高二英语测试报：U第三部分教案Wordpower（牛津译林版）

学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精学必求其心得，业必贵于专精●WordpowerWe’lllearninthissectionsomecommonsuffixesthatcanbeaddedtonounsorverbstocreateadjectives.Andalsosomevocabularyrelatedtosalesandmarketing.Step1：Brainstorming1。Pleasethinkaboutthefollowingquestions:Howhealth（noun）healthy（adjective)interest(verb）interesting（adjective)AnEnglishwordcanhaveseveralderivatives。AndpleasepayattentiontothefactthatmanyEnglishwordssharethesamerootword，eventhoughtheyhavedifferentmeaningsorpartsofspeech.Nowhere'smoreexampleforyoutobetterunderstandwordformation.breath(n.）breathe(v.）breathless（adj.)act（v.）action(n。）actor（n。)actress（n.）activity（n.)possible(adj。）impossible（adj。）possibility(n。)possibly(adv.）friend(n。),friendly（adj.）,friendless(adj。)，friendship（n。）,unfriendly(adj.）Asyoucansee,manywordsarederivedbyaddingsuffixesorprefixestotherootwords。Oftenyoumaycomeacrossunfamiliarwordswhilereading，trytouseknowledgeofwordformationtoguesstheirmeanings.Willyou？Andcanyougivemoreexamplesaboutwordformation?2。Shallwehaveacompetitiontoseewhocangivemoreexamplesorcreatemorewordsbyaddingsuffixesorprefixestotherootwords?3。Asweknow,sometimesanEnglishwordcanbemadeupofthreeparts：aprefix,astemandasuffix。Astemisthemainpartofaword.Aprefixisagroupoflettersaddedtothebeginningofaword。Asuffixisagroupoflettersplacedattheendofaword.Bothprefixesandsuffixesmodifythemeaningofawordorchangeitintoadifferentwordgroup.Thefollowingisatableofcommonprefixes：PrefixMeaningExamples(adjectives）un—Notunfair，unnecessary，unimportant,unhappyin-Notincorrect,invisible，incurable，inaccuratedis-showingoppositedisable，dishonest,disagree,disappear，discoverre-doagainrewrite，redo，rebuild，react，retell，recreatemis—badlyorwronglymisunderstand,misdirect，mistake,misuseStep2:LearningaboutWordformationThebasicpartofanywordistheroot；toit,youcanaddaprefixatthebeginningand/orasuffixattheendtochangethemeaning.Forexample，intheword"unflattering，”therootissimply"flatter，"whiletheprefix"un—"makesthewordnegative，andthesuffix"—ing”changesitfromaverbintoanadjective（specifically,aparticiple）。Englishitselfdoesnotuseprefixesasheavilyasitoncedid，butmanyEnglishwordscomefromLatin，whichusesprefixesandsuffixes(youcanusethewordaffixtorefereithertoaprefixorasuffix)quiteextensively。Forexample，thewords”prefix，""suffix，”and”affix”themselvesareallformedfrom"fix"bytheuseofprefixes：”ad"（to)+”fix"(attached)=”affix""pre”(before)+”fix"="prefix””sub"(under)+"fix"=”suffix"Notethatboththe”—d"of”ad"andthe”—b”of"sub”changethelastletter.HerearesomeofthemostcommonLatinprefixes(forthemeaningsoftheLatinroots,lookupthewordsinagooddictionary):ab（away)abrupt，absent，absolvead(to）adverb，advertisement，afflictin（not）incapable，indecisive，intolerableinter(between,among）intercept，interdependent,interprovincialintra(within)intramural，intrapersonal，intraprovincialpre（before）prefabricate,prefacepreferpost（after)postpone,postscript，postwarsub（under)submarine,subscription，suspecttrans（across)transfer,transit，translateStep3:ReadyusedmaterialsforWordformationAffixesMorphemesaddedtofreeformstomakeotherfreeformsarecalledaffixes。Therearethreeprinciplekindsofaffixes:prefixes(atbeginning）-”un-”in"unable”suffixes(atend）—"—ed”in”walked"circumfixes(atbothends)—"en—-en"in”enlighten"

(Thesealwaysseemtoconsistofotherwiseattestedindependentprefixesandsuffixes。）ARuleforFormingsomeEnglishWordsConsiderthefollowingpairsofEnglishwords:AdjectiveVerbdarkdarkenblackblackenredreddensteepsteepenWhatgeneralization(rule)canwemake?Form:”en"Combination:AttheendofAdjectives（suffix)tomakeVerbsMeaning:"tomake（more)Adjective”Wecandrawadiagramtoshowtheinternalstructureofoneofthewords:Verb/\Adjective—en|blackMeaning："tomake（more)black"Likewisewecandrawapartialstructure（treediagram)whichshowsthethreepropertiesofruleofcombinationfortheaffix：Verb/\Adjective—enMeaning："tomake（more)Adjective"AnotherRuleforFormingsomeEnglishWordsConsiderthefollowingpairsofEnglishwords:VerbNounsingsingerdancedancerwritewritercomputecomputerWhatgeneralization（rule)canwemake？Add”—er”totheendofVerbstomakeNounswiththemeaning”someone（orsth。）thatVerbs"Noun/\Verb-erMeaning:"someone（orsomething）thatVerbs"Rulesthatdon’tchangecategorySomeaffixescreatethesamekindsofwordsthattheyattachto,suchasmakingnounsoutofothernouns：Noun/\Noun-ian|BostonMeaning:”someonefromBoston"ZeroMorphemesSomeaffixesconsistofnosoundsatall.ZeromorphemesDOexist,andwe'llseewhy，andillustrateanotherconcept,allomorphyatthesametime.Considerthefollowingwords：AdjectiveVerbyellowyellowbrownbrowngreengreenpurplepurpleTherelationbetween”yellow"（adjective)and”yellow”（verb）isexactlythesameasthatbetween”white”and”whiten”,whichwejustconsidered。Buttheformof”yellow”doesn'tchange.Sowesaythatweaddedazerosuffix:Verb/\Adjective-Ø｜yellowMeaning："tomake（more)yellow"Zeromorphemesareobviouslyhardtospotbecauseyoucan’thearthem！InthesecasesyouhavetonoticewhatISN’Tthere。（SherlockHolmessolvesoneofhiscasesbynoticingthatadogDIDN’Tbark。Thiswasimportantbecausetherewasasituationwhereanydogwouldhavebarked.Thisisthekindofthinkingyouhavetodotofindzeromorphemes.)AllomorphyButnowwehavetwowaystomakeAdjectivesintoVerbsmeaning”tomake(more)Adjective"：”—en”（"black—en")and"—Ø"（"yellow—Ø"）Howdoweknowwhichruletouse?Thatis，whynot”yellow—en”?Onepossible（butuninteresting）answeristhatwejusthavetomemorizewhichaffixtouseforeachstem.Thatis，wejustmemorizethat”black"takes"-en”and”yellow"takes"—Ø".Butwewouldlikeabetterexplanation。Aswiththephonologyproblems，thebestplacetolookis”near”wheretheaffixattaches.Since"-en"isasuffix，let’slookattheendofthestems.WhatwefindisthatwecandividetheAdjectivesintotwoclassesbasedonwhatthelastSOUND(NOTletter)ofthestemis：Use”—en"ifthelastsoundis：[p]"deep-en"［f]"stiff-en”［v]”live—en”［t]”white—en”［d］"redd-en”[s］"less-en"[ʃ]"fresh-en”[k］”dark—en”Use"—Ø”ifthelastsoundis：［e］”gray-Ø"(”Hishairgrayed（gray-Ø-ed）beforehewastwenty。")［n]”brown—Ø"［m］"dim—Ø"［l］”purple—Ø"[r］"clear—Ø”Wecanusethesametypeofdiagrams,andindicatetheconditions:Verb/\Adjective-enifAdjectiveendsinanobstruent(oralstoporfricative)—ØifAdjectiveendsinasonorant(nasals,approximants，vowels）Meaning：”tomake(more)Adjective”Whenwedidphonologyproblems，wehadanotionof”default”or"elsewhere”.Thesameconceptcanariseinmorphology，althoughinthiscasethechoiceismadedifficultbythecleancutbetweenobstruentsandsonorants.Itistrue,however，thatthereareexceptionstothisrulewithcertainunusualadjectives：Verb/\Adjective—enifAdjectiveendsinanobstruent（oralstoporfricative)—ØElsewhereMeaning："tomake(more）Adjective”AnotherexampleofallomorphyinEnglishisthechoiceofthenegativeprefix"il—/ir-/im—/in-”。Therulesare:Use"il-"whenthestembeginswith”l":”il—legal"Use”ir-"whenthestembeginswith"r”:”ir-responsible”Use”im—”whenthestembeginswith”m，b，p"："im—mobile”"im—balanced”,”im-possible"Otherwise（elsewhere）use"in—”:"in-active”,etc.Inadiagram：Adjective/\whenAdjectivebeginswithl：il—AdjectivewhenAdjectivebeginswithr：ir—whenAdjectivebeginswithabilabial：im—Elsewhere:in-Meaning：”notAdjective”Noticeherethatthereisaclearcasethatapplieswhentheother（morespecific)rulescannot.ThisistheDEFAULTorELSEWHERErule。TheELSEWHEREconceptplaysanimportantroleinlinguisticsandwehavealreadyencountereditinphonologyandwewillencounteritagaininthiscourse。Finally，someallomorphyissimplyexceptional。Therearemorphemeswhichareusedwithonlyalimitednumberofwords，suchasplural”-en”asin"ox—en”,”child—（r)en”.Furthermore,somewordsaresoirregularthattheyhavenointernalanalysis，forexample”went"istheSUPPLETIVEformforwhatwouldotherwisebe”go-ed"。Childrenoftenusewordslike＊"go—ed"("went"）or＊”hold-ed”(”held”)。ThesearecalledOVERGENERALIZATIONerrorsbecausethechildrenusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords.CompoundsThecombinationoftwofreeformsiscalledaCOMPOUND。Noun/\AdjectiveNoun|｜blackbirdMeaning:aparticularkindofbirdInEnglishtheHEADofacompoundisusuallytheright-handmember（bird）.Theheadsuppliesthecategory(Noun）andbasicmeaning(bird—ness)forthewholecompound。Compoundscanbeusedwithaffixationtoproducelargerwords：Noun/\Verb—er/\VerbVerb|｜sleepwalkMeaning:SomeonewhowalksandsleepsatthesametimeNoun/\NounNoun｜/\windowVerb—er|painterMeaning：SomeonewhopaintswindowsBoundRootsBoth"blackberry”and”blueberry”arekindsofBERRIES，and”black”and”blue"existasfreeformstoo.Sotheselooklikefinecompounds。Butwhatabout"cranberry”,"huckleberry"，"strawberry”?We'dliketokeepthe”berry"partseparate,butthenwhatare"cran”,"huckle"and"straw”?WecallthesecasesBOUNDROOTS。HomophonousMorphemesSometimestwomorphemeshavethesamepronunciation(form)withdifferentmeanings。OneexampleformEnglishisthetwomorphemes”un—":Adjective/\un-AdjectiveMeaning："notAdjective”，forexample”unhappy”Verb/\un-VerbMeaning：”dothereverseofVerb”,forexample"undo"，”untie”，"unlatch”Thiscanleadtoambiguityinsomewordswith"un—”，suchas"un-tie—able".Therearetwopossiblestructuresfor”un—tie-able":Adjective/\Verb-able/\un—Verb|tieMeaning：able(un(tie））="canbeuntied”Adjective/\un-Adjective/\Verb-able｜tieMeaning：un(able（tie）)=”can’tbetied”Therelativescopeof”un-"and”-able"isdifferentinthesetwocases，leadingtoadifferenceinmeaning.Thedifferenceinmeaningalsocorrelateswithwhether”un-"ismodifyingaverboranadjective.WhenadifferenceinmeaningcorrelateswithadifferenceinstructurelikethiswecallthisSTRUCTURALAMBIGUITY.Structuralambiguityisaveryimportantconcept.Wewillseeexactlythesamethingwhenweanalyzesentences。OtherwaysofFormingWordsBackformations

Whereone”falsely”usesarule。

"peddler"referstoaperson

analyze"peddler"as”peddle"+”-er"Blends："smoke"+”fog"="smog"；”motor"+”hotel”="motel"WordsfromNames:”jumbo","sandwich”Truncation(Clipping):”gym（nasium）","(tele）phone"Acronyms:"AIDS”="AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome”Otherreferences:句式合成词整个句子当作一个词用，有的已经固定下来,例如pick—me-up(兴奋剂），what’s—his—name（某某人）。整个句子用作形容词的现象比较普遍，把复杂的概念揉成单纯的限制语使行文紧凑。Alet-bygones-be-bygonesmanner(一种“过去