情态动词整理

情态动词整理mustusedtosaythatsthisnecessaryorveryimportant(sometimesinvolvingaruleoralaw)(表示必要或很重要)必须•Allvisitorsmustreporttoreception.所有来宾必须到接待处报到。•Carsmustnotparkinfrontoftheentrance(=itisnotallowed).车辆不得停在入口处。•Imustaskyounottodothatagain.我得劝你别再那样做了。•Youmustn'tsaythingslikethat.你千万别说那样的话。•Imustgotothebankandgetsomemoney.我得上银行取点儿钱。•Imustadmit(=IfeelthatIshouldadmit)Iwassurpriseditcostsolittle.我得承认，这么便宜，真让我惊讶。•MustyoualwaysquestioneverythingIsay?(=itisannoying)我说什么你都非要提出质疑吗？•'Dowehavetofinishthistoday?'Yes,youmust：“我们今天一定得完成这工作吗？"“对，必须完成。”HELPNotethatthenegativeforthelastexampleis'No,youdon'thaveto；注意最后这个示例的否定式是No,youdon'thaveto.⑵usedtosaythatsthislikelyorlogical(表示很可能或符合逻辑)一定•Youmustbehungryafterallthatwalking.走了这么远的路，你一定饿了吧。•Hemusthaveknown(=surelyheknew)whatshewanted.他一定早已知道她想要什么了。•Imsorry,she'snothere.Shemusthavelfalready(=thatmustbetheexplanation).抱歉，她不在这儿。准是走了。usedtorecommendthatsbdoessthbecauseyouthinkitisagoodidea(提出建议)应该，得•Yousimplymustreadthisbook.这本书你可一定要看一看。•Wemustgettogethersoonforlunch.我们得马上集合去吃午饭。IDIOMS习语[ifyoumust(dosth)]usedtosaythatsbmaydosthbutyoudonotreallywantthemto(表示虽不赞同但可允许)如果你一定要(那么做)•'CanIsmoke?''Ifyoumust.'“我可以抽烟吗？”“如果你一定要抽的话。”•It'sfrommyboyfriend,ifyoumustknow.倘使你一定要知道的话，这是我男朋友给的。GRAMMARPOINT语法说明must•have(got)to•mustnot•don^thavetoMustandhave(got)toareusedinthepresenttosaythatsomethingisnecessaryorshouldbedone.Havetoisespeciallyinspeech.must和have(got)to用于现在时，表示某事有必要或应该做。haveto较常用于北美英语，尤其是口语中：•Youmustbehomeby11o!clock.你必须在11点之前回家。•Imustwashthecartomorrow.我明天必须冲洗汽车。•Ihavetocollectthechildrenfromschoolat3o'clock.我得在3点钟到学校接孩子。•Nurseshavetowearauniform.护士必须穿制服。2.InBrEthereisadifferencebetweenthem.Mustisusedtotalkaboutwhatthespeakerorlistenerwants,andhave(got)toaboutrules,lawsandotherpeople'swishes.在英国英语中，两词之间有差异。must是基于说话者或听话者的主观意愿，have(got)to关乎规定、法律和他人的愿望：•Imustfinishthisessaytoday.Imgoingouttomorrow.我今天一定要完成这篇论文，因为我明天要出去。•Ihavetofinishthisessaytoday.Wehavetohandthemintomorrow.我今天得完成这篇论文，因为我们明天必须交。Therearenopastorfutureformsofmust.Totalkaboutthepastyouusehadtoandhashadto.must无过去或将来形式。表示过去用hadto和hashadto：•Ihadtowaithalfanhourforabus.我得等半小时的公共汽车。Willhavetoisusedtotalkaboutthefuture,orhavetoifanarrangementhasalreadybeenmade.说将来的事用willhaveto，如果已作好安排亦可用haveto：•Wellhavetoborrowthemoneyweneed.我们需要的这笔钱只好去借了。•Ihavetogotothedentisttomorrow.我明天得去看牙医。Questionswithhavetoareformedusingdo.带有haveto的疑问句由do构成：•Dothechildrenhavetowearauniform?孩子们必须穿制服吗？Innegativesentencesbothmustnotanddo^thavetoareused,butwithdifferentmeanings.Mustnotisusedtotellsomebodynottodosomething.在否定句中，用mustnot和don'thaveto，但二者含义不同。mustnot用于告诉某人不要做某事：•Passengersmustnotsmokeuntilthesignshavebeenswitchedoff.指示灯未熄灭之前乘客不许抽烟。Theshortformmustn'tisusedespeciallyinBrE.简约式mustn't尤用于英国英语：•Youmustntleavethegateopen.你一定不要让大门敞开着。Donthavetoisusedwhenitisnotnecessarytodosomething.表示没有必要做某事用don'thaveto：•Youdon'thavetopayfortheticketsinadvance.你不必预付票款。•Shedoesn'thavetoworkatweekends.她周末不用上班。Bothmustandhavetoareusedtosaythatyouarecertainaboutsomething.HavetoistheusualverbusedinNAmEandthisisbecomingmorefrequentinBrEinthismeaning.肯定某事用must和haveto均可。haveto通常用于北美英语中，在英国英语中也越来越常用于此义：•Hehas(got)tobetheworstactoronTV!他无疑是最糟糕的电视演员！•ThismustbethemostboringpartyFveeverbeento.(BrE)这无疑是我参加过的最无聊的聚会。Ifyouaretalkingaboutthepast,usemusthave.说过去的事用musthave：•Yourtripmusthavebeenfun!你这次旅行一定很开心吧！should(1)usedtoshowwhatisright,appropriate,etc.,especiallywhencriticizingsb'sactions(常用于纠正别人)应该，应当•Youshouldn'tdrinkanddrive.你不该酒后驾车。•Heshouldhavebeenmorecareful.他应当更小心点儿才是。•Apresentforme?Youshouldn'thave!(=usedtothanksbpolitely)给我的礼物？您太客气了！⑵usedforgivingoraskingforadvice(提出或征询建议)该，可以•Youshouldstopworryingaboutit.你该不要再为此事担忧了。•ShouldIcallhimandapologize?我是不是应该打电话向他道歉？•Ishouldwaitalittlelonger,ifIwereyou.假如我是你的话，我会再等一会儿。(ironic)•Shedoesntthinkshe'llgetajob：‘Sheshouldworry,withallherqualifications(=shedoesnotneedtoworry).’“她担心找不到工作。"“她那么好的条件，还担心什么呀。”usedtosaythatyouexpectsthistrueorwillhappen(表示预期)应该会，可能•Weshouldarrivebeforedark.我们天黑以前应该能赶到。•IshouldhavefinishedthebookbyFriday.到星期五我应该能读完那本书。•Theroadsshouldbelesscrowdedtoday.今天路上该不那么拥挤了吧。usedtosaythatsththatwasexpectedhasnothappened(表示与预期相反)本应，本当•Itshouldbesnowingnow,accordingtotheweatherforecast.按天气预报，现在该下雪才是。•Thebusshouldhavearrivedtenminutesago.公共汽车十分钟以前就该到了。(BrEformal)usedafterIorweinsteadofwouldfordescribingwhatyouwoulddoifsthelsehappenedfirst(与I或we连用代替would，表示虚拟结果)就将•IfIwereaskedtoworkonSundays,Ishouldresign.要是叫我星期天加班，我就辞职不干了。(formal)usedtorefertoapossibleeventorsituation(表示可能)假如，万一•Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,doletmeknow.假如你改变主意的话，一定要告诉我。•Incaseyoushouldneedanyhelp,her^smynumber.万一你需要帮助的话，这是我的电话号码。•Shouldanyonecall(=ifanyonecalls),pleasetellthemImbusy.如果有人打电话来，请告诉他我正忙着。usedasthepastformofshallwhenreportingwhatsbhassaid(在间接引语中用作shall的过去时)•Heaskedmewhattimeheshouldcome.(=Hiswordswere:‘WhattimeshallIcome?!)他问我他应该什么时候来。(BrEformal)•Isaid(that)Ishouldbegladtohelp.我说我乐意帮忙。(BrE)usedafterthatwhensthissuggestedorarranged(用于that引导的、表示建议或安排的从句中)•SherecommendedthatIshouldtakesometimeoff.她建议我应该休息一段时间。•Inorderthattrainingshouldbeeffectiveitmustbeplannedsystematically.为使培训有成效，必须有系统的计划。HELPInbothNAmEandBrEthisideacanbeexpressedwithout'should':•SherecommendedthatItakesometimeoff.•Inorderthattrainingbeeffective...在北美英语和英国英语中，表达这一意思均可省掉should。usedafterthataftermanyadjectivesthatdescribefeelings(用于许多表示感情的形容词后的that从句中)•Imanxiousthatweshouldallowplentyoftime.我殷切希望我们能留出充裕的时间。•I'nditastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou.他竟然对你这样无礼，真叫我吃惊。(BrEformal)usedwithIandweinpoliterequests(与I和we连用，表示客气地请求)•Ishouldliketocallmylawyer.我希望给我的律师打个电话。•Weshouldbegratefulforyourhelp.对您的帮助我会非常感激。usedwithIandwetogiveopinionsthatyouarenotcertainabout(与I和we连用，表示没有把握)•Ishouldimagineitwilltakeaboutthreehours.我想得用差不多三个小时吧。•'Isthisenoughfoodforeveryone?'‘Ishouldthinkso.’“这些食物够所有人吃吗？"“我觉得够了吧。”•'Willitmatter?''Ishouldn'tthinkso.'“这有关系吗？"“不会吧。”usedforexpressingstrongagreement(表示十分赞同)•'Iknowit'sexpensivebutitwilllastforyears!'Ishouldhopesotoo!'“我知道价钱贵，但能用好多年。”“我也是这么想的！”•'Nobodywillopposeit：'Ishouldthinknot!'“谁也不会反对的。"“我想也是！"why,how,who,what~sb/sthdousedtore^sesthortoshowthatyouareannoyedatarequest;usedtoexpresssurpriseaboutaneventorasituation(表示拒绝、恼怒或惊奇)•WhyshouldIhelphim?He'sneverdoneanythingforme.我干吗要帮他呢？他从来没为我做过什么。•HowshouldIknowwhereyou'veleftyourbag?我怎么知道你把包丢在哪儿了？•IgotonthebusandwhoshouldbesittinginfrontofmebutTony!我上了公共汽车，没想到坐在我前面的竟然是托尼！usedtotellsbthatsthwouldamuseorsurprisethemiftheysaworexperiencedit(表示假如对方看见或经历某事物，一定会感兴趣或吃惊)真该，真应当•Youshouldhaveseenherfacewhenshefoundout!你真该看看她发现事情真相时脸上的表情！GRAMMARPOINT语法说明should•ought•hadbetter1.Shouldandoughttoarebothusedtosaythatsomethingisthebestthingortherightthingtodo,butshouldismuchmorecommon.should和oughtto均用以表示应该做某事，不过should常用得多：•Youshouldtakethebabytothedoctor's.你应该把这婴儿带去看看医生。•Ioughttogiveupsmoking.我应该戒烟。Inquestions,shouldisusuallyusedinsteadofoughtto.在疑问句中，通常用should而不是oughtto：•Shouldwecallthedoctor?我们叫医生来好吗？Hadbettercanalsobeusedtosaywhatisthebestthingtodoinasituationthatishappeningnow.hadbetter亦可用以表示在目前状况下最好做某事：•Wedbetterhurryorwellmissthetrain.我们最好快点，否则就赶不上火车了。Youformthepastbyusingshouldhaveoroughttohave.过去时用shouldhave或oughttohave构成：•Sheshouldhaveaskedforsomehelp.她本应该请求帮助的。•YououghttohavebeenmorecarefUl.你本应该更小心一点的。Theformsshouldnotorshouldn>t(andoughtnottooroughtri>tto,whicharerareinNAmEandformalinBrE)areusedtosaythatsomethingisabadideaorthewrongthingtodo.shouldnot或shouldn't(以及在北美英语中很少见，在英国英语中为正式用法的oughtnotto或oughtn'tto)表示不应该：•Youshouldn'tdrivesofast.你不应该把车开得这么快。Theformsshouldnothaveorshouldn,thaveand,muchlessfrequently,oughtnottohaveoroughtnttohaveareusedtotalkaboutthepast.shouldnothave或shouldn'thave以及很少用的oughtnottohave或oughtn'ttohave均用于指过去：•rmsorry,Ishouldn'thavelostmytemper.对不起，我不该发脾气。GRAMMARPOINT语法说明should•would1.InmodernEnglish,thetraditionaldifferencebetweenshouldandwouldinreportedsentences,conditions,requests,etc.hasdisappearedandshouldisnotusedverymuchatall.InspokenEnglishtheshortform'disusuallyused.在现代英语中，should或would在间接引述中、在表示条件、请求等句子中的传统区别已不复存在；should基本上不怎么用，在英语口语中常用简约式'd表示：•IsaidId(=Iwould)belate.我说我要迟到了。•He'd(=hewould)havelikedtohavebeenanactor.他本来想当演员。•Id(=Iwould)reallyprefertea.我倒是更喜欢喝茶。Themainuseofshouldnowistotellsomebodywhattheyoughttodo,togiveadvice,ortoaddemphasis.现在should主要用于告诉某人应该做什么、给予忠告或加强语气：•Weshouldreallygoandvisitthemsoon.我们的确应该马上去看看他们。•Youshouldhaveseenit!你应该看见的！canusedtosaythatitispossibleforsb/sthtodosth,orforsthtohappen(表示有能力做或能够发生)能，会•Icanrunfast.我能跑得快。•Canyoucallbacktomorrow?明天你能回电话吗？•Hecouldn'tanswerthequestion.他没有能回答那个问题。•Thestadiumcanbeemptiedinfourminutes.这个体育场能在四分钟以内让观众全部散场。•Ican'tpromiseanything,butIlldowhatIcan.我不能许诺什么，但会尽力而为。•Pleaseletusknowifyoucannotattendthemeeting.你若不能参加会议，请通知我们。usedtosaythatsbknowshowtodosth(表示知道如何做)懂得，会•ShecanspeakSpanish.她会讲西班牙语。•Canhecook?他会做饭吗？•IcoulddriveacarbeforeIleftschool.我在中学毕业前就会开车了。usedwiththeverbsfeel',"hear\'see!,'smell',"taste9(与动词feel、hear、see、smell、taste连用)•Shecouldfeelalumpinherbreast.她摸到自己的乳房上有一个肿块。•Icanhearmusic.我听见有音乐声。（4） usedtoshowthatsbisallowedtodosth（表示允许）可以•Youcantakethecar,ifyouwant.如果想用那辆车，你就尽管用吧。•Wecan'twearjeansatwork.我们工作时不准穿牛仔裤。（5） （informal）usedtoaskpermissiontodosth（请求允许）可以•CanIreadyournewspaper?我可以看一下你的报纸吗？•CanItakeyouhome?我送你回家好吗？⑹（informal）usedtoasksbtohelpyou（请求帮助）能•Canyouhelpmewiththisbox?你能帮我搬这个箱子吗？•Canyoufeedthecat,please?请你喂一下猫好吗？（7）usedinthenegativeforsayingthatyouaresuresthisnottrue（用于否定句，表示某事肯定不真实）•Thatcan'tbeMary—she'sinNewYork.那不可能是玛丽一她在纽约呢。•Hecan'thavesleptthroughallthatnoise.他不可能在那种闹哄哄的环境里睡好觉。⑻usedtoexpressdoubtorsurprise（表示疑惑或惊讶）究竟能，难道会，到底是•Whatcantheybedoing?他们究竟在干些什么呢？•Canhebeserious?他难道会当真么？•Wherecanshehaveputit?她到底把它放哪儿了呢？（9） usedtosaywhatsb/sthisoftenlike（表示常有的行为和情形）有时会，时而可能•Hecanbeverytactlesssometimes.他有时太莽撞。•Itcanbequitecoldhereinwinter.这里的冬天有时还真够冷的。（10） usedtomakesuggestions（提出建议）可以•Wecaneatinarestaurant,ifyoulike.如果你愿意，我们可以去餐馆吃饭。•Icantakethecarifnecessary.如果必要的话，我可以乘汽车去。（11） （informal）usedtosaythatsbmustdosth,usuallywhenyouareangry（表示对方必须做，尤指说话人在生气时）必须，得•Youcanshutuporgetout!你给我闭嘴，要不然就滚出去！WHICHWORD？词语辨析can•mayCanandcannot（orca^t）arethemostcommonwordsusedforaskingfor,givingorreusingpermission.can和cannot（或can't）是表示请求、给予或拒绝许可的最通用词：•CanIborrowyourcalculator?我可以借用你的计算器吗？•Youcancomewithusifyouwantto.如果你愿意可以跟我们一起来。•Youcan'tparkyourcarthere.你不能在那儿停车。May（negativemaynot）isusedasapoliteandfairlyformalwaytoaskfororgivepermission.may（否定式maynot）用以表示礼貌的正式请求或给予许可：•MayIborrowyournewspaper?把你的报纸借我看行吗？•Youmaycomeifyouwish.如果你愿意可以来。Itisoftenusedinofficialsignsandrules.该词常用于正式标志和规定：•Visitorsmayusetheswimmingpoolbetween7a.m.and7p.m.访客从早上7:00至^下午7:00可在游泳池游泳。•Studentsmaynotusethecollegecarpark.学生不得在学院停车场停车。Theformmayn'tisalmostneverusedinmodernEnglish.现代英语几乎不用mayn't。GRAMMARPOINT语法说明can•could•beableto•manageCanisusedtosaythatsomebodyknowshowtodosomething.can表示懂得做：•Canyouplaythepiano?你会弹钢琴吗？Itisalsousedwithverbsofseeing,noticing,etc.该词亦与see、notice等动词连用：•Icanhearsomeonecalling.我听见有人在呼叫。andwithpassiveinfnitives.并与动词的被动不定式连用：•TheDVDcanberentedfromyourlocalstore.这DVD可在你们当地的商店租借。Canorbeabletoareusedtosaythatsomethingispossibleorthatsomebodyhastheopportunitytodosomething.can或beableto表示某事情有可能或某人有机会做某事：•Canyou/areyouabletocomeonSaturday?你星期六能来吗？Youusebeabletotoformthefutureandperfecttensesandtheinfinitive.用beableto构成将来时、完成时和动词不定式：•You'llbeabletogetataxioutsidethestation.在车站外可搭乘出租车。•Ihaven'tbeenabletogetmuchworkdonetoday.我今天未能干多少工作。•She'dlovetobeabletoplaythepiano.她很希望能弹钢琴。Couldisusedtotalkaboutwhatsomeonewasgenerallyabletodointhepast.could表示过去通常能做：•Ourdaughtercouldwalkwhenshewasninemonthsold.我们的女儿九个月大就会走路了。Youusewas/wereabletoormanage(butnotcould)whenyouaresayingthatsomethingwaspossibleonaparticularoccasioninthepast.关于在过去特定情况下可能的事用was/wereableto或manage，但不用could：•Iwasableto/managedtofindsomeusefulbooksinthelibrary.我总算在图书馆找到了一些有用的书。•Icouldfindsomeusefulbooksinthelibrary.Innegativesentences,couldnotcanalsobeused.否定句也可用couldnot：•Wewerentableto/didn'tmanageto/couldn!tgetthereintime.我们未能及时赶到那儿。Couldisalsousedwiththismeaningwithverbsofseeing,noticing,understanding,etc.亦可用could加see、notice^understand等动词表示此义：•Icouldseetherewassomethingwrong.我发觉出事了。Couldhaveisusedwhenyouaresayingthatitwaspossibleforsomebodytodosomethinginthepastbuttheydidnottry.表示过去有可能做某事但未做，用couldhave：•Icouldhavewonthegamebutdecidedtoletherwin.我本可以赢得那场比赛，但还是决定让她赢了。may(1)usedtosaythatsthispossible(有可能但不肯定)也许，可能•Thatmayormaynotbetrue.这可能是真的，也可能不是。•Hemayhave(=perhapshehas)missedhistrain.他可能没赶上火车。•Theymaywellwin.他们完全可能赢。•Thereisarangeofprogramsonthemarketwhichmaybedescribedasdesignaids.市场上有各种程序，可以称为设计辅助工具。usedwhenadmittingthatsthistruebeforeintroducinganotherpoint,argument,etc.(转折前所述情况属实)也许，可能•Hemaybeagoodfatherbuthe'saterriblehusband.他或许是--位好父亲，但却是个很糟糕的丈夫。(formal)usedtoaskfororgivepermission(征求同意或表示允许)可以•MayIcomein?我可以进来吗？•Youmaycomeinifyouwish.你想进来就进来吧。(formal)usedasapolitewayofmakingacomment,askingaquestion,etc.(礼貌地评价或提问等)可以•Youlooklovely,ifImaysayso.我觉得你看上去很可爱。•MayIaskwhyyoutookthatdecision?我可否问一下你为什么要作出那样的决定？•IfImayjustaddonething...我想再补充一点...(formal)usedtoexpresswishesandhopes(表示愿望)但愿•Maysherestinpeace.愿她安息。•Businesshasbeenthrivinginthepastyear.Longmayitcontinuetodoso.在过去的一年里生意蒸蒸日上。但愿这种情况能持续下去。(formal)usedtosaywhatthepurposeofsthis(表明目的)可以，能够•Thereisaneedformoreresourcessothatallchildrenmayhaveadecenteducation.需要更多的财力支持，让所有的孩子都受到良好的教育。shall(becomingold-fashioned)usedwithIandwefortalkingaboutorpredictingthefuture(同I和we连用，表示将来)将要，将会•ThistimenextweekIshallbeinScotland.下周这个时候我就在苏格兰了。•Weshan'tbegonelong.我们不会去很长时间的。•IsaidthatIshouldbepleasedtohelp.我说过我乐意帮忙。usedinquestionswithIandweformakingoffersorsuggestionsoraskingadvice(在疑问句中同I和we连用，表示提出或征求意见)•ShallIsendyouthebook?我把书给你寄去，好不好？•Whatshallwedothisweekend?这个周末我们要做什么呢？•Let'slookatitagain,shallwe?我们再看一遍，好不好？(old-fashionedformal)usedtoshowthatyouaredetermined,ortogiveanorderorinstruction(表示决心、命令或指示)必须，一定，应该•Heisdeterminedthatyoushallsucceed.他决心使你成功。•Candidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.考生必须留在座位上，等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。GRAMMARPOINT语法说明shall•will1.InmodernEnglishthetraditionaldifferencebetweenshallandwillhasalmostdisappeared,andshallisnotusedverymuchatall,especiallyinNAmE.ShallisnowonlyusedwithIandwe,andoftensoundsformalandold-fashioned.Peoplearemorelikelytosay在现代英语中，shall和will的传统区别几乎不复存在。shall基本上不怎么用，尤其在北美英语中。shall目前只与I和we连用，且听起来常显得正式并过时。人们更可能说：•Til(=Iwill)belate.我要迟到了。and和•'You'll(=youwill)apologizeimmediately：•‘NoIwont：“你赶快赔个不是。”“不，我不！”2.InBrEshallisstillusedwithIandweinquestionsorwhenyouwanttomakeasuggestionoranoffer.在英国英语中，shall仍然与I和we连用，用于疑问句、提出建议或提供帮助：•WhatshallIweartotheparty?我穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢？•Shallweordersomecoffee?我们要些咖啡好吗？•Illdrive,shallI?我来开车好吗？wouldusedasthepastformofwillwhenreportingwhatsbhassaidorthought(will的过去式，用于转述)将，将会•Hesaidhewouldbehereateighto'clock(=Hiswordswere:'Iwillbethereateighto'clock：).他说他将在八点钟到达这里。•SheaskedifIwouldhelp.她问我是否会帮忙。•Theytoldmethattheyprobablywouldn'tcome.他们对我说他们多半不会来。usedfortalkingabouttheresultofaneventthatyouimagine(带出想象的结果)•She'dlookbetterwithshorterhair.她留短发会显得好看些。•Ifyouwenttoseehim,hewouldbedelighted.倘若你去看望他，他会高兴的。•Hurryup!Itwouldbeashametomissthebeginningoftheplay.快点儿！要是错过这出戏的开场就太可惜了。•She'dbeafooltoacceptit(=ifsheaccepted).她倘若接受，那她就是个傻瓜。usedfordescribingapossibleactionoreventthatdidnotinfacthappen,becausesthelsedidnothappenfirst(表示可能发生的事情没有发生，是因为之前另一件事没有发生)就会•IfIhadseentheadvertisementintimeIwouldhaveappliedforthejob.我要是及时看到了这则广告，我就应聘那份工作了。•Theywouldneverhavemetifshehadn'tgonetoEmmdsparty.她如果不去参加埃玛的聚会，他们就永远不会相会。