专题05完形填空考点揭秘（上）（原卷版）-2024年高考英语二轮复习高频考点追踪与预测

专题05完形填空考点揭秘（上）01专题网络·思维脑图02考情分析·解密高考03高频考点·以考定法04核心素养·微专题05创新好题·分层练上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：；。考查目标：词汇、语法等的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。命题原则：是“以实词为主，虚词极少涉及，突出”。题型特点：该题型难度大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型。上下文直接信息题词、句、文三结合理解题词义辨析题语法知识和固定短语考查题行文逻辑和全文中心把握题针对完型填空测试学生在语境下的名词、动词、形容词及副词的运用能力，需要做到知己知彼，了解命题特点和解题策略。上海高考完形填空题归属在阅读理解部分，按照学科标准对阅读理解的要求如下：能力要求：1.能理解文章的基本内容；下文正确理解词语和句子；3.能推测文章中的隐含意思；4.能理解作者的写作意图；5.能归纳段落或文章的主旨大意；句子、段落之间的逻辑关系。解题策略一、文章句首完形填空首句甚至前几句话往往是完整的信息，为考生提供足够的信息去了解文章的总体思路，这里信息可以帮助考生判断全文大意甚至全文主题。二、逻辑关系完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文给出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至全文的逻辑关系。命题者往往借助连词或介词短语来设置选项。三、修辞“排比结构”指的是结构相同或相似、意思密切关联、语法一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者常从排比结构的句式相同或相似这一角度，利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空设题常常利用不同句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子中不同部分之间的对比关系。四、词汇语境词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词来决定答案。高考完形填空主要考查实义词，一定要结合上下文内容，根据句意进行判断。有时从单句看，似乎不止一个答案，必须结合上下文在含义和用法等多方面加以考虑才能作出选择。五、情感态度做完形填空时，应在弄清作者思路的基础上，着重寻找反映褒贬态度的标志性词汇或句子。我们有时候可以根据作者对人物或事情的态度来排除干扰，进行正确的选择。考向一：[句内层次题]1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文章的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，可边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些固定结构、固定句式，这时就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。这个技巧主要指惯用搭配，讲究词与词的搭配，涉及到关联词、动词、副词、形容词、名词和短语等。【典例】（2024黄浦一模）Muchofthehappinesswegetfromourfavoritefoodsesfromthememoriestheystimulateforusandthepeoplewe’rewithwhilewe__44__them.Pastandpresent__45__shapethefoodswefindforting.44.A.enjoy B.memorize C.order D.recall【典例】（2024崇明一模）Sealevelrise___44___dramaticallyfordifferentpartsoftheU.S.coast.Theoceanisnotlikeabucketofwaterthatrisesatthesametimeasmoreliquidis___45___.45.A.added B.drained C.spilt D.needed【典例】（2024杨浦一模）Startassmallasyoucan,becausethisismorelikelytobeachievable,repeatableandrewarding—threethingsweneedtohappentoshiftfroma(n)(55)_________newbehaviourtoahabit.55.A.hopeful B.hopeless C.effortful D.effortless考向二：[句组层次题]比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。1．利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案或根据作者对人物或事情的褒贬性排除干扰做出正确的选择。3．利用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。【典例】（2024徐汇一模）Acupuncture(针灸),anancientChinesemedicalpractice,hasbeentheremedyforcountlesspatientsforthousandsofyears.Beforemodernmedicinecametolife,ancientChineseusedstonetoolsto___41___pain.Overtime,thisprimitivepractice___42___evolvedintoaprehensiveandprofoundmedicalsystemand___43___therootofacupuncture.41.A.relieve B.resume C.release D.rebel【典例】（2024闵行一模）Nowwhenyouthinkof“cavepeople”,wehope,youwillimaginea(n)___34___groupofhunterssurroundingadeerorhittingstonetoolstogetherratherthanaheavybrowedmanwithaheavystickoveroneshoulder.Huntingmayhavebeenremadeasa___35___activityinrecenttimes,butformostofhumanhistory,itbelongedtoeveryone.34.A.evergrowing B.selfgoverning C.mixedsex D.multicultural35.A.team B.sporting C.leisure D.male【典例】（2024虹口一模）Backin1930,theeconomistJohnMaynardKeynespredictedthatwithtechnologicalchangeandimprovementsinproductivity,we’donlybeworking15hoursaweekbynow.Butwhileworkinghourshave___21___by26%.mostofusstillaverage42.5hoursaweek.21.A.declined B.increased C.continued D.kept考向三：【语篇层次题】语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。具体来说，可以利用以下3种方法解答此类题目。利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。总分对照结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。对比结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。利用逻辑关系解题在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要解题方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语，二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。【典例】（2024奉贤一模）47,theycheckedtoseewhichgeneswereespeciallyactiveintheenamelproducingcells.Itturnedoutthatgenesdesignedtobindtocalciumwereparticularlybusy..........Butthesefindingsare54.Asanydentistwilltellyou,preventionisbetterthancure.55,abettercurewouldbealwayswele.Thereisnodoubtthatthisresearchoffersanewprospectforfuturedentalcare.47.A.Then B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Still55.A.Likewise B.Furthermore C.Nevertheless D.Instead【典例】（2024七宝中学校考）Thosewhomost___49___enteredintoflowstateshadan“autotelicpersonality”—aqualitytoseekoutchallengesandgetintoastateofflow.Whilethosewithoutsuchapersonalitysee___50___,autotelicindividualsseeopportunitiestobuildskills.Autotelicindividualsarereceptive,opentonewchallengesandalsopersistent.Suchpeople,withanabilitytofocusontasksratherthan___51___,haveagreatadvantageoverothersindevelopingtheirinbornabilities.___52___,forthoseofuswhoaren’tnecessarilyblessedwithanautotelicpersonality,thereisevidencethatflowstatescanbepromotedbyenvironmentalfactors.Inparticular,thelearningframework___53___byMontessorischoolsseemstoencourageflowstates.A.Unexpectedly B.Occasionally C.Traditionally D.Fortunately①语境用词这类考点要求考生依据上下文情景、语境，甚至段落或文章，从四个选项中选出最佳答案。其涉及面非常广，如时间、地点、方向、情感、动作等等。解这类题的关键是选项要合情入理。②词语辨析完形填空中有些考点涉及词义辨析。这类考点可以一箭双雕，既考查考生对词语的掌握和词汇量的大小，对考查考生结合语境情景用词能力。与单项填空题的词语辨析题相比，完形填空题的词语辨析更具综合性。③常识应用从语言为实际生活服务这一基本原则出发，完形填空必然有考查常识的考点，借此也可以测试出学生的知识面和视野的开阔程度以及灵活运用常识理顺语句、语篇的能力。因此考生要注意在某些相关点利用生活常识进行合理思维，以选择正确答案。④归纳概括这类考点多见于议论文、说明文和科普文中，旨在检测考生的综合归纳、全面概括能力。要求考生高层建瓴，由段落或篇章中心去捕捉若干点的答案。⑤逻辑推理完形填空的逻辑推理题网涉及行文走势，句段的起承转合，事情发展的先后过程，开始与结果之间的关系，是与非的鉴别判断，时间、地点、人物、背景的相互牵连等。在议论文、科普文、夹叙夹议文体中，经常会出现这类考题。

解题技巧一：依据首句线索，紧扣主题选择。首句通常是文章的主题句，便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。它的目的是向考生提供时间、地点、人物、事件、论点等有用的信息。把握了主题句,

对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Recently,wecarriedoutaninterestingsocialexperiment.Theparticipantswereaskedtochoosebetweentwo___31___:throwacointowinonebilliondollarsifthecoinhappenstolandonheads,orgeta10milliondollarchequewithouteventhrowingthecoin.解题技巧二：仔细推敲,注意逻辑关系和过渡词。做题时,要充分利用上下文,找到适当的逻辑关系。常考逻辑关系有：并列、转折、递进、对比、因果、让步、例证等。（2023·上海奉贤·统考二模）Thebottomline:Wecanchangeifwewantto.Someofthesolutionstolightpollution—motiondetectinglights,shieldedlightsthatdonot______1_(reflect)_____lightupward,artificiallightwithwavelengthsthatissimilartonaturallight—arealreadywithinourgrasp,ifwejust______2(reachfor)______them.“Wecouldjustturnitalloff,butIguesswedon’twantto,”saidEklofinarecentinterview.“______3______,it’svitalwefindamiddleway.”1．A．absorb B．stretch C．transform D．reflect2．A．reachfor B．applyto C．longfor D．adaptto3．A．Therefore B．Furthermore C．However D．Instead解题技巧三：根据上下文逻辑关系，辨析词义。（2023·上海嘉定·统考二模）Gaslightingisinitiallyusedtotalkaboutwhathappensinromanticrelationships.However,manyindividualsalsoexperiencegaslightingatwork.___40___,arecentsurveyhasfoundthat58%oftherespondentssaidtheyhaveexperiencedgaslightingatwork.40．A．ByparisonB．Worsestill C．Afterall D．Infact解题技巧四：注意同形词或词组的辨析。（2023·上海松江·统考二模）However,interpretinganimalbehaviorthroughhumaneyescanbe____44____,observesMarcHauser,aHarvardpsychologyprofessorandevolutionarybiologist.Inthecucumbergrapestudy,forexample,themonkeyscouldhave____45____thecucumberssimplybecausetheywereannoyedthattheydidn’tgetagrapeoncetheysawit.44．A．critical B．pessimistic C．problematic D．marvellous45．A．setaside B．thrownaway C．heldonto D．aimedat解题技巧五:

利用原词复现或同现,

选择最佳选项。

（2023·上海金山·统考二模）Asamatteroffact,sciencehasneverbeena(n)___45___effort.IsaacNewtonstoodonthe“shouldersofgiants”;NeilArmstrong’s“onesmallstep”wasadreamrealizedbyhundredsofthousandsofengineersandscientists.Scienceis,andalwayshasbeen,andrepetitiveprocesswheredrawondiscoveriesmadebyothersto___(gradually)___advancetheboundariesofhumanknowledge.A．terrific B．constant C．intellectual D．Individual解题技巧六：注意固定搭配，常用句型及生活常识以及文化背景确定选项。（2023·上海虹口·统考二模）ThemajorityofAmerica’s700,000orsoeateriesnow____(distribute)____bymeansofadeliveryapp.Modernlifemakespeoplerelymoreonconveniencefood,asmorewomenworkandeverybodyis____44____time.Indoingso,ithasalsochangedoneofSiliconValley’smostcriticizedbusinessmodels.RestaurantsenteredthedigitalworldtwodecadesagowhenTakeawayinEuropeandGrubhubinAmericaputmenus____45____.44．A．friendlyto B．experiencedin C．shortof D．responsiblefor45．A．outside B．right C．online D．free解题技巧七：仔细分析长难句，找出主从句等。（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）Somepeopletryto_____53_____themselvesfromthesong,anditworks.Youcantryreadingabook,listeningtoadifferentsongorevenplayinganinstrument.Others_____54_____thetuneinquestion,itismonlybelievedthatearwormsoccuryourememberonlypartofasong;hearingtheentiresongmaystopit.Neurologists(神经学家)pointoutit’sremendabletochewgumtoreducethe_____55_____ofanearwormjawmovementinterfereswithmusicalmemory.However,it’simportanttonotethatthisphenomenonusuallylastslessthan24hours.53.A.perceive B.isolate C.distract D.identify54.A.seekout B.actout C.castout D.knockout55.A.proportion B.intensity C.integrity D.preference1.【上海市上海中学20232024学年高三上学期期中测评】AI,ordeeplearning,takesinmassiveamountsofdatafromasingledomainandautomaticallylearnsfromthedatatomakespecificdecisionswithinthatdomain.Itcanautomaticallyoptimize(优化)humangivengoalswith____31____memoryandsuperhumanaccuracy.ThepotentialapplicationsforAIareextremelyexciting,buttheriseofAIalsobringsmany____32____.It’sworthtakingtimetosortbetweenthegenuinerisksofthisingtechnologicalrevolutionandthe____33____thatsometimessurroundthetopic.First,let’stalkaboutjobdisplacement.BecauseAIcan____34____humansatroutinetasks,itistechnicallycapableofdisplacinghundredsofmillionsofwhiteandbluecollarjobsinthenext15yearsorso.ButnoteveryjobwillbereplacedbyAI.____35____,fourtypesofjobsarenotatriskatall.Firsttherearecreativejobs.AIneedstobegivena____36____tooptimize.Itcannot____37____asscientists,novelistsandartistscan.Second,theplex,strategicjobsgowellbeyondtheAI____38____ofsingledomainandBigData.ThentherearetheasyetunknownjobsthatwillbecreatedbyAI.Areyouworriedthatthesethreetypesofjobswon’temployasmanypeopleasAIwillreplace?Nottoworry,asthefourthtypeismuch____39____:empatheticandpassionatejobs,suchasteachers,nanniesanddoctors,whichAIisnotcapableof.SotherewillstillbejobsintheageofAI.Aswellasjobdisplacement.AIhasthepotentialto____40____inequalitybothbetweenthesuperwealthyandthedisplacedworkersandalsoamongcountries.PoorerandsmallercountrieswillbeunabletoreaptheeconomicrewardsthatwillewithAIandlesswellplacedto____41____jobdisplacement.Thetechnologyalsoposesseriouschallengesintermsof____42____.TheconsequencesofhackingintoAIcontrolledsystemscouldbesevere.Finally,therearetheissuesofprivacy,worsenedprejudicesandmanipulation(操纵).Sadlywe’vealreadyseen____43____onthisfront.Facebookcouldn’tresistthetemptationtouseAItechnologytooptimizeusageandprofit,attheexpenseofuserprivacyandincreasingprejudicesanddivision.Alloftheserisksrequiregovernments,businessesandtechnologiststo____44____developanewrulebookforAIapplications.Andratherthanpareagainstoneanothercountriesmustsharebestpracticesandworktogethertoensurethistechnologyisusedforthe____45____ofall.31.A.deep B.specific C.unlimited D.accurate32.A.doubts B.possibilities C.decisions D.challenges33.A.misunderstanding B.underestimates C.controversies D.arguments34.A.dismiss B.outperform C.reject D.enroll35.A.Infact B.Byparison C.Inaddition D.Asaresult36.A.job B.goal C.risk D.topic37.A.research B.learn C.serve D.invent38.A.automation B.displacement C.limitation D.plication39.A.easier B.larger C.smarter D.quicker40.A.maintain B.remove C.multiply D.conceal41.A.destabilize B.enhance C.relieve D.preserve42.A.security B.control C.severity D.advancement43.A.prejudices B.issues C.temptations D.failures44.A.holdon B.worktogether C.takeoff D.backup45.A.petition B.application C.rules D.good2.【上海市格致中学20232024学年高三月考英语试卷】ChilddevelopmentalpsychologistJeanPiagetconvincedusthatyoung,undevelopedmindscouldn’thandleplexconceptsbecausetheysimplyweren’texperiencedormatureenoughyet.Piaget,____41____,believedthatyoungkidscouldnotunderstandcauseandeffect,thattheycouldn’tthinklogically,andthattheyalsocouldn’thandleabstractideas.Butchilddevelopmentspecialistsarefindingoutthatpreschoolerswithoutanyformaleducationmayhavethecapacitytounderstandmoreplexconceptsthanwegivethem____42____for.AlisonGopnik,professorofpsychologyatUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleyandherteamdevisedawaytotesthowwellyoungkidsunderstandtheabstractconceptof____43____causeandeffect—theideathattheremaybemorethanonecauseforasingleeffect.Theypickedpreschoolersaround4yearsold____44____undergraduates.Thestudy____45____atoythatcouldbeturnedonbyplacingasinglebluecoloredblockonthetoy’stray,butcouldalsobeactivatediftwoblocksorangeandpurplewereplacedonthetray.Thepreschoolerswereexpertat____46____thattheblueblocksturnedonthetoy,asdidthepurpleandorangeones,butthatthepurpleandorangeonesneededtobepairedtogether.Theundergraduates,however,hada____47____timeacceptingthelattersolution.Theirpreviousexperienceintheworldhamperedtheirabilitytoaccepttheunusualrulesthat____48____thetoy.ResearchersfromJohnsHopkinsUniversityfoundasimilareffectamongpreschoolerswhenitcametomath.Previousstudiesshowedthatifyoupresentinfantswitheightobjectsoverandoveruntiltheygotbored,andthenshowedthem16,theysuddenly____49____interestandsensedthatthingschange.Evenbeforetheyaretaughtaboutnumbersoramounts,then,infantsseemtohaveagrasponquantity.“Alltheevidencesofarleadsustobelievethatthisissomethingthatbabieseintotheworldwith,”saysMelissaKibbe,coauthorofthatstudy.Accordingtoherresearch,thepreschoolershadsome_____50_____ofquantity,andtheappropriateamountthattheyneededtogetfromasmallquantitytoalargerone.Kibbe’sandGopnik’srecentworkmayhavebroader_____51_____foreducation,sincecurrentmathcurriculainschoolsmaynotbeidealfor_____52_____thenumbersensethatkidsarebornwith.“There’sanexcitingmovementinpsychologyoverthepastdecade,aswelearnthatstudentsbringcertaincapabilities,orinbornknowledgethatwehadn’tthoughttheyhadbefore,”saysJonStar,attheHarvardUniversityGraduateSchoolofEducation.Thoughitmaybetooearlyto_____53_____suchfindingstotheclassroom,theresultslaythegroundworkforstudyingsimilarinbornskillsandhowtheymightbebetterunderstood.“Thehardpartis,_____54_____,howyoubuildupanduponthisintuitiveknowledgeinawaythatallowsachildtocapturetheplexitybutnotholdthemback.”saysTinaGrotzer,associateprofessorofeducationatHarvard.Takingadvantageofachild’sstilldevelopingsenseofnumbersandquantitiesisonething,but_____55_____itwithtoomanynewconstructsaboutalgebra,unknowns,andproblemsolvingmayjustendupnegativelyaffectinghislearningandacademicperformance.“Assoonasconceptsgetbigandplex,thereareallsortsofperceptual,attentional,andcognitivecostsandchallengesinvolved,”shesays.41.A.infact B.inparticular C.incontrast D.inparison42.A.criticism B.credit C.attention D.advance43.A.overall B.essential C.concrete D.multiple44.A.against B.beyond C.after D.over45.A.knockedaround B.poweredon C.turnedoff D.centeredon46.A.pullingout B.spellingout C.pointingout D.figuringout47.A.merrier B.shorter C.harder D.rougher48.A.motivated B.activated C.assembled D.empowered49.A.enhanced B.resumed C.rejected D.altered50.A.taste B.attempt C.concept D.expertise51.A.instructions B.substitutes C.implementations D.implications52.A.plementing B.discovering C.challenging D.nurturing53.A.transfer B.translate C.stretch D.pare54.A.literally B.theoretically C.educationally D.previously55.A.associating B.intruding C.blending D.overloading3.【上海市育才中学20232024学年高三上学期10月第一次阶段检测】WhenHarrytoldmethathewasleavingthepany,oneofthefirstthingshesaidtomewasthathedidn’tlikeemotionalgoodbyes.Ihavedecidedtotakehimathisword.Everythingyouwillhearmesaytonightisstraightforwardand____21____,justlikethemanhimself.Harryhasbeeninthefinancedepartmentforsevenyears.Inthattime,hehasnotdoneanythingremotely____22____.Iaskedseveralpeopleiftheyhadanecdotes(轶事)abouthim,andthebesttheycouldeupwithisthatheonceaccidentallychangedaformulaintheannualbudgetspreadsheet.Sincethe____23____wasquicklyspottedandfixed,ithadnoimpactatall.WillHarrybe____24____?Notatall,thoughforreasonsthathemaynotfullygrasp.Thisisaneveninginwhichthepersonwhoisleavingreceivespresents(aswellasacardfrompeoplewhosenamesyoudon’trecognizebutwhojustlovedworkingwithyou).Butthe____25____goesbothways.Theleavershaveapartinggiftoftheirowntopresent:aconvenientscapegoat(替罪羊).Whensomeonedies,theconventionisnottospeakillofthe