城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Rigid-flexibleandeconomic-ontheBeijing-controlledregulationblocklevelawarenessandconsiderAbstract:Thearticle,throughthetraditionalregulatorydetailedplanninganalysis,pointingoutthattheplanningresultsdifficulttotranslateintopublicpolicyplanningandmanagement,inthefaceofalackofadaptabilitytochangesinthemarketcannotbedirectlyrelatedtomacroeconomicissuessuchasconvergenceplanning.ThenputforwardinrecentyearsthroughtheBeijingneighborhood-levelcase-controlregulatoryinterpretation,introductionandanalysis,studythepreparationofdistrictlevel(2-3squareunit)ofthecontrolregulationinresponsetothetraditionalregulatorycontrolproblemoftenencounteredwhenhastheadvantageandflexibility,inparticular,tohighlightitfortheplanningandmanagementdepartmentcanprovideanewtoolformanagementandcoordinationandmoreflexibletodealwithcomplexchangesinthemarketdiversity,theprotectionoftheGovernmentofthecharacteristicsofpublicservicefunctions.Finally,thefuturealsoneedtoblock-levelcontrolregulationofthelegalstatusoftheapplicationofplanningandmanagementtools,thetraditionalelementsofspacecontrolandguideandsoontoconductin-depthstudyanddiscussion.

Keywords:block-controlregulationscontrollingthedetailedplanningofrigidandflexibleplanning1.TraditionalcontrolregulationsinthepreparationofthepracticalproblemsfacingTraditionalregulatoryplan,sincetheemergenceofthelastcentury90'shasbeenintheinterestsofallofthegameandbalanceproblemsare.Thecruxofthematterfocusedonhowtocoordinatetheplanningrequiredtomanagetherigidcontrolandflexibleresponsetomarketadaptabilityon:1.1TraditionalregulatorycontrolcannotfullyreflectthetransformationofgovernmentfunctionsTraditionalregulatorycontrolcanonlybeadirectreflectionofthegenerallanddevelopmentandconstructionofthenatureandintensity,aswellastheembodimentofcityspaceenvironmentharmonizationandunificationofthecoreconcernsarespaceandvisionontheaestheticeffect,plannersthroughaseriesofindicatorstodeterminespatialformoflandcontrol.Thisformatall-fit-orientedgovernmentundertheguidanceofimplementation,"achesscity"inthedevelopmentandconstruction.Withthedeepeningofreform,thegovernmentfunctionsundertheplannedeconomicsystembytheall-aroundtypetoaservice-orientedtransformationofthefunctionsoftheGovernmentfocusesongovernmentcontrolandtheprovisionofpublicservicestwoaspects:First,wemustdealwithsocialactivitiesinthevariousquestions,functionofmaintainingsocialstabilityandorder;twosocialdevelopmentistoprovidethenecessarypublicgoods,inparticular,themarketcannotaffordorareunwillingtoprovidepublicgoods.Atcity-building,moreandmorerealestateenterprisesandindustrialenterpriseshavebecomethemainstayofcitydevelopmentandconstruction,moreandmorewiththerighttospeak,whenthegovernmentmustreleasethenecessarypermissionsinordertoplaytheroleofmarketmechanisms,whileatthesametimebeabletoachievemaintainingthesocialfunctionofstability,andensurethesupplyofpublicgoods,neededtoreflecttheGovernmentrepresentedbythemaximizationofpublicinterest,thisisnottheoriginalspace-basedcontent-controlregulationscanbereflected.1.2TraditionalregulatorycontrolresultstothetransformationofpublicpolicyhaveaconsiderablegapCityplanningasapublicpolicy,determinedattheoverallplanningofurbanandruralspatialdistribution,thecity'spublicresourcestoconductaneffectiveconfigurationofthelivingenvironmenttomakethecorrespondingrequest,theneedforfurtherconstructionofthecitytoconductacomprehensivecoordination,guidanceandrestraint,andmadeavailabletothemanagementoftheTownPlanningDepartmentofamanagementtool.Traditionalcontrolregulationsalthoughthepreparationofacomprehensivesetofcontrolindicatorsandmeasures,butbecauseofitsfactualfindingstotheblock-typecontrolchartisprovidedintheformofalackofoverallbalanceisalwaystheaspectaswellastheflexibilitytorespondtochangesinthemarket.Commonsituationis:immediatelyaftertherecentconstructionsiteswillhavetoputincomplicatedandever-changingmarketsituation,oftenwanttochangethenatureoftheland,improvetherateofvolumeandheight,adjustthelayoutofsuchrequest,thentheplanningandmanagementdepartment,thegeneralChooseonlythetraditionaloutcomeofoutsideregulatorycontrol,throughtheblock,theconditionsforthedemonstration,theadditionofaplanningconditionschangeandauditedproofaspect,fromtheauditedresults,becauseofthelackofadequateplanningattherestrictiveconditions,improvelotoffloorarearatio,ahighdegreeofplanningcontroltoadjusttheconditionsofapplicationcanonly"successfully"through.Alotofplanningandmanagementdepartmenthavemetwithasimilardilemma:developerproposedtocontroltheregulationofaplottodeterminefloorarearatiofrom1.5to1.8adjust,whetheritistechnicallyfromtheplanningormanagementofpolicy,cannotfindthereasonsfordenyingtheapplication,andiftheseseparateplotslookallpassed,upfromtheoverallregulatorycontrolisequivalenttowasteastill,"thereisnospaceunderthemanagementofpoor-controlregulationhasbeenhardtomanage."1.3ChangingmarketdemandinthefaceoftoorigidAccordingtoregulationscoveringthepreparationoffull-controlregulation,inthefaceoflong-termwithnofixedpatternofdevelopmentanddevelopmentofthemaincityofthenewarea,canonlyrelyontheexperienceandthelimitedregulatoryrequirementstosetablueprintfortheultimate,oftenrequiredtheassumptionthattheareawillattractWhatisthenatureoftheindustry,andwhatmodeoftransportationandlivingelementsandsoon.Oftenwaituntiltheneedtoimplementwhenthecity-buildingmechanismshavetakenplaceinverymanychangesinthemainbodyofinvestment,developmentpatterns,constructionandoperationofregionalmechanismsandsoonwiththeoriginalplanningassumptionsareinconsistent,industry,transport,modeoflivinghavebeenUltra-outtheoriginal,thistimechargedwiththeregulationalreadycompletedwillbecomeveryoutofdate.1.4Upperfaceofthemacro-planningdifficultdockingrequirementsOverallplanninginordertomeettheneedsofurbanandruraleconomicandsocialcomprehensive,coordinatedandsustainabledevelopmentrequirements,tendtomakesomemacromeasuressuchascontentdevelopmentmodel.Thesepropertywithpublicpolicymeasures,inordertolandforthepurposeofthetraditionalregulatorycontrolitisdifficulttofullyreflectanddocking.BeijingDaxingMetroasanexample:Inaccordancewiththe"BeijingUrbanMasterPlan(2004-2020years)",DaxingBeijingMetroarethefuture-orientedregionaldevelopmentimportantnode,inBeijing,thedevelopmentofanextremelyimportantstrategicposition,willguidethedevelopmentofbiologicalmedicine,modernmanufacturing,aswellascommerciallogistics,culture,educationandotherfunctions,arecarryingthefuturecityofBeijingtoeasethepopulationcentersandfunctionsofoneof11Metro.2020Metrostylescalelanduseplanning65squarekilometers,population600,000peoplescale.Priortothis,asareBeijing'sDaxingcounty,tocarryouttheconstructionofsatellitetowns,thestatusquoconditionsandMetroPlanninghasalargergapbetweentheobjectives,thelackofsufficientlyattractivetotheurbanareascannoteffectivelyalleviatethestress.Forinstance:thelackofpublicfacilities,facilitiesstandardshavebeentoolow,withthecentercitypoortransportlinksandsoon.HowtoachievethestatusquototheMetrofromtheblueprintforchange?At"DaxingMetroPlanning(2005-2020years)"fromtheMetro'sconstructiontostarttheimplementationprocess,identifiedthroughtheconstructionofrailtransit,urbanroadconstruction,publicservicefacilities,thetransferofadministrativefunctions,culturalandeducationalfunctionoftheintroductionoftheintroductionofleadingindustriessixelementsofthemainconstructionoftheMetroguide:theroleoftheseelementstogether,andbasedontheirspatialcharacteristicsinfluencethescopeandtimingonreasonablearrangementstopromotethedevelopmentofMetro'sconstruction,sothatMetrobeabletoattheplanningblueprintforthestatusquograduallyonthefoundationcanbeachieved.Epistasisplansfacesimilarmacro-planningrequirements,isclearlynotaspecificplotplancanbefullyreflectedin,letalonetocopewithupto15yearsintheplanningoftheimplementationprocessofvariouselementsoftheChange.2.Block-levelregulatorycontrolofthepreparationofthecontentsoftheformInrecentyears,Beijingmadethepreparationofblock-levelcontrolrulestodealwithfromacertainextentonthetraditionalblock-controlregulationsthatprevailinquestion.Metrostyleneighborhoodstocontrolregulationasanexample:

Firstofall,dividedintoblocks.At"DaxingMetroPlanning(2005-2020years)"thedivisionofsevenpatches,threegroupsonthebasisoftheGeneralconsiderregionalcharacteristics,thelayoutofpublicservicefacilities,municipalservicecapacitytransportfacilitiesandspaceenvironmentalcapacityandotherinfluencingfactorstotheNeighborhood(betweenblockandblockunits,withariver,naturalobstacles,primaryandsecondaryroads,streetboundariesoffices,specialfunctionareassuchasborderKaifongboundary)forthedivisionofunits,dividedinto38blocks,eachblock2~3squarekilometers.

Then,intheMetrotodeterminethescopeofthewholeblockoflead,constructionandclassificationofthetotalconstructionscale,constructionbaselineheight,strengthofconstructionelementsofthescope.Metrobasedplanning,decompositionoftheimplementationofthedominantfeaturesofeachblock,thatisblocksthefunctionofpositioningandthemaindirectionofdevelopmenttodeterminethelargestblockoflandandhasassumedaleadingroleinthenatureoftheland;fromtheoveralleconomicstrengthandfunctionsofthepositioningofacomprehensivetrafficcapacity,publicfacilitiesServicecapacity,municipalfacilities,servicecapabilities,thecapacityofthespaceenvironmentinfiveaspects,suchasintegratedcarryingcapacityanalysis,willbeMetro's600,000populationoverallrefinementscaledecompositiontotheblocklevel,andtodeterminethetotalamountofblockconstructionandclassificationofscaleconstruction;inaccordancewiththeMetromorphologicalcharacteristicsoftheoverallspacetodeterminethebuildingheightcontrolframeworkandfourbaselineheight,dividedintolow(18m),Medium(18-45meter),high(45-60m)and60metersabove4,theimplementationofeachblocksrangeofbenchmarks;toimprovethelivingenvironmentinaccordancewiththeoverallgoalsandotherconditions,strengthofconstructionwillbedividedintoblocksoflow-density,mediumdensity,high-densitythirdgear.

And,throughacomprehensiveanalysisofthestatusquo,implementtheabovedecompositionoftheconditions,separatelyforeachblocktodeterminethenatureandscale,theconfigurationofthefacilitiesandarrangements,ahighdegreeofcontrolelements,suchasurbandesign,implementationtiming,butalsoquestionstheneedforfurtherresearch,etc.specificcontent,whichwilleventuallyblocktheplanssubmittedintheformofresults.3.1Effectiveextensionofepistaticplanning,forplanningandmanagementtofacilitate

Toblockasaunit,decompositionandquantifytheepistaticplanningfunctionsanddevelopmentgoals,andclearlythegeneralcharacterofeachneighborhoodandthedevelopmentofintensitydifferences,infactthisjobistoregulate,suchasthetotalepistatictoquantifythemacro-planningprocess.Toblockasaunitfortotalcontrolandbalance,easeofbasicfacilitiesatalllevels,publicservicefacilities,urbansafetyfacilities,transportationfacilities,toconductanoverallbalancedlayout,moreconducivetoneighborhoodsasaunitforanalysisandmonitoring.Beijinghavebeenidentifiedasafurtherrefinementputblocksoflandplotstocontroltheminimumregulatoryscopeofthestudyandcityplanningandmanagementofthebasicunit.Dominantindeterminingtheneighborhoodfunction,constructionandclassificationofthetotalconstructionscale,constructionbaselineheight,strengthofconstructionscopeofthefacilitiesaftertheconfigurationofsuchfactors,whetherdevelopersarestillatalllevelsofgovernmenttoentrustthepreparationofland-controlregulations,planningandmanagementdepartmentshaveastrongpublicpolicybasedonquantifiableandcanbeusedtoguideandmonitorthepreparationofregulatorycontrolblockcontent,canensuretheconfigurationofthevariousfacilitiessuchasthecontentsofrigiditytotheimplementation,butalsobeabletothroughtheoverallcontrolandstrengthtotheblockclassificationmustcontrolregulationsleftbehindtheflexibilityofspace.3.2RespondingflexiblytomarketchangesBlock-levelcontrolregulationsafterwidecoverage,itsconstructionandclassificationofthetotalconstructionscaleofindicatorsasthepreparationofthedetailedplanningofthenextlevelofcontrolconditions,theguidanceoflanddevelopmentandconstructionofconcreteblocksatthescopeofactivitiescarriedoutwithintheoverallbalance.Blockunitthroughthebenchmarklandprices,ownership,facilities,supplycapacityfactorssuchasacomprehensiveassessmentcanbereflectedtosomeextentonlocation,infrastructureconditions,suchasmarket-sensitiveelementsonthedifferencesinregulatorycontrolinthepreparationofland,theycanfurtherstudythemarketdemandeffectivelyadjusttoallowthemarkettobeabletointhegovernment'smacro-controloftheallocationofresourcestoplayitsbasicrole.Atthesametime,district-levelplanningatthepreparationofregulatorycontrolafterthecompletionofthemanagementoftheimplementationprocesscanalsobequantifiedusingavarietyofcontrolmeanstoeffectivelydealwithchangesinthemarket.Tofloorarearatioasanexample,atdistrictlevelbecauseofregulatorycontrol,thesetupoftheneighborhood'spopulationandthetotalconstructionvolumeofconstructionandclassificationoftheconceptofalandplotdevelopmentandconstructionarenecessarytoadjustthestrengthofblocksrelatedtothetotalchangesandchangesinthedemandforassociatedfacilities,sothatatleastfromthedistrictcoordinationframeworktoachievethepurposeofbreakingtheindividualreviewoftheoriginalplottocontrolthelackofindicatorsadjustbasedontheembarrassment,fromtheprocessreflectsonthechangesinconstructionactivitythesurroundingurbanenvironmentbroughtaboutbytheimpact.Onthisbasis,thestudyimplementedasimilar"transferofdevelopmentrights"oftheadministrativesystembeforeoperational.3.3HighlighttheprotectionoftheGovernment'spublicservicefunctionsBlock-levelcontrolregulations,alllandclassifiedasClassAland(forthecitytoprovidebasicsupportandservices)andClassBland(Governmentundertheguidanceofthemarketdevelopmentofland),aswellasX-typesites(sitestobestudied)threecategories.Oneof,A-typesitesarethemaingreenspace,infrastructure,publicservicefacilities,etc.musthaveapublicproperty,mainlybytheGovernmentasaninvestmentandmanagemententitiesofthepublicspace,itsemphasisontheprioritytheimplementationofspace,therebyprotectingthepublicinterestpriority.Comparativelyspeaking,theoriginalconcernofthetraditionalregulatorycontrolelementsatstreetlevelspaceofthecontrolledregulationof"takeabackseat,"the.4.Alsonecessarytofurtherexplorethequestion:Ingeneral,block-levelregulatorycontroltoaddameso-levelstudies,preparationofregulatorycontrolblockprovidesafreshdiscussionoftheworkplatform,aswellasplanningandmanagementprovidedsomeactionablepublicpolicybasisforimprovedtraditionalregulatorycontrolofsomeproblems.However,block-levelcontrolregulationasanewthingalsohaveanumberofissuesneedtobefurtherexploredandresearch:Firstofall,thenecessaryclarityofitslegalstatusandrecognition.Becauseofblock-levelcontrolisaregulationrelatingtoavarietyoffactors(population,thefacilitiesandsoon)theoverallbalanceoftechnologicalachievements,inparticular,aresomeoftheprioritytheprotectionofthefacilitiesinvolvedincityconstructionandoperationofothergovernmentdepartments,administrativeactions,areasonabledecidethelegalstatusofitscoordinationandcontrolofthekey.Moreover,asthecapitalofBeijingandmunicipalities,andothercityplanningandconstructionmanagementsystemmusthavedifferencesinthismunicipalityinBeijingcanwell-establishedsystemshouldnotbeabletocopytothecityingeneralgo.Howtopromoteneighborhood-levelcontrolregulatoryexperiencegainedenhancethelegitimacyofitsreasonable,butalsorequiredfurtherstudy.Secondly,therequiredsupportingmanagementmeasuresonthecorresponding.Block-levelcontrolregulationisnotonlyamany-levelplanningsoeasythatitgiveplanningandmanagementintheoverallplanningandcontrolregulationoftraditionallandbetweenthedevelopmentofanewmanagementplatform,therefore,shouldgivefullplaytoitsrole,fromthecannotbesupportingtheplanningandmanagementmeasuresoninnovation.Suchasinthecontrolplotsontheregulationofconvergencecanbetheimplementationprocessforsomeofthedemand,derivedfrom"transferofdevelopmentrights"andotherrelatedmanagementmeasuresandcontrolmeans.Finally,thetraditionalelementsofhowthematchingSpacesguide.Block-levelcontrolregulationstostrengthenthegovernment'spublicservicefunctions,improvethepublicbenefitsofpriority,relativelyspeaking,thetraditionalelementsoftheshapeisrelativelyweakened.Visualimagery,bodymass,Feelplacestheelementsofthesetraditionalcontrolregulationsusuallytakeintoaccounturbandesignelements,notatstreetlevelregulatorycontroltobereflected,thentheblock-levelcontrolregulationsshouldbespaceelementswhichcontrolwhatshouldbedoneaboutthecityontheblockleveldesignelementstoguidethemaccordingly?Lookingforwardtothefutureassoonaspossibleanswerstothosequestions.References

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12,cityplanningapproachtomakePeople'sRepublicofChinaMinistryofConstructionNo.1462005-12-31刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考摘要文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。继而通过对北京市近年来提出的街区层面的控规的案例解读、介绍和分析，研究编制街区层面（2-3平方公里的单元）的控规在应对传统控规经常会遇到的问题时所具备的优势和灵活性，特别突出它能够为规划管理部门提供一个新的管理和协调的工具、并能较为灵活的应对复杂多元的市场变化、保障政府公共服务职能的特点。最后提出将来还需要对街区层面的控规的法律地位、规划管理应用手段、传统空间要素的控制和引导等方面进行深入的研究与探讨。关键词街区控规控制性详细规划规划的刚性与弹性1．传统控规编制中面临的现实问题传统的控制性详细规划，自上世纪90年代出现至今，一直处在各方面利益的博弈和平衡的困扰之中。问题的焦点，主要集中在如何协调规划管理所需要的刚性控制和应对市场的弹性应变能力上：1.1传统的控规无法充分体现政府职能转变传统的控规一般只能直接反映地块的性质和开发建设强度，以及体现城市空间环境的协调和统一，关注的核心是空间和视觉上的美学效果，规划师通过一系列的指标来确定对用地的空间形态的控制。这种形式适合在全能型政府的指导下，实现“全市一盘棋”式的开发和建设。而随着改革的深入进行，政府职能由计划经济体制下的全能型向服务型转化，政府的职能着重于政府管制和提供公共服务两方面：一是要应对社会活动中产生的各种问题，维护社会功能的稳定和秩序；二是要提供社会发展所必需的公共产品，特别是市场无力或者不愿意提供的公共产品。在城市建设方面，越来越多的房地产企业和工业企业成为城市开发建设的主体，越来越具有话语权，这时的政府需要放出一定的权限以便市场机制发挥作用，同时又要能够实现保持社会功能稳定、保障公共产品供给，需要体现出政府所代表的公共利益的最大化，这已经不是原有的以空间为主的控规内容所能反映的。1.2传统的控规成果向公共政策转化还有相当的差距城市规划作为一项公共政策，在总体规划确定了城乡空间布局、对城市的公共资源进行了有效配置、对人居环境做出了相应的要求以后，需要进一步对各项城市建设进行全面的协调、引导和约束，并提供给城市规划的管理部门一个管理工具。而传统的控规虽然编制了整套的控制指标及措施，但是由于它的成果以就事论事式的地块控制图则的形式提供，始终缺少总体平衡的环节以及应对市场变化的灵活性。常见的现象是：对于近期马上要投入建设的用地，在复杂多变的市场形势面前，经常要提出变更用地性质、提高容积率和高度、调整布局等要求，这时的规划管理部门，一般只能选择在传统的控规成果之外，通过对于地块的有关条件的论证，增加一个规划条件变更的论证与审核的环节，从审核的结果来看，由于在规划中缺乏足够的限制性条件的约束，许多提高容积率、高度的规划控制条件调整申请只能“顺利”通过。很多规划管理部门都遇到过类似的尴尬：开发商提出来要将控规确定的某一地块容积率从1.5调整到1.8，无论是从规划技术上还是从管理政策上，找不到可以否定这个申请的理由，而如果将这些单独地块的神情全部通过的话，控规从整体上就相当于白做了，正所谓“没有空归管理不好，有了控规不好管理”。1.3在多变的市场需求面前显得过于僵化根据总规进行全覆盖编制的控规，面对远期没有确定开发主体和开发模式的城市新区，只能依靠经验和有限的规范要求进行设定一个终极蓝图，经常需要假定该区会吸引什么性质的产业、采用何种交通和居住模式等等要素。往往等到了需要实施的时候，城市建设机制已经发生了非常多的转变，投资的主体、开发模式、区域的建设和运营机制等都与原来的规划设想不一致，产业、交通、居住的模式都已经超出来原来的设想，这时候早已完成的控规就会变得非常的不合时宜。1.4面对上位规划的宏观要求难以对接总体规划为了满足城乡经济社会全面、协调和可持续发展的要求，往往会提出一些宏观措施，如开发模式等内容。这些带有公共政策属性的措施，在以地块为目的的传统控规中难以充分反映和对接。以北京市大兴新城为例：按照《北京城市总体规划（2004年-2020年）》，大兴新城是北京未来面向区域发展的重要节点，在北京发展中具有极其重要的战略地位，将引导发展生物医药等现代制造业，以及商业物流、文化教育等功能，是将来承载北京中心城疏解的人口和职能的11个新城之一。2020年大兴新城规划用地规模65平方公里，人口规模60万人。此前，大兴是作为北京的县城、卫星城来进行建设，现状条件与新城的规划目标之间有较大差距，缺乏足够的吸引力，不能有效缓解市区压力。比如：公共设施缺乏、已有设施标准过低、与中心城交通联系不畅等问题。如何完成由现状向新城蓝图的转变？在《大兴新城规划（2005年-2020年）》中，从新城的建设实施过程入手，确定了通过轨道交通建设、城市道路建设、公共服务设施建设、行政功能转移、文教功能引入、主导产业引入等六项要素为主，对新城建设进行引导：这些要素共同发挥作用，并依据它们的空间影响范围和特征进行合理的时序上的安排，推动新城的建设发展，使新城的规划蓝图能够在现状的基础上逐步得以实现。面对上位规划提出的类似的宏观规划要求，显然不是一个个具体地块的图则能够充分反映出来的，更谈不上去应对在长达15年的规划实施过程中各种要素的变化了。2．街区层面的控规的编制内容形式近年来，北京市提出编制街区层面的控规，从一定程度上应对了传统地块控规中普遍存在的问题。以大兴新城的街区控规为例：首先划分街区。在《大兴新城规划（2005年-2020年）》所划分的七片区、三组团的基础上，综合考虑区位特征、公共服务设施布局、市政交通设施服务能力及空间环境容量等各种影响因素，以街坊（介于街区和地块单元之间，以河流、自然障碍物、主次干道、街道办事处界限、特殊功能区边界等为街坊划分的界线）为划分单元，划分为38个街区，每个街区2~3平方公里。接着，在新城范围内整体确定街区的主导功能、建设总量和分类建设规模、建设基准高度、建设强度范围等要素。依据新城规划，分解落实每个街区的主导功能，即街区的