化学竞赛资源群酸碱理论

酸碱理一、水离子论(IonicTheory)（1887二、溶剂论（SolventTheory）(1905水H+或酸碱理一、水离子论(IonicTheory)（1887二、溶剂论（SolventTheory）(1905水H+或NH+(H+NH432CHCOOH+或323http:S(l)2S3典型的中和反应：NH4NO3NaNO3+HClO4+NaClO4+[COCl][AlCl4]+K[AlCl4]+SOCl2+2CsCl+酸性溶剂：也是两性溶剂，但酸性比水大。如HCOOHCH3COOHCH3CH2COOHH2SO4(l)和Cl3CCOOH等(2)实验证明HClO4、H2SO4、HCl和HNO3的酸强度是有区别的，其强度顺序为(3)2+HAcClOHNOHAcNO实验证明HClO4、H2SO4、HCl和HNO3的酸强度是有区别的，其强度顺序为(3)2+HAcClOHNOHAcNO24323酸称为HClO4、H2SO4、HCl、HNO3的区分三、质子论（ProtonTheory）（1923年Brnstedand 定义：Anacidisasubstancemoleculeorion)thatcantransferaprotontoanotherLikewiseabaseisasubstancethatcanacceptaproton 342cationacidsHONH、CHNH3 6 3－3．Conjugateacidbasepairs：Thewordconjugatemeans“joinedtogetherasa+A酸PracticeExercise：WhatistheconjugatebaseofeachofthefollowingacidsHClO4HSPHHCOWhatistheconjugateacidofeachofthefollowingbasesCN243SO2HOHCO423(1)气相中的酸碱反应：++NHNHCl34(2)离解反应（dissociationa.autoionization：++b.acidionization：++++ +Kb=Kw/Ka=NH++H+HK=K/K=4233 酸碱是共轭的，弱酸共轭强碱，弱碱共轭强酸（Thestrongeranacid,theweakeritsconjugatebasethestrongerabasetheweakeritsconjugateacid.）。因此我们已知某缺点：不能说明无质子溶剂（SO3、BF3）的NH++H+HK=K/K=4233 酸碱是共轭的，弱酸共轭强碱，弱碱共轭强酸（Thestrongeranacid,theweakeritsconjugatebasethestrongerabasetheweakeritsconjugateacid.）。因此我们已知某缺点：不能说明无质子溶剂（SO3、BF3）的酸碱反应，酸的定义并没有变化四、电子论（ElectronTheory）（1923G.N.Lewiswasthefirsttonoticethisaspectofacid-basereactions.Heproposedadefinitionofacidandbasethatemphasizesthesharedelectronpair:ALewisacidisdefinedasanelectron-pairacceptor,andaLewisbaseisdefinedasanelectron-pair+:LewisA:acidbaseLewis3．Typesof(1)adductreaction：H＋+:OH－ H2O(2)substitutionreactionofacid：Cu(NH)34(3) reactionofbase：Cu(NH)2Cu(OH)323(4)bothsubstitutiona)HO.taS2OA+:A:R:Red·PracticeExercise：IdentifytheLewisacidandLewisbaseineachofthefollowing(a)CN－(aq