The Legal 500中国地区《国际贸易国别比较指南》-竞天公诚-王建霖、叶晓岚律师

CHINA

INTERNATIONALTRADE

Whathasbeenyourjurisdiction’shistoricallevelofinteractionwiththeWTO(e.g.membershipdatefortheGATT/WTO,contributiontoinitiatives,hostingofMinisterials,tradepolicyreviews)?

ChinahasbeenamemberoftheWTOsinceDecember11,2001.Priortothis,in1986,ChinasubmittedanapplicationtotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)torestoreChina’sstatusasamemberoftheGATT,whichopenedtheprocessofre-entrynegotiations.In1995,WTOwasestablished,andChina’sre-entrynegotiationswereofficiallytransformedintoaccessionnegotiations.

Chinahasactivelyparticipatedinplurilateralliberalizationinitiativesandmadeimportantcontributionstorelevanttalks.ItacceptedtheInformationTechnologyAgreement(ITA)uponaccessionofWTO,subsequentlyparticipatedinthenegotiationstoexpandITA’scoverage,andencouragedrelevantpartiestoreachagreementoneliminatingtariffsof201informationtechnologyproducts.ItisworthnotingthatChinaisalsooneoftheinitiatorsofthenegotiationsontheEnvironmentalGoodsAgreement(EGA).AlthoughnegotiationsonEGAhavebeenputonhold,Chinahasparticipatedinrelevantdiscussionswithaconstructiveattitude.

Chinaplacesgreatemphasisonthetradepolicyreview(TPR)process.IthasundergoneeightTPRsfrom2006to2022.Inaddition,ChinahasalsoparticipatedinhundredsofTPRsofotherWTOmembers.Itraisedthousandsofwrittenquestionsandtradeconcernstothemembersunderreview,urgedthemtocomplywithWTOrulesandcommitments.

ArethereanyWTOagreementstowhichyourjurisdictionisnotparty(e.g.GovernmentProcurementAgreement)?Isyourjurisdictionseekingtoaccedeto

theseagreements?

Chinaisanobserver(butnotafullmember)oftheGovernmentProcurementCommitteeandhasbeennegotiatingtoaccedetothePlurilateralAgreementonGovernmentProcurementAgreement(GPA)since2007.AsofOct.2023,ChinahassubmittedsixofferstoaccedetoGPA.

Meanwhile,Chinaisanobserver(butnotafullmember)ofthePlurilateralAgreementonTradeinCivilAircraft.

IsyourjurisdictionparticipatinginanyongoingWTOnegotiations(e.g.E-CommerceJointInitiative)andwhathasbeenitsrole?

ChinahasencouragedtheWTOtorespondtoanddiscussnewtopicsofgeneralinteresttothememberssuchasinvestmentfacilitation,micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs),ande-commerce.

Chinainitiated“FriendsofInvestmentFacilitationforDevelopment(FIFD)”andsponsoredtheJointMinisterialStatementonInvestmentFacilitationforDevelopmentsignedbyover70members.

Chinajoinedthe“FriendsofMicro,SmallandMedium-sizedEnterprises”,andsharedwithothermembersitsproposalsthatsupportMSMEs.

Asanadvocateofmultilateraldiscussionsone-commerceintheWTO,Chinajoined“FriendsofE-commerceforDevelopment(FED)”.Attheinformalministerialmeetingone-commerceheldinDavos,inJanuary2019,Chinaand75otherWTOmemberssignedtheJointStatementonElectronicCommerce.

HasyourjurisdictionengagedintheWTOdisputesettlementsysteminthepast5years?Ifso,inwhichdisputesandin

Chinaasrespondent

Casenumber

Complaint

Casetitle

DS519

UnitedStates

SubsidiestoProducersofPrimaryAluminium

DS542

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresConcerningtheProtectionofIntellectualPropertyRights

DS549

UnitedStates

UnitedStates—CertainMeasuresontheTransferofTechnology

DS558

UnitedStates

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS568

Brazil

CertainMeasuresConcerningImportsofSugar

DS589

Canada

MeasuresConcerningtheImportationofCanolaSeedfromCanada

DS598

Australia

Anti-dumpingandcountervailingdutymeasuresonbarleyfromAustralia

DS601

Japan

Anti-DumpingmeasuresonstainlesssteelproductsfromJapan

DS602

Australia

Anti-DumpingandCountervailingDutyMeasuresonWinefromAustralia

DS610

EuropeanUnion

MeasuresConcerningTradeinGoods

DS611

EuropeanUnion

Enforcementofintellectualpropertyrights

whichcapacity(asapartytoadisputeorasathirdparty)?

Chinaascomplaint

Casenumber

Respondent

Casetitle

DS543

UnitedStates

TariffMeasuresonCertainGoodsfromChina

DS544

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS562

UnitedStates

SafeguardMeasureonImportsofCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProducts

DS563

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresRelatedtoRenewableEnergy

DS565

UnitedStates

TariffMeasuresonCertainGoodsfromChinaII

DS587

UnitedStates

UnitedStates—TariffmeasuresoncertaingoodsfromChinaIII

DS603

Australia

Anti-DumpingandCountervailingDutyMeasuresonCertainProductsfromChina

DS615

UnitedStates

MeasuresonCertainSemiconductorandotherProducts,andRelatedServicesandTechnologies

Chinaasthirdparty

Casenumber

Complaint

Respondent

Casetitle

DS536

Vietnam

UnitedStates

Anti-DumpingMeasuresonFishFilletsfromVietnam

DS537

Australia

Canada

MeasuresGoverningtheSaleofWine

DS538

UnitedArabEmirates

Pakistan

Anti-DumpingMeasuresonBiaxiallyOrientedPolypropyleneFilmfromtheUnitedArabEmirates

DS539

Korea,Republicof

UnitedStates

Anti-dumpingandCountervailingDutiesonCertainProductsandtheUseofFactsAvailable

DS541

UnitedStates

India

ExportRelatedMeasures

DS545

Korea,Republicof

UnitedStates

Safeguardmeasureonimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicproducts

DS546

Korea,Republicof

UnitedStates

Safeguardmeasureonimportsoflargeresidentialwashers

DS547

India

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS548

EuropeanUnion

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS550

Canada

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS551

Mexico

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS552

Norway

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS553

Japan

Korea,Republicof

SunsetReviewofAnti-DumpingDutiesonStainlessSteelBars

DS554

RussianFederation

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS556

Switzerland

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS557

UnitedStates

Canada

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS559

UnitedStates

EuropeanUnion

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS560

UnitedStates

Mexico

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

S561

UnitedStates

Turkey

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS564

Turkey

UnitedStates

CertainMeasuresonSteelandAluminiumProducts

DS566

UnitedStates

RussianFederation

AdditionalDutiesonCertainProductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS567

Qatar

SaudiArabia,Kingdomof

MeasuresconcerningtheProtectionofIntellectualPropertyRights

FromJanuary2018toOctober2023,Chinahadbrought8disputestotheWTO,meanwhilehadbeencomplainedagainstin11disputes,andalsohadbeeninvolvedasthethirdpartyin45cases.Thedetailedcaseinformationisshowninthetablesbelow.

DS573

Thailand

Turkey

AdditionaldutiesonimportsofairconditioningmachinesfromThailand

DS576

UnitedArabEmirates

Qatar

CertainmeasuresconcerninggoodsfromtheUnitedArabEmirates

DS577

EuropeanUnion

UnitedStates

Anti-dumpingandcountervailingdutiesonripeolivesfromSpain

DS578

Tunisia

Morocco

DefinitiveAnti-DumpingMeasuresonSchoolExerciseBooksfromTunisia

DS579

Brazil

India

MeasuresConcerningSugarandSugarcane

DS580

Australia

India

MeasuresConcerningSugarandSugarcane

DS581

Guatemala

India

MeasuresConcerningSugarandSugarcane

DS582

EuropeanUnion

India

TariffTreatmentonCertainGoodsintheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologySector

DS583

EuropeanUnion

Turkey

CertainMeasuresconcerningtheProduction,ImportationandMarketingofPharmaceuticalProducts

DS584

Japan

India

TariffTreatmentonCertainGoods

DS585

UnitedStates

India

AdditionaldutiesoncertainproductsfromtheUnitedStates

DS588

ChineseTaipei

India

TariffTreatmentonCertainGoodsintheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologySector

DS590

Korea,Republicof

Japan

MeasuresRelatedtotheExportationofProductsandTechnologytoKorea

DS591

EuropeanUnion

Colombia

Anti-DumpingDutiesonFrozenFriesfromBelgium,GermanyandtheNetherlands

DS592

EuropeanUnion

Indonesia

MeasuresRelatingtoRawMaterials

DS593

Indonesia

EuropeanUnion

Certainmeasuresconcerningpalmoilandoilpalmcrop-basedbiofuels

DS595

Turkey

EuropeanUnion

SafeguardMeasuresonCertainSteelProducts

DS597

HongKong,China

UnitedStates

OriginMarkingRequirement

DS599

CostaRica

Panama

MeasuresconcerningtheimportationofcertainproductsfromCostaRica

DS600

Malaysia

EuropeanUnionandCertainMemberStates

Certainmeasuresconcerningpalmoilandoilpalmcrop-basedbiofuels

DS604

EuropeanUnion

RussianFederation

CertainMeasuresConcerningDomesticandForeignProductsandServices

DS605

CostaRica

DominicanRepublic

Anti-dumpingmeasuresoncorrugatedsteelbars

DS616

Indonesia

EuropeanUnion

CountervailingandAnti-DumpingDutiesonStainlessSteelCold-RolledFlatProductsfromIndonesia

beagreeduponafterextensiveconsultations,onthebasisofmutualrespect,broadparticipationanddialoguesonanequalfooting.

ChinabelievesthenecessaryreformoftheWTOshouldcoverthefollowingfourareasforconcreteactions:First,resolvingthecrucialandurgentissuesthreateningtheexistenceoftheWTO,Second,increasingWTO’srelevanceinglobaleconomicgovernance;Third,improvingtheoperationalefficiencyoftheWTO,andFourth,enhancingtheinclusivenessofthemultilateraltradingsystem.

6.Whatarethekeybilateraland/orregionalfreetradeagreements(FTAs)inforceforyourjurisdictionandfromwhichdatesdidtheyenterintoforce?

BytheendofOctober2023,thefollowingfreetradeagreements（FTAs）signedbyChinahaveenteredintoforce:

RegionalComprehensiveEconomicPartnership(RCEP)

China-CambodiaFTA

China-MauritiusFTA

China-MaldivesFTA

China-GeorgiaFTA

HasyourjurisdictionexpressedanyviewsonreformoftheWTO,inparticular,thedisputesettlementsystemandtheAppellateBody?

OnMay13,2019,ChinaofficiallysubmittedtheChina’sProposalonWTOReform.

ThethreebasicprinciplesadvocatedbyChinaregardingWTOreformare:First,thereformshallpreservesuchcorevaluesofthemultilateraltradingsystemasnon-discriminationandopenness,withaviewtocreatingastableandpredictableenvironmentforinternationaltrade.Second,thereformshallsafeguardthedevelopmentinterestsofdevelopingMembers.Inparticular,itisimperativetoeliminatedevelopmentdeficitintheexistingWTOrules,resolvethedifficultiesencounteredbydevelopingMembersintheirintegrationintoeconomicglobalizationandhelpattaintheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsofUnitedNations2030Agenda.Third,thereformshallfollowthepracticeofdecision-makingbyconsensus.Thespecificissuessubjecttoreform,workagendaandfinalresultsshould

China-AustraliaFTA

China-KoreaFTA

China-SwitzerlandFTA

China-IcelandFTA

China-CostaRicaFTA

China-PeruFTA

China-SingaporeFTA

China-NewZealandFTA

China-ChileFTA

China-PakistanFTA

China-ASEANFTA

MainlandandHongKongCloserEconomicandPartnershipArrangement

MainlandandMacaoCloserEconomicandPartnership

Arrangement

Itisparticularlyworthmentioningthat,theRCEP,whichbecameeffectiveonJanuary1,2022,marksthesuccessfullaunchoftheworld’slargestfreetradeareaandisanewmilestoneforEastAsianeconomicintegration.

Inaddition,thankstotheChina-ASEANFTA,whichtookfulleffectonJanuary1,2010,ASEANhasbeenChina’slargesttradingpartnerforthreeconsecutiveyears.

IsyourjurisdictioncurrentlynegotiatinganyFTAs(orsignedanyFTAsthathavenotyetenteredintoforce)and,ifany,withwhichjurisdictions?Whatareyourjurisdiction’sprioritiesinthosenegotiations(e.g.consolidatingcriticalmineralsupplychains,increasingtradeinfinancialservices,etc.)?ForbothFTAsundernegotiationandsignedFTAs,whenaretheyexpectedtoenterintoforce?

ChinahassignedtheChina-EcuadorFTA,theChina-NicaraguaFTA,andtheChina-SerbiaFTAin2023,whichareyettocomeintoforce.ThereisnoofficialinformationreleasedregardingtheexpectedeffectivedatesofthesethreeFTAs.

In2022and2023,thenegotiatingandprogressingFTAsincludeChina-GCC(theGulfCooperationCouncil)FTAandChina-IsraelFTA.Accordingtoofficialreports,ChinaandtheGCCheldin-depthdiscussionsontradeingoods,tradeinservices,investment,rulesoforigin,customsproceduresandtradefacilitation.AttheendofMarch2023,IsraelheldtheeighthroundtalkwithChinaaboutChina-IsraelFTA,inwhichcovertheissuessuchastradeingoods,rulesoforigin,customsproceduresandtradefacilitation,sanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures,traderemedies,e-commerce,environment,intellectualproperty,competition,governmentprocurement,disputeresolution,andlegalproceedings..ThereisnoofficialinformationreleasedregardingthesigningandexpectedeffectivedatesofChina-GCCFTAandChina-IsraelFTA.

Whichfivecountriesarethebiggesttradingpartnersforyourjurisdictioninrelationtoeachofexportsandimportsandwhichgoodsorservicesareparticularlyimportanttoyourjurisdiction’sexternaltraderelationships?

Taking2022asanexample,China’sbiggestfivetrading

partnersareASEAN,theEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStates,SouthKorea,andJapaninorder.Machineryandelectricalequipmentaccountsfor49.1%ofthetotalimportandexportvalueofmerchandise.

Whatarethethreemostimportantdomesticandthreemostimportantinternationaldevelopmentsthatarelikelytohavethebiggestimpactonyourjurisdiction’stradeprofileandpriorities?

InApril2023,theStateCouncilofChinaissued“theOpinionsonPromotingtheScaleStabilityandStructureOptimizationofForeignTrade”.Inthisdocument,thecomprehensiveresumptionofChina’sofflineexhibitionsandthefacilitationofentryandexitofcross-borderbusinesspersonnelwerespecificallymentioned.

ThespokespersonoftheMinistryofCommerce(MOFCOM)statedatapressconferenceinMarch2023thattheexternalenvironmentisbecomingincreasinglyuncertain,globalinflationisstillatahighlevel,thegrowthmomentumoftheworldeconomyandtradeisweakening,andexternalrepressionisconstantlyrising.Thesechallengeshavebecomeimportantfactorsaffectingthetrendofforeigntrade.

Hasyourjurisdictiontakenanyspecificdomesticmeasurestoaddresssustainabilityissuesininternationalsupplychains,forexampleinrelationtoforcedlabour,humanrightsandenvironmentalissues?IsitseekingtoaddresstheseissuesinanyFTAsorotherinternationalagreements?

AccordingtotheLaborLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,Laborersshallhaveequalrighttoemploymentandchoiceofoccupation,therighttoremunerationforlabor,torestandvacations,toprotectionofoccupationalsafetyandhealth,totraininginvocationalskills,tosocialinsuranceandwelfare,tosubmissionoflabordisputesforsettlementandotherrightsrelatingtolaborstipulatedbylaw.Laborersalsoshallhavetherighttoparticipatein,andorganize,tradeunionsinaccordancewiththelaw.Theauthoritiesshalltakevariousmeasurestopromoteemployment,developvocationaleducation,laydownlaborstandards,regulatesocialincomes,perfectsocialinsurancesystem,coordinatelaborrelationship,andgraduallyraisethelivingstandardoflaborers.

TheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina

stipulatesthatthestaterespectsandsafeguardshumanrights.

Chinahassuccessivelyformulatedaseriesoflawsrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection,suchastheEnvironmentalProtectionLaw,theMarineEnvironmentalProtectionLaw,andtheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentLaw.InSeptember2020,PresidentXiofficiallyannouncedatthegeneraldebateofthe75thUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly:“Chinawillincreaseitsnationalindependentcontribution,adoptstrongerpoliciesandmeasures,strivetopeakitscarbondioxideemissionsbefore2030,andstrivetoachievecarbonneutralitybefore2060.”

InJune2023,ChinasubmittedproposalsrelatedtotradeandenvironmentalpoliciestotheWTO.ChinaproposedtofullyleveragethesupervisoryanddeliberativefunctionsoftheWTOandholdmultilateralthematicdiscussionsonenvironmentalpoliciesthathaveasignificantimpactontrade.

Isyourjurisdictiontakinganyspecificdomesticmeasurestopromotenear-shoring/on-shoringforstrategicgoods(i.e.domesticsubsidies,importtariffs,orexportrestrictions)?IsitseekingtoaddresstheseissuesinanyFTAsorotherinternationalagreements?

Asaneconomiclever,importtariffsareusedasatooltoimplementnationaleconomicpolicies,whichisacommonpracticethroughouttheworld.ThesamegoesforChinainthisregard.Butaccordingtoofficialinformation,China’soveralltarifflevelhasbeenreducedto7.3%in2023.

AccordingtotheForeignTradeLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,Insomecircumstances,thestatemayrestrictorprohibittheimportorexportoftherelevantgoodsandtechnologies,suchas:whereitisnecessarytorestrictorprohibittheimportorexportforsafeguardingnationalsecurity,publicinterestsorethics;wheretheshortdomesticsupplyortheneedtoeffectivelyconserveexhaustiblenaturalresourcesmakesitnecessarytorestrictorprohibittheexport;andsoon.

Whatisthelegalregimegoverningtradesanctionsinyourcountry?Hasitevolvedinresponsetoongoinggeopoliticaldevelopments,suchastheon-goingcrisis

inUkraine?

TheAnti-foreignSanctionsLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,whichhasbeenadoptedandcomeintoeffectonJune10,2021,empowerstherelevantdepartmentsoftheStateCounciltoprohibitorrestrictcertainorganizationsorindividualsfromconductingtransactions,cooperationorotheractivitieswithdomesticentities.Inaddition,MOFCOMhasalsoformulated“theProvisionsontheListofUnrelatedEntities”and“theRulesonCounteractingUnjustifiedExtra-territorialApplicationofForeignLegislationandOtherMeasures”.

RelevantofficialoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongresspointedoutthattheformulationoftheAnti-foreignSanctionsLawisbecauseoftheneedtosafeguardnationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopmentinterests,andtheneedtocoordinatethepromotionofdomesticruleoflawandforeign-relatedruleoflaw.

Doesyourjurisdictionusetraderemediesand,ifso,whatremediesaremostcommonlyused?Andinwhichjurisdictionsandonwhichproductsaretheymostcommonlyapplied?

Chinahastakenmeasurestoimposeanti-dumpingorcountervailingdutiesonproductsoriginatingfromcertaincustomsterritory,mostcommonlyincludingtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,andsoon.Inrecentyears,productsofchemicaloralliedindustrieshavebeenrelativelyfrequentlytargetedbytraderemediesinChina.

Whatisthekeylegislationrelatingtoanti-dumpingduties,countervailingdutiesandsafeguards?Whataretheauthoritiesresponsibleforinvestigatinganddecidingwhethertheseremediesareapplied?

TheForeignTradeLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaprovidesachapteronforeigntraderemedies.BasedontheForeignTradeLaw,thefollowingadministrativeregulationsformulatedbytheStateCouncilhavemademorespecificprovisionsonanti-dumpingduties,countervailingduties,andsafeguards,whichare:theAnti-DumpingRegulationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theCountervailingRegulationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,RegulationsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonSafeguardMeasures.

TheMOFCOMshallberesponsiblefortheinvestigation

onanddeterminationofdamage;whiletheinvestigationonthedamagetoadomesticindustryrelatingtoagriculturalproductsshallbeconductedbytheMOFCOMincollaborationwiththeMinistryofAgriculture.

Thelevyoftheanti-dumpingdutiesorcountervailingdutiesshallbeproposedbytheMOFCOMandbedecidedonbytheTariffPolicyCommitteeundertheStateCounciluponthepropositionoftheMOFCOM,andshallbeannouncedbytheMOFCOM.

Ifthesafeguardmeasureistoraisetariffs,theMOFCOMshall,onthebasisofthereviewandpursuanttotheprovisionsofthepresentRegulation,suggesttokeep,canceloracceleratethepaceofrelaxingthemeasureofraisingoftariffs,andtheTariffPolicyCommitteeoftheStateCouncilshallmakeadecisionaccordingtothesuggestionoftheMOFCOMandtheMOFCOMshallannounceit.Ifthesafeguardmeasureistolimitthequantityorbyothermeans,theMOFCOMshall,accordingtotheresultofreviewandaccordingtotheprovisionsofthepresentRegulation,decidetokeep,canceloracceleratethepaceofrelaxingthemeasureoflimitingthequantityandannounceit.

Whatistheprocessforadomesticbusinessand/orindustrytoseektraderemedies(i.e.keydocumentation,evidencerequired,etc.)?Howcanforeignproducersparticipateintraderemediesinvestigationsinyourjurisdiction?

Thefilingandinvestigationproceduresfortraderemedymeasuresarebasicallysimilar,andthefollowingareexamplesofanti-dumpingprocedures:

Anapplicationforanti-dumpinginvestigationsshallincludethefollowingcontentsandshallbesupportedbythefollowingevidentialmaterials:1)Relevantinformationabouttheapplicant;2)Theknownproducers,exportersandimportersoftheimportedproductthatisappliedforinvestigations;3)Acompleteaccountoftheimportproductthatisappliedforinvestigationsandthedomesticproductofthesametypeaswellasacomparisonbetweenthetwo;4)Theactandscaleofdumping;5)Thedamagessufferedbythedomesticindustry;6)Thecausalrelationshipbetweenthedumpingactsandthedamagessuffered;7)Otherissuesthattheapplicantbelievesofnecessitytobespecified.

Withregardtothedescriptionoftheimportedproductthatisappliedforinvestigationsandthedomesticproductofthesametypeaswellasthecomparisonbetweenthetwo,theapplicantshallprovidethe

followingevidentialmaterials:1)Adetaileddescriptionoftheimportedproductthatisappliedforinvestigations,includingthename,type,specifications,purposeofuse,marketsituation,etcandthetariffcodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina;2)Thecountry(region)oforiginorthecountry(region)ofexportoftheimportedproductthatisappliedforinvestigations;3)Adetaileddescriptionofthedomesticproductofthesametype,includingthename,type,specifications,purposeofuse,marketsituation,etcofthesaidproduct;4)Acomparisonbetweentheimportedproductthatisappliedforinvestigationsandthedomesticproductofthesametype,includingthephysicalfeatures,chemicalfeatures,productiontechniques,substitutability,prices,purposeofuse,etcofthesaidproducts.

Whereanyinterestedparty(includingbutnotlimittoforeignproducers,exporters)appliesforansweringtheanti-dumpinginvestigationofindustryinjury,itshallfileanapplicationtotheMOFCOMwithin20daysfromthedaywhenanannouncementontheinitiationofanti-dumpinginvestigationofindustryinjuryismade,andshallgothroughrelevantregistrationformalities.Atthesametime,theapplicantshalloffertheinformationconcerningitsproductivecapacity,output,inventories,constructionandexpansionplans,thevolumeandamountoftheproductexportedtoChina,thevolumeandamountoftheproductimportedbytheimportbusinessoperators.

Attherequestoftheinterestedparties,theMOFCOMmay,upontheapprovaloftherelevantcountry(region),dispatchpersonstothecountry(region)toconductinvestigationsontheproductivecapacity,investmentsinexpandingproduction,inventories,placeoforiginorentrepot,theconnectionamongtheenterprisesandotherinformationrelatedtotheproduct.

Attherequestofaninterestedparty,orwhenevertheMOFCOMconsidersitnecessary,ahearingofindustryinjurymaybeheld.

Doesyourjurisdictionhaveanyspecialregulationsorproceduresregardinginvestigationofpossiblecircumventionorevasionoftraderemedies?Whataretheconsequencesofcircumventingorevadingtraderemedies?

TheMOFCOMmaytakeappropriatemeasurestopreventtheactsofevadinganti-dumpingand/orcountervailingmeasures.

Iftheso-calledcircumventionorevasionmeasuresresultinunderpaymentoftariffs(duties),thesecircumvention

orevasionmaybeidentifiedassmuggling.Ifso,theperpetratorwillbesubjecttoadministrativeorcriminalpenalties.

Whatarethesubstantivelegaltestsinyourjurisdictionfortheapplicationofremedies?Doesyourjurisdictionapplyalesserdutyruleand/orapublicinteresttestinanti-dumpinginvestigations?Arethereanyothernotablefeaturesofyourjurisdiction'straderemediesregime?

Takeanti-dumpinginvestigationasanexample,inChina,theMOFCOMshalltakesuchmeansasquestionnaires,sampling,hearing,technicalauthentication,on-the-spotinvestigationandsoontomakeanindustryinjuryinvestigation.Thedeterminationofanactualinjuryshallbebasedontheclearlyforeseeableandimminentsituation,inwhichifnomeasuresaretaken,anactualinjurywilloccur.Thedeterminationofariskofactualinjuryshallbebasedonfacts,ratherthansimplyoncomplaints,conjecturesortheleastpossibility.

Moreover,whendeterminingariskofactualinjury,investigationsshallbemadebutnotlimitedtothefactorsasfollows:1)Significantincreaserateshowingalikelyactualincreaseofdumpedimports;2)Thecapabilityoftheexporterstousefullyandfreelyorofpotentialactualincrease,whichshowsalikelyactualincreaseofdumpedexportsenteringthemarketoftheimportingmembers.Intheuseofthisindicator,oneshouldconsiderthefactorwhetherthereareanyotherexportmarketsthatmaytakeinanyadditionalexports;

3)Whethertheimportedproductarebeingimportedinpricesofsignificantdepressionorsuppressionofpricesofdomesticlikeproduct,whichislikelytocauseanincreaseofthedemandsofimports;4)Theinventoriesoftheproductsunderinvestigation.

China’santi-dumpingregimeembodiestheprinciplesofpublicinterest,suchas:Thelevyingofanti-dumpingdutiesshallbeconsistentwithpublic