英汉翻译基础教程

英语翻译基础教程总主编：冯庆华主编：冯庆华陈科芳1“意思”的译法甲：这是一点小意思，请务必收下。乙：你这个人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套。甲：哎，只是意思意思，乙：啊，真是不好意思。译文：A：Thisisalittlegiftasatokenofmyappreciation.Pleasedotakeit. B：Oh，aren'tyouabittoopolite?youshouldnotdothat.A:Well,itjustconveysmygratitude.B:Ah,thankyouthen,thoughireallydonotdeserveit.2“说”(1)阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！《阿Q正传》译文：AhQflunghisjacketontheground,spat,andswore,“hairyworm!”(2)“三个臭皮匠，合成个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。《毛泽东选集》文:Theoldsaying,"threecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedwouldequalZhugeLiangthemastermind,"simplemeansthemasseshavegreatcreativepower.(3)：也不知安居乐业，最早见于什么典籍，四个字一针见血的点名了生活中的一个因果关系。译文：Icannotsayinwhatcanonthewords"secureinone'shomeandhappyinone'swork"firstappeared,butthatexpressioncutstothecoreofaprimarydeterminantinhumanlife.你们偶然看见一颗花生瑟缩的长在地上，不能立刻分辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触到它时你才能知道。译文1:Whenyoucomeuponapeanutplantlyingcurledupontheground,youcanneverimmediatelytellwhetherornotitbearsantnutsuntilyoutouchthem.译文2：Whenyoucomeuponapeanutplantlyingcurledupontheground,youcannevertellwhetherornotitbearsanynutsuntilyoudigitup.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。译文：The'Goldcup'Brandair-filledbedcushionsaremadeinadvancedtechnology.withnovel，structure,beautifulshapeandvariouspatterns,theyarecomfortableandconvenienttocarry.人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房。译文：whenanyoneamongthepeoplebreaksthelaw,hetooshouldbepunished,imprisoned..只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。译文：thedevelopmentofacommodityeconomyistheonlywaytoinvigorateoureconomyandpromptenterprisetoraisetheirefficiency.我的姐姐又因为我不爱整洁而向我唠叨地劝戒了。译文：mysisterhasbeenpreachingatmeagainaboutmylackofneatness.我国人民在中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会的精神鼓舞下，正沿着建设有中国特色的社会主义道路，满怀信心，昂首阔步地迈向二十一世纪。Inspiredbythespiritof15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,thepeopleofChinaareadvancingconfidentlytowardsthe21stcenturyalongtheroadtosocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。Thecarpetsmadeinourcompanyarebeautifulandmagnificent.我们进行了长期不懈的努力。Wehavemadeunremittingeffortsforit.目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后应该仔细研究、认真考虑和反复推敲。Targetprioritiesshouldbeverycarefullystudied.那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。Therehasbeenmuchpublicityabouttheunpleasantcase.在长期的革命历程中，各民主党派与中国共产党同呼吸共命运。IntheprotractedprocessoftheChineserevolution,thevariousdemocraticpartiessharedacommonfatewiththeChineseCommunistParty.我们的教育方针，应该使受到教育者在德育，智育，体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟，有文化的劳动者。Oureducationpolicymustenableeveryonewhoreceivesaneducationtodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysicallyandbecomeaworkerwithbothsocialistconsciousnessandculture。一定文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，一定的文化又给以一定社会政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。Anygivencultureisareflectionofagivensociety ，andtheformerinturnhasatremendouseffectandinfluenceonthelater。潘一堂虽然没有儿没女，但很爱穷人的小孩。译文1：PanYitang，anoldbachelor，likedthechildrenofthepoorverymuch。译文2：PanYitang，thoughwithnofamilyofhisown，likedthechildrenofthepoorverymuch。17他等着她来，急的像热锅上的蚂蚁。Hewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation。18妈妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖，就在那一刻，我第一次明白妈妈也有脆弱的一面。Inthatmomentfeelingmothersbackrackedwithemotion，Iunderstoodforthefirsttimehervulnerability。19语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功夫不可。Themasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingeffort。交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。译文1：Thefactthatbusinessincreasesrequiresthattheamountofmoney，whichisgenerallycirculated，alsoincreased。译文2：Anincreaseinbusinessrequiresanincreasesintheamountofmoneycomingintogeneralcirculation。政府支持这个项目。Thegovernmentisbehindthisproject。这时，只见一个人，头上蒙着一个湿淋淋的口袋，从冒着熊熊烈火的后门直冲进去。Thenafigurewithadripping-wetbagrounditsheaddashedthroughtheflame-filledbackdoor。我看不起他，他酗酒，好赌，语言粗俗。WhatIdespiseabouthimwashisdrinking，gamblingandcursing。看来我们的发展，总是要在某一个阶段，抓住时机，加速搞几年，发现问题及时加以治理，尔后继续前进。译文1：itseemsthatweshouldholdontoopportunityinacertainperiodaccelerateourdevelopmentforseveralyears。Asproblemscropupintheprocess，wewillsolvethemimmediatelyandcontinuetoforgeahead。译文2：itseemstomethat，asarule，atcertainstagesweshouldseizetheopportunitytoacceleratedevelopmentforafewyears ，dealwithproblemsassoonastheyrecognized，andthenmovedon。25美国移民研究中心1999年9月发表的一份报告指出，移民的贫困率1979年至1997年间增长了123%，移民贫困人口从270万增加至770万。1989年至1997年在新增贫困人口中，移民达300万人，占75%。AreportbytheAmericancenterforImmigrationResearchinSeptember ，1999pointedoutthatthepovertyrateofpoorimmigrationincreased123percentbetween1979and1997，andthepopulationofpoorimmigrantssoaredfrom2.7millionto7.7million.indeed，between1989and1997，thenewlyincreasedpoorpopulation，3Millionwereimmigrants，accountingfor75percentofthetotal。你是知道的，咱们家所有的这些管家奶奶们，哪一个是好缠的？错一点儿他们就笑话打趣，偏一点他们就指桑骂槐的抱怨。译文1：Andyouknowhowdifficultouroldstewardessare，laughingattheleastmistakeand“accusingtheelmwhilepointingatthemulberrytree”ifoneshowstheleastbias。译文2：Andyouknowwhatadifficultlotthoseoldstewardessesare.Thetiniestmistakeandtheyarealllaughingatyouandmakingfun:thetiniesthintoffavouritismandtheyaregrumblingandcomplaining.youknowtheirwayof“curingtheoak-treewhentheymeantheash”只为工业积累，农业本身积累的太少或者没有积累竭泽而渔，对于工业的发展反而不利。Ifagricultureaccumulatedonlyforindustryandverylittleornoneforitself,thatwouldmean“drainingthepondstogetallthefish“andwouldonlyharmthedevelopmentofindustry.不要动声色，不要打草惊蛇。我们不妨看看他们如何活动，。Don"tsayanythingaboutit;wemustn"tbeatthegrassandstartlethesnake.Thereisnoharminourkeepinganeyeonthesortofactivitiestheyengagein,对于他们，第一步不是锦上添花，而是雪中送炭。Forthem,theprimeneedisnot“moreflowersonthebrocade"but“fuelinsnowyweather”我们强调直译是翻译成语的第一选择。然而，汉语成语并非是每条都能按字面直译，有些成语的比喻形象是译文读者所不能接受的。如“眉飞色舞”，死翻译成hiseyebrowareflyingandhiscountenanceisdancing,势必会贻笑大方的，使读者不知所云,莫名其妙。我们可根据改成语的实际意义译为：tobeamwithjoy。请看下例： 粗枝大叶tobecrudeandcareless死译withbigbranchesandlargeleaves无孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweakness死译togetintoeveryhole扬眉吐气tofeelproudandelated死译toraisetheeyebrowsandletoutabreath红灯酒绿dissipatedandluxurious死译withredlightsandgreenwine纸醉金迷luxuryanddissipation死译withdrunkenandbewitched开门见山tocomestraighttothepoint死译toopenthedoorandseethemountain单枪匹马tobesingle-handedindoingsth死译withasolitaryspearandasinglehorse大张旗鼓onalargeandspectacularscale死译tomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrums风雨飘摇beingunstable死译thewindandrainarerocking海阔天空atrandom死译withavastseaandaboundlesssky有的小伙子还总结出一条恋爱经验，“先不能让她知道你是矿工，等把她俘虏了，再亮番号。”Someofthemevencametosomeconclusionsabout“theartofthelove”firstofall,youshouldneverletherknowyouareamineruntilyouhavecompletelyatyourfeet.我一律回答：“不知道。”跟着就会听到一句，“别来这个了，你还能不知道！”Iinvariablyanswered"Idon"tknow”whichwasusuallyfollowedby”come.Don"ttellmeyoudon"tknowbynow.同学和老师觉得我有问题，精神不正常了，家纺.谈话，拉我回正道——老老实实的念最为普通的，也是最普遍的书。我有我的主见，绝不反悔。Myclassmatesandteachersthoughttherewassomethingwrongwithme,thatIwasoffmyhead.theycametoourplacestotalktomeround,steermebackontothe“righttrack”——getmetocrackthestandardtextbooks.ButIstrucktomyguns由于大多数谚语采用生动形象的比喻只要不影响读者的理解，我们应尽可能的使用直译方法，把原文的内容，形式和精神都输入到译文中，努力减少翻译中的损失。明枪易躲暗箭难防。Itiseasytododgeaspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding.城门失火，殃及池鱼。Afireonthecitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat.路遥知马力日久见人心。Asalongroadtestsahorse"sstrengthsoalongtaskprovesaperson"sheart.路遥知马力日久见人心。New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.上面的谚语的比喻生动形象，其深层意思更能为读者所接受。如果把这些谚语进行直译，就无法传达原文中的形象比喻，这是翻译中不应有的损失。试看下面2例的意译路遥知马力日久见人心。Timerevealsaperson"sheart.初生牛犊不怕虎。Youngpeoplearefearless.这样的句子明显失色于真译，失去原文中的活力。有一部分也因为语言结构和文化背景的差异，无法进行直译。这部分谚语一般有很强的比喻，或者根本没有比喻。我们就没必要追求原文的形式了。硬是直译反而会使读者不知所云。或者译文牵强附会。意思会帮助译文读者更好的理解原文。失之东隅收之桑榆。Whatonelosestheswingsonegetsontheroundabouts（如直译为losewherethesunrisesandgainwherethesunsets,会使读者感到很费解）.塞翁失马焉知非福？alossmayturnouttobeagain,（由于读者不理解该谚语的意思，无法理解他的直译：whentheoldmanonthefrontierlosthismare,whocouldhaveguesseditwasablessingindisguise?庆父不死鲁难未已therewillalwaysbetroubleuntilthetrouble-makerisremoved』女口直译为UntilQingFuisdoneawaywith,thecrisisinthestateofLuwillnotbeover.读者无法搞清文中的人名和国名）此地无银三百两。Aguiltypersongiveshimselfawaybyconspicuouslyprotestinghisinnocence.（由于读者不了解该谚语出处，不宜直接译成NO300taelsofsilverburiedhere）饱汉不知饿汉饥。Thewell-feddon"tknowhowthestarvingsuffer.不要译为：amagnatesisunconsciousofthemisfortuneofapauper.一物降一物thereisalwaysonethingtoconqueranother.不要译为：everyexistencehasitsvanquisher谚语翻译要注意语言的艺术性，一要注意用词的精炼，二要注意上下句的对仗。不能只用于随便的口语句子来翻译原文。嘴上没毛。说话不牢。Downylipsmakethoughtlessslips不可译为：amanwithoutmustacheorbeardmaymakecarelessremarks。吃一堑长一智afallinthepit，againinthewit.不可译为：letuslearnfromourmistakes.我能和你说句话吗？--滚开!CanIhaveawordwithyou?—Sodoff!38去你们的，我可要回家了。Ballstothelotofyou.I"mgoinghome!39谁他妈的把电视机搞坏了？WhohasfuckeduptheTV?40不要胡说八道！don"ttalkcrap/shit!41小妇养的！动了兵器了。Sonofbitches！They"reusingweaponsnow。42忘了本的小娼妇！Ungratefulslut！43他妈的，你们有话就说吧！Ifyouhavesomethingtosay,sayit,damnyou!44还有你这个浪货，跟谁不行，非跟他！Andyoutoo,youbaggage.Couldn"tyouhavepickedsomebodyelse?whydidittobehim?45王八蛋们，怎么又在这碰上啦？Youdevils，sowemeetagain。46鲁侍萍：(大哭起来)哦，这真是一群强盗。(走至周萍面前，抽噎)你是萍，——凭——凭什么打我儿子的？LuShiping(breakingdown)youarehooligans,too!(goingacrosstoZhouPing)you"remy——mightyfreewithyourshits!Whatrighthaveyoutobitmyson?中国还有一句成语，3个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。单独的诸葛亮总是不完全的，总是有缺陷的。SillanotherChineseproverbsaysthreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalzhugeliangthemastermind.Zhugeliangbyhimselfcanneverbeperfect,hehashislimitations.这对年轻夫妇并不匹配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。Thisyoungcoupleisnotwellmatched,oneisaXiShi——af