逆向物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Today,moreandmoreenterpriseshastheunderstandingtotheimportanceoflogisticsmanagement,thelogisticsmanagementtoahigherlevel,evenasthecorecompetenceofthecorporationtodesign.However,thevastmajorityofenterprisesbutignorethereverselogisticssuchahasbeenthelogisticsactivities,paidnoattentiontothehiddencustomervalueandoperatingcosts.Hereweintroducetheconceptofreverselogistics,makeitseparatefromthetraditionalforwardlogisticsandrecyclingdifference,putituptoasystematicandscientificlevel.ImplicationofreverselogisticsIn1981,Lambertandstockthefirstputforwardtheconceptofreverselogistics,reverselogisticsdefinition:andaverylargepartoftheairflowdirectionistheoppositeoftheir.Putforwardthedefinitionand1986Murphyisdefinedsimilarly1989yearsMurphyandpoistthedefinitionofreverselogistics,goodsflowfromconsumertoproducer.Intheeightiesofthetwentiethcentury,thescopeofthereverselogisticsisonlylimitedtogoodsfromtheconsumertotheproductionTheflowofthepersonisoppositetothatoftheforwardflow.In1998,thestockofthedefinitionofreverselogistics:logisticsintheproductrecovery,productrecycling,materialsubstitution,materialrecycling,wastetreatmentandrepair,refurbishmentandremanufacturing.ThisdefinitionsimilartostockprofessorandKopickirespectivelyin1992and1993aredefined.Carterandellram(1998intheJournalofbusinesslogistics)alsousesasimilardefinition:reverselogisticsisthroughrecycling(recycling),andthenuseandreduceTheuseofrawmaterials,sothatthecompanycanefficientlyreachenvironmentalprotectionprocess.Carte:andEltramthatnarrowthedefinitionofreverselogistics,distributionnetworksystemthroughthesaleofproductsforrecyclingprocess.In1999,RogersandTibben-LembkeforthedefinitionofreverselogisticsisLogisticsManagementAssociationoftheUnitedStates(theCouncilofLogisticsManagement)theandbecomeamoregeneraldefinition,namely:"reverselogisticsforrecyclingordisposalofwasteinEffectandreasonablecost,ofrawmaterials,WIP,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformation,fromthepointofconsumptiontotheflowandstorageofrawoutput,planning,implementationandcontroloftheprocess."Simplyput,reverselogisticsismanagementofwastematerialsandreturnthereflowprocess.Inaddition,generalizedreverselogisticsisrelatedtotheenterprise'sproduction,salesandafter-salesservice,inadditiontoreturnitems,includingreducingtheuseofresources,especiallytheuseoftoxicandharmfulsubstances,andtheentirelogisticssystemmoreefficient,moreenvironmentallyfriendly.IntroductionofthefunctionofreverselogisticssystemAlthoughdifferentreverselogisticssystemsinvolvespecificactivitiesmaynotbethesame,butgenerallyincludethefollowingFunction:1,collectionThroughpaidorunpaidway,willbescatteredaroundthecollectionofwasteproducts,shippedtodealwithThisstepmayincludeacquisition,transportationandwarehousingandotherlinks.Wastematerialsinvolvealargenumberofsmallquantitiesoftransport,resultinginahighcollectioncosts,totalcostofthereverselogisticsInaddition,theprocessoftransportisalsoareverselogisticscausedbyenvironmentalpollutionOneofthekeyfactors,therefore,thewastecollectionprocessshouldbeasfaraspossibletheuseofcombinedtransportstrategy(suchastheuseofpositiveReturnofthelogisticstoreduceunnecessarytransport.2,detectionandclassificationThefirsttypeofgoodsisvarious,thecorrespondingvalueisnotthesame,theneedforeffectiveclassificationcanbecarriedoutafterContinuedprocessing.Iftherecoveredproductissimplyduetocustomerpreferencesorexcessinventoryratherthanqualityfactors,itcanbeInordertocontinuetosell,theendcustomerreturnstotheretailer,theretailerreturnstothedistributor,andacceptsthereturnofoneofthegoods.Thepartycanreturnasanewinventory.Whenthequalityproductismerchandisereturnedtothemanufacturer.Manufacturersareclassifiedtoreturnmaterialcostaccounting,andthenprocessthecorrespondingdecision,forexample,onsaleOrtoremanufactureandreprocessing.Forthegoodscannotbereused,afterappropriatetreatment,includingdecompositionandReturntorawmaterialsuppliersorincineration,landfill,etc.forpackagingmaterials,theenduserofthepackagingmaterialcanbereturnedBacktothedealerordirectlytothepackagingmaterialmanufacturingenterprises,andtheintermediatecustomersusedthepalletandothershippingequipmentItcanbeusedmanytimes.Theusedpackingmaterialsneedtobeprocessedagainandagain.Thiskindofprocessingandmaintenancecanbedonebythespecialpackingmaterialprocessingmanufacturer.3,reprocessingProcessfortherecoveryofaproductoritscomponentstoregainvalue.Theprocessmayincludecleaning,Partsreplacementandreassemblyandotheraspectsofwhich,re-processingmethodsaremainlyre-use,remanufacture,andthenReuseofpackaging,products,orproductsthatcanbeuseddirectlyforasmallamountofcleaningormaintenancework.Components,suchasglassbottles,plasticbottles,cans,boxesandotherpackagingcontainers,cuttingdisc,copierandprintercartridges,disposablecameras,usedfurniture,clothingandbooks,etc.,andthenmanufacturingistoretainthestructureandworkoftheoldpartsBeabletofeature,throughthenecessaryremoval,repairandreplacement,sothatitisrestoredtothesameasthenew,suchasaircraftandsteamEngine,computer,copymachineandprinterparts,etc.,recyclingreferstotherecyclingofwasteproductsIntherawmaterials,suchasscrapmetal,paper,glass,plasticandsoon.Investment,therefore,toalargeextentdeterminetheeconomicfeasibilityofthewholereverselogisticssystem.Requiresalargenumberofrecycledproductsandcentralizedprocessingtoformthescaleofeconomicefficiency.4,wastedisposalSellthewasteproductsorcomponentsthatcannolongerbeusedforeconomicortechnicalreasons.Destroy.Thestepsmayincludetransportation,landfillorburnedandotherlinks.5,redistributionWillbeprocessedtothemarketforthesaleofrecycledproducts.Thestepsmayincludesales,transportationandwarehouseTheprocessissimilartothatoftheforwarddistributionlogistics,andneedstobetransportedbetweenthecooperativeandthefastresponse.CharacteristicsofreverselogisticsForwardlogisticsisreferstoproductsfromthemanufacturerthroughdistributorstoretailerstoreachthefinalconsumersinthehandsofaseriesofphysicalflow,comparedtotheforwardlogistics,reverselogisticshassignificantlydifferentcharacteristics,itsmainperformanceinthefollowingaspects:(1)uncertaintyReverselogisticsinthepresenceofuncertaintyintheterminal,numberofreturnedproductqualityandprocessingmethodofuncertaintyandthedemandofallsortsofuncertainty.Thisleadstoreverselogisticslocationsscattered,disorder,andrecoverytimeandthequantityoftheproductscannotbepredicted.(2)dispersionReverselogisticsproblemsofthetime,location,theunpredictablenatureofthequalityandquantity,wasteproductsmayappearinthefieldofproduction,circulation,aremorelikelytoproducemillionsofconsumersintheareasoflife,thereverselogisticsexistsineverycornerofsociety,willinvolvedifferentpeople,differentdepartmentsanddifferentareas.(3)slowFirstrecoveryproductisfromasmallcollectionofcontinuouslytotherecyclingcenterdetectionandclassification,treatmentand,finally,distributionandneedquitealongperiodoftreatmenttime,veryslow.Alsodiscardeditemsalsoneedlongertimeprocessing,treatmentandothersectorstomeetconsumerdemand.Allthesewillleadtoreverselogisticsofslow.(4)antagonismBetweentheforwardlogisticsandthereverselogisticsflowdirectiononthecontrary.Theforwardlogisticsisfromasupplier,manufactureranddistributorofaretailer,aconsumerflow,productflowtothefinalconsumer,thestartingpointandtheappearanceoftheproduct'sreverselogisticsisfromtheconsumers,fromaconsumerretailerdistributormanufacturersupplier.(5)thevalueofnonmonotonicOntheonehand,reverselogisticsvaluepresenteddecreasing.Suchasreverselogisticstransportation,storage,andprocessingofaseriesofactivitieswillreducethevalueofrecycling;ontheotherhand,reverselogisticsandpresentsthevalueincreasing.Thisisbecauserecycleditemsareprocessedandregaineconomicvalue,butalsotoprotecttheenvironmentandsaveenergy.CharacteristicsofreverselogisticsnetworkFromthepointofviewofreverselogistics,thestructureofreverselogisticsnetworkcanbesummarizedfromfiveaspects:thedegreeofconcentration,thedegreeofnetworkconnection,thedegreeofnetworkopenness,thelevelofnetworkandthedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizations.(1)concentrationdegreeConcentrationlevelrepresentsthenetworkrange,mainlyreferstothefinishofthesameoperationsofthenumberofplaces.Inacentralizednetwork,thesametypeofoperationshouldtrytoarrangeinthesameplace,soyoucancreateeconomiesofscale,achievethesharingofresources,savingmanpowerandmaterialresources.(2)thedegreeofnetworkconnectionReverselogisticsnetworkofinterrelateddegreeisthemainnetworkcorrelation.Reverselogisticsnetworkisconstructedwiththreeforms,aisindependentdesignofreverselogisticsnetwork,thesecondistheforwardandreverselogisticsintegrateddesign,threeisonthebasisofexistingreverselogisticsnetworkdesignofreverselogistics.(3)thedegreeofnetworkopennessNetworkopennessismainlyreferstotheopenloopandclosedloopofthereverselogisticsnetwork.Openloopandclosedloop,thebiggestdifferenceistolookatproductrecoveryisfinallybacktotheproductionenterprise,whichismainlyforproductsofdifferentcharacteristicsanddecided.Inopenlooplogisticsnetwork,productrecoveryafterthecollectiondoesnotreturntoproductionenterprises;andinclosed-looplogisticsnetwork,productrecoveryafterthecollectionbacktooriginalproductionenterprises.(4)thenumberofnetworklayersNetworklayerreferstothereverselogisticsnetworkinallkindsofwastematerialsneedstoflowthroughthenumberoffacilities,thenetworkonbehalfoftheverticaldepth.Single-layernetworkoperationisrelativelysimple,alloperationsareinthesamefacilitycollectioniscomplete,andmultilayernetworkoperationisrelativelycomplex,differentoperationrespectivelyindifferentfacilitiescomplete.(5)thedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizationsThedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizationsreferstothecooperativerelationshipamongtheparticipantsintheconstructionofthereverselogisticsnetwork.Atpresent,thethirdpartylogisticsisacommonwayoflogisticscontract.PackagingmaterialreverselogisticsnetworkProductpackagingisthestartingpointoftheproductistheendoftheprocessoflogistics,packagingistoprotectgoodsquality,improvingtheefficiencyoflogistics,promotingsalesandsoonismerchandisefromproductiontoconsumptionlinkindispensablelink.However,thewayofpackinganduseofresourcesandtheenvironmentcausedseriousinfluence,sotheestablishmentofpackagingrecyclingreverselogisticsnetwork.Accordingtodifferentmainresponsibilitywillpackagingdivisionofreverselogisticsnetworkgroundsleadingdeliverymodesofreturnlogisticsandrecyclinglogisticssystemofthirdpartyledby.Recoverymodedominatedbytheshipper,theshippermusthavetheirownpackagingbox.Whenthegoodsaredeliveredtotheconsignee,packagingcontaineroccurredpositiontransfer.Transportationenterpriseswillbefullofthepackingcontainertransporttotheconsignee,butalsowillbereturnedtotheemptycontainershipment.Theuseofthepackingbox,configuration,recoverycontrol,cleaningandmaintenanceandcustodyofallbytheshipperresponsible.译文：当今，越来越多的企业己经认识到物流管理的重要性，把物流管理提到一个较高的层次，甚至作为企业核心能力来设计.但是，绝大多数的企业却忽略了逆向物流这样一个一直存在的物流活动，没有重视其蕴藏的客户价值和运营成本。这里首先介绍一下逆向物流的概念，使其与传统的正向物流和回收区别开来，把它上升到一个系统化、科学化的高度。逆向物流的涵义逆向物流的涵义1981年，Lambert和Stock最早提出逆向物流的概念。他们把逆向物流定义为:与极大部分的货物流动方向是相反的。这个定义与1986年Murphy提出的定义类似。1989年Murphy和Poist把逆向物流定义为:货物从消费者到生产者的流动。二十世纪八十年代，逆向物流的范围也仅限于货物从消费者到生产者的流动，与正向物流相反。1998年，Stock把逆向物流定义为:物流在产品收回、产品循环使用、物料替代、物料循环使用、废物处理和修理、整修和再制造中的作用。这个定义类似于Stock教授和Kopicki分别在1992年和1993年给出的定义。Carter和Ellram(1998年在JournalofBusinessLogistics中)也采用了类似的定义:逆向物流是公司通过再循环(recycling)、再使用以及减少原材料的使用，使公司可以有效率地达成环境保护的过程。Carte:和Eltram认为逆向物流狭义的定义是:通过配销的网络系统将所销售的产品进行回收的过程。到了1999年，Rogers和Tibben-Lembke对于逆向物流的定义被美国物流管理协会(TheCouncilofLogisticsManagement)所采用，成为比较通用的一个定义，即:“逆向物流是为了资源回收或处理废弃物，在有效及适当成本下，对原料、在制品、成品和相关信息，从消费点到原始产出点的流动和储存，进行规划、执行与管制的过程。”简单地说，逆向物流就是对废旧物品和退货的回流过程的管理。此外，广义的逆向物流涉及到企业的生产、销售及售后服务等方面，除了物品的回流理之外，还包括减少资源使用，特别是有毒有害物质的使用，以及使整个物流系统更有效、更环保等。逆向物流系统的功能介绍尽管不同的逆向物流系统涉及的具体活动可能不一样，但一般都包括以下功能:1、收集通过有偿或无偿的方式，将分散在各地的废旧物品收集起来，运往处理的地点。该步骤可能包括收购、运输和仓储等环节。由于从分散的消费者处收集废旧物品涉及大量的小批量运输，因而导致收集费用很高，在逆向物流总成本中占据相当大的比重。此外，该过程的运输也是逆向物流中引起环境污染的关键因素之一。因此，废旧物品收集过程应该尽量采用合并运输策略(如利用正向物流中的回程运输)，以减少不必要的运输。2、检测和分类会首物品的种类繁多，相应价值也不相同，必须进行有效分类才能进行后续处理。如果回收的商品只是由于顾客偏好或多余库存而不是质量因素，则可以继续出售。终端顾客向零售商退货，零售商向分销商退货，而接受退货的一方都可以把退货作为新的库存。当产品确有质量问题，商品返回到制造厂商。制造商对返回物进行分类、成本核算，再进行相应的处理决策，例如削价处理或进行再制造和再加工。对于无法再利用的物品，经过适当处置，包括分解并返回原料供应商或焚烧、填埋等。对于包装材料，终端用户的包装材料可以返回经销商或直接至包装材料的制造企业。而中间客户所用的托盘等装运设备则可以多次利用。使用过的包装材料一般需要经过再次加工维护后再利用。这种加工维护工作可由专门的回收包装材料处理厂商来完成。3、再处理对回收产品或其零部件进行处理，以重新获取价值。该步骤可能包括清洗、零部件替换和重新组装等环节。其中，再处理方式主要有再使用、再制造、再循环。再使用针对只需清洗或少量维修工作即可直接再使用的包装、产品或零部件，如玻璃瓶、塑料瓶、罐、箱、扦盘等包装容器，复印机和打印机的墨盒、一次性相机，二手家具、服装和书等;再制造是指保留废旧零部件的结构和功能特性，通过必要的拆卸、检修和替换，使其恢复得同新的一样，如飞机和汽车的发动机、计算机、复印机和打印机部件等;再循环是指循环利用废旧物品中的原材料，如废旧金属、纸、玻璃、塑料等。专业的再处理设备需要高昂的投资，因而在很大程度上决定着整个逆向物流系统的经济可行性。因此，一般要求回收品数量较大且集中处理，以形成规模经济效益。4、废弃处置对那些出于经济或技术上的原因无法再利用