框架结构简介外文翻译

外文资料翻译译文框架结构简介随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点，与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。因此在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。近年来世界各地的钢筋混凝土多层框架结构的发展很快应用很多。一般框架结构是由楼板、梁、柱及基础4种承重构件组成的。由主梁、柱与基础构成平面框架，各平面框架再由连续梁连接起来而形成的空间结构体系。在合理的高度和层数的情况下，框架结构能够提供较大的建筑空间，其平面布置比较的灵活，可适合多种工艺与使用功能的要求。多层钢筋混凝土框架结构设计可以分为四个阶段：一是方案设计；二是结构分析；三是构件设计；四是绘施工图。结构分析和构件设计是结构设计中的计算阶段。在现代，已由电子计算机承担这一工作，常采用PKPM建模计算。但是，结构的计算并不能代替结构的设计。《混凝土结构与砌体结构设计》中认为：良好的结构设计的重要前提，应该是合理组织与综合解决结构的传力系统、传力方式良好的结构方案是良好结构设计的重要前提。框架结构体系是由横梁与柱子连接而成。梁柱连接处(称为节点)一般为刚性连接，有时为便于施工和其他构造要求，也可以将部分节点做成铰接或者半铰接。柱支座一般为固定支座，必要时也可以设计成铰支座。框架结构可以分为现浇整体式，装配式,现浇装配式。框架结构的布置灵活，容易满足建筑功能和生工艺的多种要求。同时，经过合理设计，框架结构可以具有较好的延性和抗震性能.。但是，框架结构承受水平力(如风荷载和水平地震作用)的能力较小，当层树较多或水平力较大时，水平位移较大,在强烈地震作用下往往由于变形过大而引起非结构构件(如填充墙)的破坏。因此，为了满足承载力和侧向刚度的要求，柱子的截面往往较大,既耗费建筑材料，又减少使用面积，这就使框架结构的建筑高度受到一定的限制。目前，框架结构一般用于多层建筑和不考虑抗震设防，层数较少的的高层建筑。多层框架结构的平面布置形式非常的灵活，《钢筋混凝土框架结构设计问题初探》中将框架结构按照承重方式的不同分为以下三类：(1)横向框架承重方案，以框架横梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载主要由横向框架承担。由于横向框架数往往较少，主梁沿横向布置有利于增强房屋的横向刚度，同时，主梁沿横向布置还有利于建筑物的通风和采光。但由于主梁截面尺寸较大,当房屋需要大空间时，净空较小，且不利于布置纵向管道。(2)纵向框架承重方案，以框架纵梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载由框架纵梁承担。由于横梁截面尺寸较小，有利于设备管线的穿行，可获得较高的室内净空。但房屋横向刚度较差，同时进深尺度受到预制板长度的限制。(3)纵横向框架混合承重方案，纵横向框架混合承重方案是沿纵横两个方向上均布置有框架梁作为楼盖的主梁，楼面荷载由纵，横向框架梁共同承担。它具有较好的整体工作性能。对于周边与梁整浇的双向板，由于在两个方向受到支撑构件的变形约束，整块板内存在穹顶作用，使板内的弯矩大大减小。《钢筋混凝土框架柱纵向裂缝的分析和处理》中提到为了利用这一有利的因素，规范允许对四边与梁整结板，起弯矩的设计值根据一定的条件进行折减。双向板的厚度不宜小于80mm。由于挠度不另作验算，双向板的板厚与短跨跨长的比值应满足：简支板≥1/45连续板≥1/50。双向板按照弹性理论方法设计时，所求得的跨中正弯矩钢筋数量是指板的中央处的数量，靠近板的两边其数量可以逐渐减小。考虑到施工方面将板的两个边方向上各分为3个板带。两个方向的边缘板带宽度军为均为短边长度的1/4其余则为中间板带。在中间板带上，按跨中最大正弯矩求得的单位板宽内的钢筋数量均匀布置，而在边缘板带上，按中间板带单位板宽内的钢筋数量一半均匀布置。框架梁配筋的人工调整，其目的是解决梁的裂缝宽度超限和“强剪弱弯”问题。《钢筋混凝土框架柱纵向裂缝的分析和处理》中提到当裂缝宽度超限时，首先应考虑将大直径的钢筋改用小直径的钢筋验算，如裂缝宽度仍然超限，就应增大梁的配筋和混凝土的强度等级或加大梁的截面尺寸，调整至满足规范的要求。为了保证“强剪弱弯”可进行以下几项调整：一是适当增大梁端截面；二是适当增大梁端箍筋直径，加密箍筋间距；三是梁端负弯矩钢筋不放大，梁跨中受拉钢筋适当放大1倍；四是按构造要求对跨度>7m的框架梁增加弯起钢筋。在地震力作用下，框架柱尤其是角柱和大开间、大进深的边柱，一般均处于双向偏心受压状态，而电算程序是按两个方向分别为单向偏心受压的平面框架计算配筋。因此，《关于钢筋混凝土框架结构设计的几个问题探讨》中认为框架柱配筋应进行如下调整：一是选择最不利的方向进行框架计算，也可对两个方向均进行计算后取较大值方向的配筋并采用对称配筋；二是控制柱单边方向钢筋的最少根数。四是选择井字形或菱形的框架柱箍筋形式，以增强箍筋对混凝土的约束；五是由于多层框架电算一般不考虑温度应力和基础不均匀沉降问题，当多层框架水平尺寸较大以及地基为软弱土层或地基土层不均匀时，可适当再稍放大框架柱的配筋。由于框架结构具有空间大、平面布局灵活多样的特点，满足了人们不断追求使用个性化的要求。随着社会的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的提高，框架结构(住宅、公共建筑)将会得到较大发展。设计多层框架结构，设计人应首先判断结构方案的可行性，对可能碰到的问题，提前采取措施予以解决，并对所有计算结果认真分析、判断准确无误后方可应用于实际工程。外文资料原文DevelopmentofnetworkstructureHybridstructure,usuallyacombinationofaflexiblememberandtherigidmember,large-spanspatialstructureiscurrentlythefastestgrowingtypeofstructure.Large-spanbuildingsandspatialstructureasitscoretechnologydevelopmentisoneoftherepresentativesofanationalscienceandtechnologyanimportantindicatorofthelevelofthebuilding.Inthispaper,spatialgridstructureandtensilestructuresintroducedtwocategoriesofdomesticandforeign(butmostlyforeign)developmentstatusandprospectsofthespatialstructure.Severalimportanttheoriesinthisfield,includingthespatialstructureofthemorphologicalanalysisofthetheory,theeffectofwindpowergeneracoverSpanflexible,stabilityandseismicperformancenetworkshellstructureandotherissuesputforwardtheirviews.Anoverviewoftheactualthree-dimensionalworldinwhichtherearespatialpropertiesofanystructureinessence,justforsimplicityofdesignandconstruction,inmanycasespeopleputthemdownintoapieceofflatstructuretoconstructandcalculate.Atthesametime,thesystemcannotbearealsenseofspaceonasimpledecompositionhasneverstoppeditsowndevelopment,butalsoincreasinglyshowscolorfulandcreativepotentialofthegeneralplaneofthestructurecannotbecompared,reflectingthebeautyandmagicofnature.Excellentperformancespacenotonlyinthethree-dimensionalstructureoftheforce,butalsobecauseoftheirreasonablecurvedshapetoeffectivelyresisttheroleofexternalloads.Whenthespanincreases,themorespatialstructurecanshowtheirsuperiortechnicalandeconomicperformance.Infact,whenthespanreachesacertainlevel,generallyplanarstructureoftenbeendifficulttobecomeareasonablechoice.Fromdomesticandinternationalengineeringpractice,themajorityoflarge-spanbuildingsusingvariousformsofspacearchitecture.

Withovertwentyyears,varioustypesoflarge-spanstructuresintheUnitedStates,Japan,Europeandotherdevelopedcountrieshasdevelopedrapidly.Spanandincreasingthesizeofthebuilding,nowscaleupto150mabovetheVLSIarchitecturehasbeenanon-individual;structureandcolorful,withalotofnewmaterialsandnewtechnologies,thedevelopmentofmanynewformsofspatialstructure.Forexample,builtin1975inNewOrleans'Superdome"(Superdome),thediameterof207m,longconsideredtobetheworld'slargestreticulatedshells;thispositionhasnowbeencompletedandthesummerof1993wasreplacedby222mdiameterofFukuokaStadiumHowever,thelatterismorefamousfeatureisitsretractable:it'ssphericalroofbythreerotatingfannetworkshellcomposedrailsectormovingalongthecircumference,thestadiumwasclosedtoopen1/3or2/3turnindifferentstatesandsoon.1983stadiumbuiltinCalgary,Canadahyperbolicparaboloidcablenetroof,itscircularplanediameter135m,itwasbuiltforthe1988WinterOlympics,theappearanceisverybeautiful,itremainstheworld'slargestcable-netstructure.Sincethe1970s,duetotheimprovedfabricmaterialstructure,membranestructureorcable-membranestructure(withcablereinforcedmembranestructure)wonthedevelopment,theUnitedStatesbuiltmanylargescaleair-supportedcable-membranestructure;1988Tokyocompletionofthe"Korakuen"BaseballMuseum,alsousesthisstructureisparticularlyadvancedtechnology,itsdiameterisapproximatelycircularplane204m;Atlanta,USA,builtforthe1996Olympics,"GeorgiaDome"(GeogiaDome,1992built)withanovelTheoveralltensionedcableamembranestructure,itsquasi-ovalflatcontoursizeup192mX241m.Manygrandanddistinctivelargespanbuildinghasbecomeasymboloflocalsignsandfamousculturallandscape.Duetotheneedsofeconomicandculturaldevelopment,peoplestillcontinuetopursuegreatercoverageofspace,suchasitwasenvisagedthatthewholeneighborhood,thewholesquare,eventheformationofthewholevalleycoveringupanartificialclimate-controlledenvironmentorleisureenvironmentpeopletogether;toexploreandprotectionofancienttombsandimportantmonuments,itwasenvisagedlarge-spanstructurestocoveruptheformationofaclosedenvironment.Discussioniscurrentlyunderwayinsomedevelopedcountriesover300mscaleforlargedesignsspanspatialstructure.Itcanbesaidthatalargespanstructuresofthefastestgrowinginthelastthirtyyearsofformalstructure.InternationalJournalof"spatialstructure"editorhorseStokowski(ZSMakowski)said:Inthe1960s,"thespatialstructureofinterestbutisalsoconsideredanon-traditionalstructureisstillunknown,buttodayhasbeenwidelyacceptedaroundtheworld."Fromtoday,thedevelopmentoflarge-spanandlargespanstructuresandspatialstructureasitscoretechnologyhasbecomeoneoftherepresentativesofanationalscienceandtechnologyanimportantindicatorofthelevelofthebuilding.Countriesintheworldforthedevelopmentoflarge-spanspatialstructuresputalotofresearchfunding.Forexample,asearlyas20yearsago,theAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineershasorganizeda10-yearstudyofthespatialstructureplan,investmentfunds$15.5million.Duringthesameperiod,WestGermany,hostedbytheUniversityofStuttgart,organizeda"comprehensivestudyoflarge-spanspatialstructureplan",theannualresearchfundingmorethanonemillionmarks.Thesestudiesfortheconstructionoflarge-spancountriesflourishandlaidasolidtheoreticalfoundationandtechnicalconditions.InternationalSocietyofshellandspatialstructures(IASS)annualmeeting,heldannually,andvariousacademicexchangeactivities,isoneofthemostpopularleadingacademicgroupscurrently.Basisoflarge-spanspatialstructureoftheoriginalisrelativelyweak,butwiththeneedsofthecountry'seconomicstrengthandsocialdevelopment,thepastdecadehasmaderelativelyrapiddevelopment.Largenumberofengineeringpractice,thetypeandformofthespatialstructureofgraduallymovingtowardsdiversification,thecorrespondingtheoreticalresearchanddesigntechniqueshavegraduallyimproved.AsianGamesinBeijing(1990),HarbinWinterGames(1996),ShanghaiNationalGames(1997)foraseriesofmanysportsbuildingsspanspacestructuresrepresented-assomekindofasymbolofarchitecturalandtechnologicalprogressathomeandabroadhavemadesomeimpact.??Allthesignsdescribed,eventhoughChinaisstilladevelopingcountry,butbecauseofthecountrymorethanadults,withthegrowingnationalstrength,tobuildmoreandbiggersports,leisure,exhibitions,airports,hangarsandotherlargespacesandlargedemandforspaceofthebuildingisverystrong,andthisdemandislikelytoexceedacertainextent,inmanydevelopedcountries.Thisisagreatopportunityforthefieldofspatialstructurefacingourcountry.Butcomparedwiththeinternationaladvancedlevel,thedevelopmentoflarge-spanspatialstructuresarestillsomegaps.Mainlyinthestructureisstillrelativelycautious,aslessboldinnovation,indicatinglackofideasbetweenthenewbuildingandadvancedstructuralcombinetocreatetheideal,especiallyinengineeringpracticelarge-spanspatialstructureisstillrelativelylessthan150m;structuretypeisrelativelyconcentratedinthegridandshellstructureswithlessthancablestructure,andsomenovelstructuralformshavegreatprospects,suchasmembranestructureandcable-membranestructure,theoveralltensionstructure,openingandclosingstructureAbroadtherearemanysuccessfulengineeringpracticeinthecountryisstillintheblankordifficultinfancy.Itseemsthesituationisthatthedevelopmentofspatialstructureaftertenyearsontherelativelyflatprairieride,seemscaughtinaneedtoworkleaptanewlevel.Thisnewlevelcontainsmaterialsandproductionconditionsandothertechnicalproblems,butalsocontainssometheoreticalproblemsarenotwellsolved.Tofurtherpromotethespatialstructureofahigherlevelofdevelopment,tobescientistsandentrepreneurstocreateconditionsinordertoachievethesetechnicalissuesandtheoreticalproblemssolvedquickly.Typesandformsoflarge-spanspatialstructuresareverycolorful,thesetypesarecustomarilydividedintothefollowing:reinforcedconcreteshellstructures;flatgridstructure;reticulatedshells;cablestructure;membranestructureandcable-membranestructure;inrecentyearsabroadwithmore"cabledome"(CableDome)isactuallyaspecialformofcable-membranestructure;hybridstructure(HybridStructure),usuallycombinedwithaflexiblememberandtherigidmember.Inthevarioustypesofspatialstructure,reinforcedconcretewallstructuresomewhatintheearly1950sandthelate1960sinChina'sdevelopment,wasbuiltoverthespanofafewmiddle-sphericalshell,cylindricalshell,hyperbolicflatshellandtwistedshell,Intheoreticalresearchhasinvestedtoomuchpower,todeveloptheappropriatedesignprocedures.However,beforetheapplicationofthistypeofstructureisless,maybethemainreasonfortheconstructionisrelativelycumbersomeandtime-consuming.Flatgridandshellstructures,includingsomespecialformfailedtoclassifytheindividual,suchasfoldedplategridstructure,multi-planartrussstructure,multi-framemulti-spantrussstructure,thetotalcanbecalledupspatialgridstructure.Suchstructuresinourcountryhasdevelopedrapidly,andcontinuedunabated.Cablestructure,membranestructureandcable-membranestructureandotherflexiblesystemtoresistexternalloadsaretensioneffect,youcanalwaysbecalledtensionstructures.Suchstructureswealthyprospects.五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：

1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；

2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；

3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

四大工具：

1、Google翻译：/language_tools

google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面