报关与国际货运专业英语Module Four 第五单元

Unit5InternationalMultimodalTransportForwardingⅠ.InternationalmultimodaltransportInternationalmultimodaltransportreferstoaninternationalmodeoftransport,accordingtothemultimodaltransportcontract,withtwoormoredifferentmodesoftransport.Intheinternationalmultimodaltransport,themultimodaltransportoperatordeliversgoodsfromtheplaceofacceptingcargoinonecountrytoanamedplaceinanothercountry.Internationalmultimodaltransporthasthefollowingfeatures：①InternationalMultimodalTransportOperator（MTO）undertakesororganizestoarrangetheentiretransport.②Multimodaltransportoperatorissuesonetransportcontractandassumesfullresponsibilityintheentiretransport.③Utilizingtwoormoredifferentmodesoftransportinonecompletetransportprocess.④Adoptingthetransportbusinessserviceofoneconsignment,onepayment,oneairwaybill,onesettlementofclaimsandbeingresponsiblefortheentiretransport.⑤Offeringadoor-to-doorservice.一、国际多式联运国际多式联运，是指根据一个多式联运合同，采用两种或两种以上的运输方式，由多式联运经营人把货物从一国境内接管货物地点运到另一国境内指定交付货物的地点。国际多式联运具有以下特点：①由国际多式联运经营人承担或组织完成全程运输工作；②签订一个运输合同，对全程负责；③采用两种或两种以上不同运输方式来完成运输工作；④采用一次托运、一次付费、一票到底、统一理赔、全程负责的运输业务办法；⑤可实现“门到门”运输。Ⅱ.Basicformsofmultimodaltransport1.CollaborativemultimodaltransportCollaborativemultimodaltransportmeansthecarriageofcargobytwoormoremodesoftransportfromdifferenttransportcompaniesonthebasisofconsolidatedconvention,regulationsoragreeddealfromaplaceatwhichthegoodsarecollectedtoaplacedesignatedfordeliverybyjointefforts.2.ConnectivemultimodaltransportConnectivemultimodaltransportmeansamultimodaltransportoperatororganizesdifferenttransportcompanieswithtwoormoremodesoftransporttodelivergoodsfromaplaceatwhichthegoodsarecollectedtoadesignatedplace.二、多式联运的基本形式1.协作式联运协作式联运，是指两种或两种以上运输方式的不同运输企业按照统一的公约、规章或商定的协议，共同将货物从接管货物的地点运到指定交付货物的地点的联运。2.衔接式多式联运衔接式联运是指由一个多式联运经营人综合组织两种或两种以上运输方式的不同运输企业，将货物从接管货物的地点运到指定交付货物的地点的联运。Ⅲ.InternationalMultimodalTransportOperator（MTO）Internationalmultimodaltransportoperator（MTO）isanypersonwhomakesamultimodaltransportcontractbyhimselforthroughhisagent,actsasaprincipal,notasanagentorrepresentativeoftheconsignor,orasanagentorrepresentativeofthecarriersparticipatinginthemultimodaltransportoperations,andwhoassumesresponsibilityfortheperformanceofthecontract.三、国际多式联运经营人国际多式联运经营人，是指其本人或通过其代表订立国际多式联运合同的任何人。他是事主，而不是发货人的代理人或代表或参加国际多式联运的承运人的代理人或代表，并且负有履行合同的责任。1.Internationalmultimodaltransportoperator（MTO）canbedividedintothefollowingthreecategories：（1）Thecarrier.Thiskindofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperatorownsship,airplane,vehicleandotherconveyance.Aftersigningacontractwiththeownerofcargo,internationalmultimodaltransportoperatoruseshisownconveyancetodeliverthecargointheactualtransportprocesswithinsomeregions.Asforthoseregionsthatareunauthorizedtotheoperator,he/sheshouldmakeasubcontractwithrelatedcarriertoaccomplishthetransportationinthoseregions.（2）Thestationoperator.Thiskindofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperatorownsthestationfacilitiessuchasfreightstation,yardandwarehouseandsoon.Aftersigninganinternationalmultimodaltransportcontractwiththeownerofcargo,theoperatorutilizeshisstationfacilitiestoachievetheloading,unloadingandstorageservices.Besides,heneedstomakesubcontractswithrelatedcarrierswhoownvariousmeansoftransport,andthelatterareexpectedtotransportthecargo.（3）Theagent.Thiskindofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperatordoesnothaveanymeansoftransportoranystationfacility.Theyneedtomakesubcontractswithrelatedcarriersandstationoperators,inordertofulfilltheinternationalmultimodaltransportcontractsignedwiththeownerofcargo.1.国际多式联运经营人分为（1）承运人型，这类国际多式联运经营人拥有船舶、飞机、汽车、飞机等运输工具，与货主签订合同后，除了利用自己拥有的运输工具完成某些区段的实际运输外，对于自己不拥有或经营的运输区段则需要通过相关的承运人订立分包合同来实现该区段运输。（2）场站经营人型，这类国际多式联运经营人拥有货运站、堆场、场库等场站设施。他与货主订立国际多式联运合同后，除了利用自己拥有的场站设施完成装卸、仓储服务外，还需要与相关的各种运输方式的承运人订立分合同，由这些承运人来完成货物运输。（3）代理人型，这类国际多式联运经营人不拥有任何运输工具和场站设施，需要通过与相关的承运人、场站经营人订立分合同来履行他与货主订立的国际多式联运合同。2.Featuresofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperator（MTO）（1）Internationalmultimodaltransportoperatoristhesubjectofmultimodaltransportcontract.（2）Internationalmultimodaltransportoperatorisresponsibleforfulfillingthemultimodaltransportcontractororganizingtofulfillthemultimodaltransportcontract.（3）Internationalmultimodaltransportoperatorisan“intermediary”.2.国际多式联运经营人的特征（1）国际多式联运经营人是多式联运合同的主体。（2）国际多式联运经营人的职能在于负责完成多式运输合同或组织完成多式运输合同。（3）国际多式联运经营人是“中间人”。3.Internationalmultimodaltransportoperatorshouldbeequippedwiththefollowingbasicconditions：（1）Obtainingthequalificationofundertakinginternationalmultimodaltransport；（2）Possessinginternationalmultimodaltransportroutesandrelatedbusinessnetwork；（3）Owninglong-termcooperationagreementwithrelatedactualcarriersandstationoperatorsinhisinternationalmultimodaltransportroutes；（4）Beingequippedwithnecessarytransportfacilities,especiallystationfacilitiesandshort-distancemeansoftransport；（5）Possessingabundantfunds；（6）Owninginternationalmultimodaltransportdocumentinaccordancewiththerequiredregulation；（7）Possessingthefreighttariffofinternationalmultimodaltransportroutesthatheengagesin.3.国际多式联运经营人应具备的基本条件（1）取得从事国际多式联运的资格；（2）具备国际多式联运线路以及相应的经营网络；（3）与自己经营的国际多式联运线路有关的实际承运人、场站经营人之间存在长期的合作协议；（4）具备必要的运输设备，尤其是场站设施和短途运输工具；（5）拥有雄厚的资金；（6）拥有符合该规则规定要求的国际多式联运单据；（7）具备自己所经营国际多式联运线路的运价表。4.Businessscopeofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperator（1）Advisoryservice;（2）Freightforwarderservice;（3）Transportbrokerservice;（4）Carrierorstationoperatorservice;（5）Internationalmultimodaltransportservice;（6）Theextensionserviceoftransport—logisticsservice4.国际多式联运经营人的业务范围（1）咨询业务；（2）货运代理业务；（3）运输经纪业务；（4）承运人或场站经营人业务；（5）国际多式联运业务；（6）运输延伸服务——物流服务。Ⅳ.BasicprocessofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperationTheoreticallyspeaking,therearedifferenttypesofmultimodaltransportoperationsinvolvingsea/rail,sea/air,sea/road,rail/road,rail/air,road/air,sea/rail/seaandrail/sea/air.Theoperationprocedureofinternationalmultimodaltransportusuallyincludesthefollowingprocess：（1）Handoverthegoodsatportofdispatch,namelytheshippersdeliverthegoodstothedesignatedplaceaccordingtothecontract;（2）Confirmingtheinternationalmultimodaltransportroutesandmodes,andsigningthemultimodaltransportcontractofcargowiththesubcontractor;（3）Arrangingforexportinggoodsandcoveringcargoliabilityinsuranceandcontainerinsuranceduringtheentiretransportprocess;（4）Informingthetransshipmentpointagentofcontactingwiththesubcontractingcarrier;handlingtheapplyingprocedureandbusinessarrangementofcargotransit,importreloadingandtransshippingetc.intime;（5）Trackingandsupervisingthecargoduringtransportprocess,andreleasinginformationaboutthelocationofgoodsetc.totheconsignorortheconsigneeatregularintervals;（6）Informingthetimewhengoodsreachthedestination,andrequiringthedestinationagenttodealwithcargoimportprocedure;（7）Inaddition,transportexpensescalculating,containertrackingmanagement,containerleasingandreturningservice,andclaimsandsettlementforfreightaccidentsarealsoincluded.四、国际多式联运运作的基本流程理论上多式联运可有海—铁、海—空、海—公、铁—公、铁—空、公—空、海—铁—海、公—海—空等多种类型。国际多式联运运作流程通常包括以下环节：（1）出运地货物交接，即托运人根据合同的约定把货物交至指定地点。（2）多式联运路线和方式的确定，与分包方签订货物联运合同；（3）货物出口安排,对货物全程运输投保货物责任险和集装箱保险；（4）通知转运地代理人，与分包承运人联系，及时做好货物过境、或进口换装、转运等手续申办和业务安排；（5）货物运输过程中的跟踪监管，定期向发货人或收货人发布货物位置等信息；（6）通知货物抵达目的地时间，并要求目的地代理人办理货物进口手续。（7）此外还涉及计算运输费用、箱子跟踪管理、租箱与归还业务，以及货运事故索赔与理赔业务等。Ⅴ.Liabilityofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperatorcanbedividedintoliabilityforfaultandstrictliability：1.Liabilityforfaultsystemistheprinciplethatdetermineswhetheracarrierisresponsibleforthecargodamageandlossaccordingtowhetherhehasfault.Liabilityforfaultsystemcanbedividedintocompletefaultliabilityandincompletefaultliability.Theformermeansthatacarriershouldtakeresponsibilityaslongashehasfaultforthecargodamageandloss.However,thelatterhassomeexceptiveprovisions,namelythebasicpreconditionistotakeresponsibility;butasforsomenegligence,thecarrierisexemptedfromresponsibility,whichispermittedbylaw.2.Strictliabilitymeansthatacarriershouldberesponsibleforthecargodamageandlossnomatterhehasnegligenceornot,onlyexceptforthelimitedexemptionssuchasforcemajeureandsoon.五、国际多式联运经营人的责任分为过失责任和严格责任1.过失责任制是指按承运人对货损货差是否有过失而决定其是否负责的原则，过失责任制又可分为完全过失责任和不完全过失责任两种，前者是指只要承运人对货损货差有过失的就应承担责任，而后者却附有一部分除外规定，即基本前提是应承担责任，但对某些过失，法律仍允许承运人免责。2.严格责任制是指除了不可抗力等有限的免责事由外，不论有无过失，承运人对于货损货差均应承担责任。Ⅵ.ClaimandlawsuitofinternationalmultimodaltransportoperatorClaimvalidityisthevalidityperiodregulatedbyrelatedinternationalconventionontransportorthedomesticregulation,duringwhichtheclaimersubmitsaclaimforcompensationagainstanotherpartyorhisagent.Limitationofactionisthedurationofvalidityregulatedbyrelatedinternationalconventionorthedomesticregulation,duringwhichtheclientasksthecourtforprotectinghisrights：①HagueRules：limitationofactionisoneyear,andthelimitationofextensionhasnotbeenregulated.②Hague-VisbyRules：limitationofactionisoneyear,anditallowsextendinglimitationperiodbyagreement.③HamburgRulesandConventiononInternationalMultimodalTransportofGoods：theirlimitationsofactionarebothtwoyears,anditallowsextendinglimitationperiodbystatement.④MaritimeCodeofthePeople'sRepublicofChina：limitationofactionisoneyear,anditsrecoveryperiodisninetydays.六、国际多式联运经营人的索赔与诉讼索赔时效是指有关运输的国际公约或国内法规中所规定的索赔人向另一方或其代理人提出赔偿要求的有效期间。诉讼时效是指有关国际公约或国内法律所规定的当事人向法院请求保护其权利的有效期间：①《海牙规则》：诉讼时效为一年，对延长时效未作规定。②《海牙-维期比规则》：诉讼时效为一年，且允许协议延长时效。③《汉堡规则》与《国际货物多式联运公约》：诉讼时效均为二年，且允许声明延长时效。④《中国海商法》：诉讼时效期间为一年，且有90天的追偿期。Ⅶ.OthermeansoftransportLandBridgeTransport,alsocalledlandbridgeservice,meanstranscontinentalandtransoceanictransportationfromoneseaporttoanotherbyrailways/highwaysacrosscontin