodyanything每个，所有everyone/everybodyeverything没有noone/nobodynothingb.some,any,both,none,either,neither,all,one,each,many,much,another,other,more,most,few,little等。2）不定代词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语或状语。如：Oneshouldbecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Tesswentandsaidgoodbyetoallherfavouritecows,touchingeachofthemwithherhand.Hewaslittleornothingofatranslator.Inthatcase,we’lleachpayhalf.There’sstillsomewineinthebottle.ItwasnothinglikewhatIhadimagined.3）复合不定代词构成的固定短语：

anythingbut根本不，一点也不nothingbut只不过donothingbut只有，除……之外什么事也不做havesomething/nothingtodowith与……有/无关somethingof有点，有几分单项选择Alansoldmostofhisbelongings.Hehasn’tgot______leftinthehouse.everythingB.nothingC.somethingD.anything2)Afteralongwalkinthefields,Iwantedtodrink____.A。coldsomethingB.somecoldthingsC.somethingcoldD.somethingtomakecold3)Playingtricksonothersis______weshouldneverdo.A.anythingB.somethingC.everythingD.nothingDCB4.Themanhaslivedinthesmalltownfor20years.Soheknows_____here.somebodyBeverybodyCnobodyD.nobody5.Wehaven’tenoughbooksfor_______;someofyouwillhavetoshare.SomebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody6.Heis_______ofamusician.AnybodyB.anyoneC。SomebodyD.somethingB

CDTheadvertisementssay2046isthemostromanticfilm.ButIamsureitwon’tinterest_____.somebodyB.anybodyC。everybodyD。NobodyC当all,both,each,every(body,thing)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定。Allofthestudentsdidnotturnup.

noone,noneHowmanyelephantsdidyouseeatthezoo?______._________ofthemhaveleftyet.________ofthismoneyismine.Iwantsomemilk,buttherewas______inthehouse.___________toldusthathewasthere.Whoisstillintheofficenowattwelveo’clock?__________.NoneNoneNonenoneNooneNooneHowmany..?-----None.

NoneofWho..?----Noone一、全部否定与部分否定由some和any构成的不定代词的用法与some和any的用法基本一致。all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定；noone,none,nobody,nothing,not...any以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定；易混辨析但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。e.g.

Alloftheboysareclever,butnoneof

themcanworkoutthisproblem.(all表示全部肯定，none表示全部否定)Suchathingcan’tbefoundeverywhere.

(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)Theexamisveryeasy,butnotallofthestudentscanpassit.(“not＋all”表示部分否定)二、both,either,neither,each,all,noneboth表示两者都，具有肯定含义；either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，与of连用或用来回答howmany/much的提问。【考例】It’saneither-orsituation—wecanbuyanewcarthisyearorwecangoonholidaybutwecan’tdo_____.

A.others

B.eitherC.another

D.bothD三、another,other,theother,others,theothersanother泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确定的另一个；other表示“另外的人/物，别的人/物”；theother指两者中的另一个；others=other+名词，泛指“别的人或物”；theothers指“一定范围内其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用therest。【考例】Insomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whilein_____,knivesandforks.

(福建2014)A.another

B.othersC.both

D.allBShanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A。anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2)Ihavedonemostofthework.Couldyoupleasefinish_______intwodays?TherestB.theotherC.anotherD.theothers3)IgotthestoryfromTomand______peoplewhohadworkedwithhim.everyotherB.othersC.otherD.otherthanAAC4)First,itisimportanttorecognizewhatkindofpersonyouareandwhichspecialqualitiesmakeyoudifferentfrom________.everyoneelseB.theotherC。someoneelseD.therest5)Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours,______canitbe?whatelseB.whoelseC.whichelseD.whoelse’s6)OnecommonfamilynameisSmith;_____isBrown.A.anotherB.theotherC.otheroneD.anotherADA四、much,many,(a)few,(a)little修饰或代替肯定否定可数名词复数manyafewfew不可数名词muchalittlelittleYourhairlookstoolong.Have____cut,willyou?Hemade____clearthathewouldgoatonce.3.--Whoisknockatthedoor?--Ihavenoidea.Ijustpretendednobodywasathome,soIdidn’taskwho__was.A.thatB.thisC.ititit前面提到的that从句不知道性别，或是婴儿it的用法4.Iwouldappreciate___verymuchIfyoucouldchangetheplanabittomakeitmoreworkable.5.＿＿＿wasin1979＿＿Igraduatedfromtheuniversity.

A.That;thatB.It;that

C.That;whenD.It;when6.--Wherewas＿＿＿＿youpickedupthewallet﹖--Justneartheschoolgate.

A.itB.itthat

C.theplaceD.theplacethat7.It’snouse_________(read)withoutunderstand.itreading强调句Itwas….that疑问词+itwas/isthat…it作形式宾语Ilike______inautumnwhenthereareallkindsoffruitavailable._________isnodoubtthatheisshoplifting._________isapossibilityitwillbecomeverycoldtomorrow.Ifind_____impossibletoforgetallaboutit.Let’smake______aruleforeveryoneofustokeepsilentwhilestudying.there

or

it

itThereThereitit7.替代词(the)one,(the)ones,that，those,itMr.Smithgavemeaveryvaluablepresent,________thatIhaveneverseen.Mr.Smithgavemeveryvaluablepresents,_______thatIhaveneverseen.Thebookonthedeskisbetterthan_________underthedesk.Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthan_______________underthedesk.3.TheParkersboughtanewhou