大学英语语法及练习

PAGEPAGE5大学英语语法及练习第一讲虚拟语气I.考点分析：分四级语法复习虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：1.虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。动词形式类型虚拟时间从句动词主句动词if条件句现在过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+过去分词would/should/might/could+have+过去分词将来should/wereto/过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形wish引导的宾从现在过去式过去had+过去分词/couldhavedone将来would/could/might+动词原形asif/though方式状语从句同wish其它动词引导的宾从(should)+动词原形主语从句(should)+动词原形表语从句(should)+动词原形同位语从句(should)+动词原形ifonly同if条件句lest,forfearthat,incaseshould+动词原形wouldrather/soonerthat现在/将来过去式过去had+过去分词Itishigh/abouttimethat过去式2.要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。例如：IfIwereinvited,Iwouldcome.Ifshewerenotill,shecoulddoalotofthings.3.if条件句中如谓语动词是were,had,should,could时，可以省略if,把它们前置。例如：Hadmyfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendmeabroad.CouldIdoit,Iwouldsurelydoit.ShouldtheBlackDeathreappear,whatshouldwedo?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4.错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题:IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,youwouldn’tbesmilingnow.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）又如：IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothefilmlastnight.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5.虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore,butIhavebeenill.(=IfIhadnotbeenill,Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore.);Atruefriendwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Afriend,ifhehadbeentrue,wouldhaveacteddifferently.)6.注意介词短语without,butfor,intheabsence等表示虚拟条件。例如：Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.没有电就不会有现代工业。Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。7.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+宾语”或“Butthat+从句”表示假设条件。例如：Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,we’dneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.Butthathesawit(=Ifhehadnotseenit),hecouldnothavebelievedit.8.providing,providing(that),onconditionthat,suppose,supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice,agree,command,decide,demand,determine,direct（命令）insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,move(提议，动议)等；例如：TheUnitedNationsurgedthathe(should)withdrawhistroops.（联合国敦促他撤军。）10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice,command,desire,determination,idea,motion,order,preference,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposals,request,requirement等；例如：Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.(用于同位语从句)邀请他的建议被否决了。Theirdemandisthattheirwagesbeincreasedby20%.(用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加20%。11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“Itis/was+形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.你有必要参加讨论。Itwasorderedthatthemedicinesbesentherebyplane.根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）,anxious(急切的),appropriate（合适的）,compulsory（强制的）,crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）,eager,essential（必要的）,imperative(迫切的),important（重要的）,impossible（不可能的）,improper（不合适的）,natural（自然的）,obligatory(必须履行的)，preferable（更好的）,proper（合适的）,strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）,vital（至关重要的）,demanded（要求的）,required（要求的）,suggested（建议的）,desired（希望的）等。II.历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：1.Thattreelookedasifit______foralongtime.(93/1/52) A)hasn’twatered B)didn’twater C)hadn’tbeenwatered D)wasn’twatered2.It’snecessary______thedictionaryimmediately.(93/1/68) A)thathewillreturn B)thathereturnedC)thathereturn D)thathehastoreturn3.Wedesirethatthetourleader______usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.(93/6/48)A)inform B)informs C)informed D)hasinformed4.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI______youradvice.(93/6/70)A)follow B)hadfollowedC)wouldfollow D)havefollowed解析：wouldrather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。27.A)题意：迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。解析：insist后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should+动词原形，should可以省略，故选A)thathenotstay。28.A)题意：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。解析：wish引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时，动词用过去时，并且用were代替was，所以A)wereliving是正确答案。29.C)题意：这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。解析：“itisessential+that从句”的虚拟语气用should+动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项C是正确答案。30.B)题意：由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。解析：suggestion引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should+动词原形或者省略should,故选B。31.D)题意：经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。解析：wouldrather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。32.A)题意：酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。解析：“itisimportant+that从句”的虚拟语气用should+动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项A是正确答案。33.C)题意：如果涉及到的上百万的计算用人工完成，那么等算完时早已失去其实用价值。解析：if引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反，从句用“had+过去分词”形式，if省略，had提前，并以插入语的方式置于句中，主句用“would+have+过去分词”形式，所以选项C为正确答案。34.A)题意：杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。解析：wish引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的假设，动词形式用过去完成式（had+过去分词）或could+have+过去分词的形式，所以选项A)hadstudied是正确答案。35.C)题意：这篇文章建议，当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时，他应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。解析：suggest引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should+动词原形或省略should的形式，但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主句（heshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell-balanceddiet）,而是宾语从句中一个由when引导的时间状语从句，不需用虚拟语气，因此选项C)is是正确答案。36.D)题意：许多代表都赞成他的提议即设立一个专门委员会来调查此事故。解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should+动词原形或者省略should,该句是被动语态，故选D。37.A)题意：如果那位母亲坚持不放弃抚养婴儿的权利，那事情可能还要糟糕的多。解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用had+过去分词的形式，主句用would/could+have+过去分词，故选项A是正确答案。第二讲非谓语动词I．考点分析非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：Heseemedtohavewaitedthereforalongtime.(不定式的完成时态)Heseemedtobewaitingforsomeone.(不定式的正在进行时)Heseemedtohavenotknowntheplaceverywell.(不定式的完成时态的否定形式)Heseemedtohavebeentoldaboutit.(不定式的被动语态)一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：Thefilmisexciting.(表语)Theexcitingfilmattractedthechildrenverymuch.(定语)Havingfinishingthehomework,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(状语)Theproblembeingdiscussediswhattheyareconcernedwith.(定语)过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：Childrenareexcitedatthefilm.(表语)Theexcitedchildrensanganddancedtothemidnight.(定语)Excitedatthenews,childrenwenttotheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.(状语)Thiswastheproblemdiscussedatthemeetingyesterday.(定语)不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式,不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。ItisofImportancetohavegoodfriends.(逻辑主语)Toseeistobelieve.(主语)Iexpecthimtocomebacksoon.(宾语补语)Idon’tknowhowtogetthere.(宾语)Weneedsomeonetohelpus.(定语)Togetthereearlier,westartedat6o’clock.(状语)Theroomseemedtohavebeencleaned.(表语)动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。Idon’tlikingtalkingwithher.(宾语)Smokingisdangerousforhealth.(主语)Herhobbyiscollectingcoins.(表语)二、四级考试中的非谓语动词考点非谓语动词的时态和语态Thetwobuildingsbeingrepairednowarethestudents’dormitories.(正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)Thetwobuildingsrepairedduringthesummervacationsarethestudents’dormitories.(过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)Thetwobuildingstoberepairedarethestudents’dormitories.(不定式表示动做未发生，将要发生)非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法Notknowingwhattodonext,heaskedmeforhelp.(分词作状语的否定形式)Iregretnottellingherthenewsearlier.(动名词作宾语的否定形式)Idon’tmindyourbeinglate.(动名词作宾语的物主形式)Ipersuadehimnottostaytheretoolong.(不定式作补语的否定形式)现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如；OriginallycultivatedInIndia,thebananabroughttotheAmericasbythePortuguesewhofoundItInAfrica句中主语thebanana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originallycultivated。Thelostchildwasfoundhidinginthecave.句中hidinginthecave与其主语thechild是主动关系，用现在分词。不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。要求不定式所宾语的动词有：expect,urge,Intend,persuade,prefer,cause,encourage,tell,ask,make,let,,要求动名词所宾语的动词有：mind,quit,resent,mention,appreciate,postpone,consider,enjoy,deserve,delay,avoid,escape,deny,resist,admit,fancy,giveup,cannotbut,need,want，feellike下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember,forget,regret,mean,like,hate,love,stopremember,forget,regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like,hate,love后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。stop后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。mean后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。几种特殊的句型Itisnogood(use)+doingsth.Itisnousearguingwithheraboutthematter.ThereIsno_doingsth.Thereisnotellingwhentostart.But+(to)do:介词前动词若是实义动词do，省略to;介词前动词若不是实义动词do，则不能省略to。Ourparentsrequiredusofnothingbuttostudyhard.Hesaidnothingbuttocry.Hedidnothingbutcry.分词的固定搭配词组：judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,considering,taking…intoconsideration,comparedto(with)独立主格结构独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：主语＋分词Theproblembeingsolved,hewentbackhome.Timepermitting,wewillgooutingthisweekend.Thereporthavingbeenreadalivelydiscussionbegan.With+逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）TheoldmancameInwithabookunderhisarm.Theywenthomewiththelightson.三、非谓语动词考点例题时态1．Asapublicrelationsofficer,heissaid______someveryinfluentialpeople.（01/A)toknowB)tobeknowingC)tohavebeenknowingD)tohaveknown2.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.（96/6/37）【C】A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending语态1.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection______tothenation.（96/A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft2.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself--restraintasifIweretheone______.（96/A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected3.CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit______inCuba.（00/1/45）【B】A)havingcultivatedB)beingcultivatedC)beencultivatedD)cultivating作状语（不定式,分词）1.Couldyoufindsomeone______.（94/4/63）【A】A)formetoplaytenniswithB)formetoplaytennisC)playtenniswith D)playingtenniswith2.______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster'sdegree.（95/1/48）【A】A)TobecomeB)BecomeC)OnebecomeD)Onbecoming3.Thisprogrammewillexaminethewriter'sbooksindetail______anintroductiontoherlife.（94/4/70）【A】A)followingB)havingfollowedC)beingfollowedD)tobefollowed4.Thehousewasveryquiet______atitwasonthesideofamountain.（99/6/48）【A】A)isolated B)beingisolatedC)isolatingD)havingbeenisolated作宾补（分词）1.InAustraliatheAsiansmaketheirinfluence______inbusinesseslargeandsmall.（94/4/67）【C】A)feelingB)feelC)feltD)tobefelt2.Don'tgetyourschedule______;staywithusinthisclass.（96/1/42）【C】A)tochangeB)changingC)changedD)change作后置定语(分词)1.Homework______ontimewillleadtobettergrades.（95/1/44）【A】A)done B)bedone C)havingdoneD)tohavebeendone2.Asearlyas1647Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolmustbeestablishedIneverytown______50householdormore.（98/1/36）【A】A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad作宾语(动名词)1.Annneverdreamsof______forhertobesentabroadverysoon.（98/6/43）【A】A)therebeingachanceB)theretobeachanceC)therebeachanceD)beingachance2.Hegivespeopletheimpression______allhislifebroad.（98/6/46）【A】A)ofhavingspentB)tohavespentC)ofbeingspentD)tospend特殊动词后接不定式作宾语1.Iwouldappreciate______itasecret.（95/6/41）【A】A)yourkeepingB)youtokeepC)thatyoukeepD)thatyouwillkeep2.Markoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.（95/6/42）【D】A)havingbeenfinedB)tobefinedC)tohavebeenfinedD)beingfined3.IfIhadremembered__thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.（96/1/40）【A】A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed4.Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.（97/6/58）【D】A)havetoldB)betoldC)beingtold D)havingtoldII.历届考题中的非谓语动词1.______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfalloftheedgeoftheearth.（96A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved2.Thetraditionalapproach______withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.（96/6/33）A)todealingB)indealingC)dealingD)todeal3.WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.（97/1/44）A)cheatingB)cheatC)tocheatD)tobecheating4.Yourhairwants_______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.（97/6/48）A)cutB)tocutC)cuttingD)beingcut5._______,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.（97/6/56）A)Otherthingsbeingequal B)wereotherthingsequalC)Tobeequaltootherthings D)Otherthingstobeequal6.Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused______lateforhislecture.（98A)tohavestudentsB)forstudents’beingC)forstudentstobeD)tostudents’being7.Peopleappreciate______withhimbecausehehasagoodsenseofhumor.（98/1/37）A)toworkB)tohaveworkedC)workingD)havingworked8.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman______anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.（98/1/44）A)installB)toinstallC)tobeinstalledD)installed9.Allthings______theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.（98/6/49）A)consideredB)beconsideredC)considering D)havingconsidered10.Allflights______becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.（99/1/51）A)hadbeencanceledB)havebeencanceledC)werecanceledD)havingbeencanceled11.Hisremarksleftme______abouthisrealpurpose.（99/6/45）A)wonder B)wonderingC)wonderedD)towonder12.Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudents______wellofhim.（99/6/46）A)speakB)tospeakC)spoken D)tohavespoken13.Thiscrophassimilarqualitiestothepreviousone,______bothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil.（99/6/57）A)beenB)tobeC)beingD)havingbeen14.Theproject______bytheendof2000,willexpandthecity'stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000users.（99/6/68）A)beingaccomplishedB)tobeaccomplishedC)accomplished D)havingbeenaccomplished15.Idon'tmind______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.（00/1/43）A)yourdelayingtomakeB)youdelaytomakeC)yourdelayingmakingD)youtodelaymaking16.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience______onbenches,chairsorboxes.（00/1/46）A)havingseatedB)seatingC)havingbeenseated D)seated17.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo______bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.（00/6A)unrecordedB)tobeunrecordedC)unrecording D)tohavebeenunrecorded18.Ihavenoobjection______yourstoryagain.（00/6A)tohearB)tohearingC)tohavingheardD)tohaveheard19.Youwillseethisproduct______whereveryougo.（00/6A)tobeadvertisedB)advertisedC)advertiseD)advertising20.Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggested______atthenexttown.（00/6/34）A)tostopB)stoppingC)stopD)havingstopped21.Hewasn'tappointedchairmanofthecommittee,____notverypopularwithallitsmembers.（02A)tobeconsideredB)consideringC)beingconsideredD)havingconsidered22.______inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.（01A)TobejudgedthebestB)HavingjudgedthebestC)JudgedthebestD)Judgingthebest23.I'llneverforget______youforthefirsttime.（01A)tomeetB)tohavemetC)meetingD)havingtobemeeting24.Thatyoungmanstilldenies______thefirebehindthestore.（01A)tostartB)havingstartedC)startD)tohavestarted25.Withthedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowers______beforetheirtime.（01A)bebloomedB)bloomC)bloomedD)blooming26.Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers______ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.（01A)informB)informingC)beinformedD)informed27.Allthetasks______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.（01A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeenfulfilledIII.答案与详解1.B)题意：由于人们认为地球是扁平的，所以人们担心哥伦布会走到在地球的边缘。解析：句中many是动作believe的发出者，主语many和believe的关系应属主动关系，用现在分词。2.A)题意：解决复杂问题的传统方法是把它们分解成众多的容易解决的小问题。解析：句中approach后定语要用介词to，介词后接动名词dealing，所以选A)。3.A)题意：当我发现他骗我时，我不再在那买东西了。我去另一家商店购物了。解析：句中cheating作宾语him的补语，二者之间是主动关系，要用现在分词，所以选A)。4.C)题意：你的头发需要剪了，你最好明天去理发。解析：句中动词want后需要接动名词作宾语，而且动名词的主动语态表示被动。所以选C)。5.A)题意：如果其他条件相同，一个善于表达自己思想的人肯定会比语言能力弱的人成功的机会大。解析：句中A)Otherthingsbeingequal是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。6.D)题意：尽管教授自己很准时，他已经很习惯于学生在他的课上迟到了。解析：beusedto习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用students’being。7.C)题意：人们喜欢与他一同工作，因为他具有很强的幽默感。解析：句中动词appreciate后需要接动名词作宾语。所以选C)。8.A)题意：他们打算明天找电工给办公室安装上一台电扇。解析：havesb.do意思是找某人做事，注意区别另一个习惯用法：havesth.done请某人把事做了。9.A)题意：考虑到所有的因素，原计划的旅行取消了。解析：Allthingsconsidered是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体Allthings和动词consider之间是被动关系，所以选A)10.D)题意：因为暴风雪天气，所有的航班都取消了。许多旅客只能乘火车。解析：beusedto习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用students’being。Allflightshavingbeencanceled同样是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体Allflights和动词cancel之间是被动关系所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选D)。11.B)题意：他的话使我怀疑起他的真正目的。解析：Wondering在句中作宾语补语，由于动词wonder和主体me之间是主动关系，所以选B)。12.A)题意：我从教师和学生那都听到他的好话。解析：动词hear接不带to的不定式，动词speak和主体teachersandstudents之间是主动关系，所以选A)。13.C)题意：这种庄稼和从前的那种一样，特点相似。二者都有抗风和适应同一种类型的土地的特点。解析：句中C)beingbothwind-resistantandadaptedtothesametypeofsoil是分词作定语，修饰thepreviousone。14.B)题意：将要在2000年末完成的项目，将使城市的电话网覆盖面扩大到一百万。解析：在这里B)tobeaccomplished是Theproject的定语，由于主体Theproject和动词accomplish之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；又由于动词accomplish还没有完成，是将要完成，所以要用不定式，故选B)15.C)题意：你稍后作出决定我不介意，因为时间还来得及。解析：句中动词mind后需要接动名词作宾语，又因为delay的主体不是I，而是you，所以选C)yourdelayingmaking。16.D)题意：销售活动通常在室外进行，观众坐在凳子、椅子或盒子上。解析：句中withtheaudienceseatedonbenches,chairsorboxes是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于动词seated通常用beseated形式，因此选D)。17.A)题意：调查表明犯罪在警察那没有记录，因为并不是所有的受害者都会报案的。解析：在这里A)unrecorded表示主体crimes和动词unrecord之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。18.B)题意：我不反对再听一遍你的故事。解析：动词object和其同跟名词objection后需要接to+动名词，又因为object的主体是I，所以选B)tohearing。19.B)题意：你在哪都可以看到这种产品的广告。解析：在这里B)advertised是thisproduct的定语，由于主体thisproduct和动词advertise之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，故选B)20.B)题意：彼得开了一天的车建议能再到一个城镇时停下来休息。解析：句中动词suggest后需要接动名词作宾语，所以选B。21.C)题意：考虑到他在成员中的威信，他没有被任命为委员会主席。解析：句中是分词短语作原因状语，动词consider和主体He之间是被动关系，故要用现在分词的被动形式。22.A)题意：由于在最近的科学竞赛中，三个学生被认为是最优秀的而被授予两万一千美元的全奖奖学金。解析：在这里分词短语Judgedthebestinarecentsciencecompetition作原因状语，由于动词judge和主体thethreestudents之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动。23.C)题意：我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的情景。解析：句中动词forget后接动名词表示不会忘记发生的事，所以选C。24.B)题意：年轻人仍然否认在商店后点火的事。解析：句中动词deny后要求接动名词作宾语，所以选B。25.B)题意：随着科学和技术的发展，人类使得花朵能在开花期前开花。解析：Makesb.orsth.do意思是使得某人某事完成某一动作，注意sb.orsth.与动词do之间是主动关系；请区别另一个习惯用法：makesth.done意思是使得某人做事。在这里flowers和bloom之间是主动关系，故要选B）。26.D)题意：主席答应让所有董事会成员了解谈判进展情况。解析：在这里分词短语informedofhowthenegotiations作宾语补语，由于动词inform和主体alltheboardmembers之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动，所以选D)。27.B)题意：由于所有的任务都提前完成了，他们决定出去度假一个星期。解析：Allthetaskshavingbeenfulfilledaheadoftime是独立主格结构，在句中作原因状语。由于主体Allthetasks和动词fulfill之间是被动关系，所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选B)。第三讲倒装I.考点分析英语句子的一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分”。如果在一定条件下，为了达到某些语法或修辞上的效果，改变句子的一般语序，把谓语放在主语的面前，我们称之为倒装（InvertedOrder）。倒装又分为完全倒装(CompleteInversion)和部分倒装(PartialInversion)。把谓语部分完全放到主语前称为完全倒装，如Herearesomelettersforyou.把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称之为部分倒装，如NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.纵观历届CET4考题，“倒装”是常考的项目。倒装的考察要点有：1.以某些副词开头的句子，如：here,now,then,up,down,out,in,或由副词there,then,now等引起，谓语动词为come或go，并且主语不是人称代词的句子，应该完全倒装。例：1)Herecomesthebus.2)Theregoesyourlastchance.3)Outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.4)Upwenttherocketcarryingthesatelliteonitstop.2.有时出于修辞上的考虑可以把表语提前放在主语前面，同时主谓完全倒装。例：1)Verygratefulweareforyouhelp.2)Averyreliablepersonheis,tobesure.3)Veryimportantinthefarmers’lifeistheweatherreport.3.代词neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。例：1)Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.2)Wedon’tneedair-conditioning,norcanweaffordit.3)Theorganizationhadbrokennorulesbutneitherhaditactedresponsibility.4)Johnhadbeenworkinghardandsohadhisbrother.4.虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were,had和should要移至主语之前。例：1)HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.2)Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.3)Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,wehadneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.5.句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。例：1)Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.2)Notasinglebookhadhereadthatmonth.3)Bynomeanswasheabletohandlethetoughproblem.4)Hardlyhadhearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.常用于这一结构的词语有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,hardly/scarcely…when,invain,much/even/stillless,nolonger,nosooner…than,notasingleword,notasoul,notinfrequently,notoften,notonly…but(also),notuntil等。6.only位于句子开头，如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。例：1)Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.2)Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarcanyouwritecorrectly.3)Onlyinafewcountriesdoesthewholeofthepopulationenjoyareasonablestandardofliving.7.so/such…that结构中的so放在句首时，需要倒装。例：1)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.2)Soproudistheyoungmanthatheisreluctanttoacceptothers’opinion.3)Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.8.在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添加助动词do/did以代替前面已出现过的动词。例：1)Ispendmorethandomyfriends.2)Shetraveledagreatdeal,asdidmostofherfriends.9.在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。例：1)Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.2)Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.3)Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.10.句首为manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchextremes,tosuchlengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.11.当句子没有宾语且主语较长，常可将状语提到句子前头，主谓完全倒装。例：1)Afterthemcameinthehostandthehostess.2)Tothelistmaybeaddedthefollowingnames.3)Oneverysidestretchedfieldsofgreenwheat.同样地，也可以把表语和系动词提到主语前面，表语可以是介词短语，形容词，副词或分词。例：1)Aroundthelakeare21statefarms.2)Worstofallweretheirlivingstandards.3)Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmenplayingchess.12.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。例：1)Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!2)LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!II.历届四级试题中的倒装句及相关练习:1.Sheneverlaughed,_____losehertemper.(90/01/59)A)orsheeverdid B)nordidsheever C)ordidsheever D)norsheeverdid2.Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehill_____weallsatdowntorest.(91/06/62)A)whenB)thenC)thanD)until3._____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.(93/01/61)A)HaditnotbeenB)ItwerenotC)Weren’titD)Hadnotitbeen4.Wedon'tneedairconditioning,_____.(94/01/57)A)norcanweaffordit B)andnorwecanaffordit C)neithercanaffordit D)andwecanneitheraffordit5.Icouldnotpersuadehimtoacceptit,______makehimseetheimportanceofit.(95/01/42)A)ifonlyIcouldnotB)nomorethanIcould C)orIcouldnotD)norcouldI 6._____formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.(95/01/47)A)NotbeingB)HaditnotbeenC)WithoutbeingD)Nothavingbeen7._____asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(96/01/A)BeingpublishedB)PublishedC)PublishingD)Tobepublished8.Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but______haditactedresponsibly.(96/01/33)A)neither B)so C)either D)both9._____rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.(96/06/42)A)WouldsheleaveB)IfsheleavesC)WereshetoleaveD)Ifshehadleft10._____beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(97/01/34)A)HadtheyarrivedB)WouldtheyarriveC)WeretheyarrivingD)Weretheytoarrive11.Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_____totakemake-uptests.(97/06/43)A)arefreshmenpermittedC)permittedarefreshmenB)freshmenarepermittedD)arepermittedfreshmen12.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances_____thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.(99/06/60)A)mayweuseB)wemayuseC)wecoulduseD)didweuse13.Soconfused_____thathedidn’tknowhowtostarthislecture.A)sincehebecameB)wouldhebecomeC)thathebecameD)didhebecome14.Little_____thatJohnwouldbecomeafamouswriter.A)wethoughtB)wethinkC)didwethinkD)wethinkof15.Notonly_____uslight,butitgivesusheat.A)didthesungiveB)thesungivesC)givesthesunD)doesthesungive16.Abovethelandandwater_____withadepthestimatedtobefrom50to200miles.A)alayerofairisB)willalayerofairbeC)alayerofairbeD)isalayerofair17._____,Tomknowssomethingofelectricity.A)AsheisachildB)AschildheisC)AschildisheD)Childasheis18.WhenIgrewup,duringseverewintersnowstorms,schoolswouldclose,_____postofficesandothergovernmentoffices.A)similartoB)aswouldC)suchasD)like19.Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagood