浅析《麦田里的守望者》里的成长主题

TheCatcherintheRye浅析《麦田里的守望者》里的成长主题PAGEPAGEiiiAbstractJ.D.Salingerwasbornin1919inawealthyJewishmerchantfamilyinNewYorkCity.HisrepresentativeworkTheCatcherintheRyewaspublishedin1951,whichisconsideredtobeoneoftheclassicworksofAmericanliteratureinthe20thcentury.Thisbookisquiteunique,tellingthestoryoftheheroofthenovel,Holden,hisfour-daysexperienceinthemostprosperousNewYorkCityafterbeingexpelledfromschool.Itisshownintwoaspects,oneistheperplexityaboutunabletointegrateintotheadultworld,andtheotheristheconfusionaboutunabletostayinthechildworld.Thesetwosituationscanbesaidtobethetrueportrayalofeachperson’syouth.Nowadays,everyonegenerallyagreeswithsuchasocialphenomenon:Holden’sconfusionisalsoanevidenceincontemporaryyouth.Theacceleratedpaceoflife,therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandtheincreasingcompetitionareallaffectingtheirpsychologicalgrowth.Therefore,howtoguideyoungpeopletosuccessfullypassthroughadolescenceandcultivateascientificoutlookonlifeandvaluesisnotonlyworthyofconsiderationbysociologistsandeducators,butalsodeservesthegeneralattentionofthewholesociety.ThefirstpartofthisthesisgivesabriefintroductionofthecontentandwritingbackgroundofTheCatcherintheRye.Byanalyzingtheenvironmentinwhichthewriterwaslived,itpavedthewayforanalyzingthegrowthoftheprotagonistinthesecondandthirdparts.Thesecond,thirdandfourthpartsofthethesisarethemainparts.Thesecondpartistoanalyzetheconfusionthattheprotagonistcan’tintegrateintotheadultworld.Thethirdpartdescribestheprotagonist’sconfusionaboutcan’tstayinchildworld,whilethefourthpartisthemainchangeoftheprotagonist’sinsightandgrowth.ThefifthpartofthethesissumsupthegreatvaluebroughtbytheTheCatcherintheRyeandthesocialproblemsreflectedbythenovel,whichdeservesourdeepthoughts.Keywords:YouthConfusionGrowth

摘要杰罗姆・大卫・塞林格1919年出生于美国纽约城一个富裕的犹太商人家庭。1951年出版的《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格的代表作，被认为是二十世纪美国文学的经典作品之一。本书颇具特色，以小说主人公霍尔顿的口吻讲述自己第四次被学校开除后在美国最繁华的纽约市游荡了一天两夜的经历。这体现在两个方面，一为与成人世界格格不入的困惑，二为与孩童世界渐离渐远的迷惘。如今，大家普遍认同这样一种社会现象：霍尔顿的这种迷惘也明显地存在于当代的青年中,生活节奏的加快、科技的飞速发展和竞争的日益加剧无不影响着他们的心理成长。同样，对于如何引导青少年顺利度过青春期,培养科学的人生观和价值观,不仅值得社会学家和教育学家深思，更应该得到全社会的普遍重视。论文的第一部分对《麦田里的守望者》的内容、写作背景进行了简要介绍，通过分析作家写小说时所处的大环境，为二、三部分分析小说主人公的成长问题做铺垫。论文的二、三、四部分是主体部分。第二部分是分析主人公无法融入成人世界的迷茫，第三部分则描述了主人公对于无法挽留的孩童世界的困惑，而第四部分则是主人公开始顿悟并且成长的一大改变，论文的第五部分概括总结了《麦田里的守望者》带来的巨大价值以及所反映出的社会问题，值得我们深思。关键词：青春困惑成长

ContentsAbstract=1\*romani摘要=2\*romaniiContents=3\*romaniiiTOC\o"1-3"\h\u252831Introduction 190921.1Theconceptofgrowthnovel 182541.2Writingbackground 1231791.3Theimpactsofthenovel 245812TheperplexityofHolden’syouthgrowth 346122.1Thefalsehoodintheadultworld 3215892.2Theconfusionintheadultworld 5260572.3Thehopelessnessintheadultworld 717653ThebewildermentofHolden’syouthgrowth 9182013.1Thewarmthofthechildren’sworld 10286953.2Asentimentalattachmenttothechildren’sworld 10316783.3Tobeaguardianofthechildren’sworld 12149954Holden’sinsight--Begintogrowintomaturity 13142454.1Holden’sinsight 13140644.2Growthisunstoppable 14112555Conclusion 1412508Acknowledgement 1647References 17PAGEPAGE171Introduction1.1TheconceptofgrowthnovelAsaspecialkindofliterature,thecreationofthegrowthnovelhasalonghistory.Itscreativebackgroundisbasedonthegrowthprocessandgrowthexperienceofthecharacters.Thecontentoftheyouthasastoryisalsoakindofgrowthnovel,whichfirstappearedinGermanliterature.ItquicklybecameapopliterarygenreintheEuropeanandAmericanliteratureatthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Usually,growthnovelsarerelatedtoeducationanddevelopment.“Growthnovels”firstmeant“civilization”inEuropeanlanguages.“Shaping”and“formation”laterbecamethegenreofnovelcreation.AccordingtoBingyupingsaid,“theeducationalnovelsshowthataftertheyoungprotagonistexperiencedsomesortofpainfulincident...eventuallyledhimtoarealandcomplexadultworld.”(Bingyuping,2004:23)Intheearlydays,theAmericangrowthnovelshavecontinuedtheEuropeanrealismtradition.Fromtheperspectiveofthenarrativetheme,theyhaveshowntwomajorthemesof“compromise”and“socialization”.ThethemeofthebookTheCatcherintheRyeisnotonlysimpletoencounterproblems,butalsotosolveproblems.Itistoshowtheconfusionthathumanbeingshaveencounteredintheprocessofgrowingup.ItcanbesaidthattheconfusionwasshownthroughtheprotagonistHoldeninthisnovelwasthecommonsocialanxietyatthattime.Fromtheoverallarrangementofthestoryendings,inthetraditionalgrowthnovels,afterallthehardships,theprotagonistwillhaveathoroughunderstandingandperceptionoflife,societyandself,andthenbecometherepresentativeandtypicalofmainstreamvalues.Itisoftenahappyending.ButTheCatcherintheRyeisdifferent.Thereisnoarrangementforahappyreunion.Attheendofthenovel,thereisnoindicationofthehero’swhereaboutsandthoughts.Thewholeendingisalittlehopeindespair.1.2WritingbackgroundIntheearly1950s,theAmericangovernmentpursuedTrumanismandMcCarthyism,curbedcommunism,intensifiedtheColdWarinternationally,anddomesticallysuppressedtheprogressiveforces.Theterrorofnuclearwarshroudedeveryone’ssoul.Somepeopledecoratedthepeaceandlivedawkwarddays.Somepeopledonotunderstandthevulgar,hypocriticalworld,theywanttoresist,butlackthegloriousideal,cannotfindabrightwayout.Therefore,somecontemporaryAmericanhistoriansrefertotheUnitedStatesinthe1950sas“thesilentfifties”or“thecowardofthefifties.”ThesocialrealityexpressedinTheCatcherintheRyeisthesocialrealityofthecommercialsociety.Inthecommercialsociety,theinterestrelationshiphasbeenemphasizedinthesocialconsciousnesstoachievethemaximumimpact.Sincetherelationshipofinterestshasbeenemphasizedtothegreatestextent,therelationshipbetweenthoughtandemotionhasretreatedtothebackground,thesincerityandindifferencerequiredfortheconnectionofthoughtsandfeelings,andthehypocrisyofindividualinterestscanoftenbepromoted.Thehypocriticalstylehasbecomeincreasinglyimportantandhasbecomeanimportantfeatureofinterpersonalrelationshipsinbusinesssociety.Childrenrunninginthewheatfieldsmayaccidentallyfalloffthecliffatanytime,whichsymbolizesthattheinnocentpeoplearealwaysthreatenedbysocialmorality.Theymayfallintothealienatedmoralquagmire,andtheymaybesubjecttothecommercialsocietyofmaterialismatthattime.Corruptionandlossoftrueself,andtheywillgettroubleinthecrisisofmoralalienationofidentity.AndHoldendreamsofbecomingawatchmaninawheatfield,hewantstosavethoseinnocentpeopleindanger,toprotectthemfromthespirit,tomaketheminnocent,tokeeptheminamoralposition,nottofallintothebitterness.Here,Holdenpositionshimselfasamoralsaviorandexpresseshisdissatisfactionwiththefallofmoralityinsocietyatthetime.1.3TheimpactsofthenovelAfterthebookwasreleasedintheUnitedStatesatthetime,“Holden”wasliketheflu,widelypopularamongtheyouthatthattime,whichalsoshowedthepsychologicalstateoftheprevalenceoftheyouthatthattime.Theystruggledbetweenadolescence,theadultworldandthechildren’sworld,weredeeplyconfusedandembarrassed.TheappearanceofHoldenwasastronggesturetoannouncethearrivalofarebelliousera.Holden,ayoungboywhohatesthehypocrisyofthesurroundingenvironment,isseenasacharmingnewherobymillionsofreaders.Thecordiallanguageoffreedominthetextiswarmlywelcomed.AndthisnovelreflectsthecontradictoryoutlookonlifeandmoralityofAmericanyouthafterWorldWarII,andrepresentsthethinkingandsituationofquiteafewpeopleatthattime.TheprotagonistHolden’srebellionwithoutaclearpurposewasatypicalillnessforstudentsandteenagersatthetime.AfterthepublicationofTheCatcherintheRye,themiddleschoolstudentsrushedtoread.Parentsandteachersalsoregardedthenovelasa“mustreadnovel”andregardeditasthekeytounderstandingcontemporaryyouth.TheCatcherintheRyeledthenewtrendofAmericanliterarycreation,whichmadetheAmericansofthe1950swithpoorthoughtsandcoldfeelingsfallforit.Thisperiodcanbecalledthe“Salinger’sera”whichbeyondthedefinitionofliterature.Thisarticleanalyzesthenovel’sprotagonistHolden’smentaljourneyfromdisgustinghypocrisy,pursuinginnocencetofinallysubjugatingsocialreality,andrevealingtheinnerworldoflonely,awkwardandpainfulAmericanyouthgenerationafterWorldWarII.TheCatcherintheRyeistheonlynovelbyAmericanwriterJeromeDavidSalinger.Salingerlimitedthestartofthestorytothe16-year-oldmiddleschoolstudentHolden.FromthethreedaysofleavingschooltoroaminginNewYork,exploredtheinnerworldofateenagerbydrawingontheliterarywritingmethod.Angerandanxietyarethetwomajorthemesofthisbook.Theprotagonist’sexperienceandthoughtshaveastrongresonanceamongtheyoungpeople,andarewarmlywelcomedbyreaders,especiallythemajorityofmiddleschoolstudents.TheNewYorkTimes’writes:intheUnitedStates,readingTheCatchersintheRyeisasimportantasgraduationtogettheteacher’sapproval.What’smore,TheCatcherintheRyedirectlyinfluencedthecreationofthistypeofnovel.2TheperplexityofHolden’syouthgrowthBecausetheUnitedStatesmadeafortuneinthe“WorldWarII”,materialproductiondevelopedrapidlyafterthewar,andthequalityoflifeofthepeoplerose,resultinginthebirthofalargemiddleclass.However,thespirituallifeofthebroadmassesofthepeopledidnotdevelopequallytothedevelopmentofthemateriallevel.Instead,theyfeltmoreandmorepoorandmoreandmoreemptyinspirit.Inparticular,theColdWarandMcCarthyisminthe1950sunderminedthebasiclivingenvironmentinwhichhumanbeingsunderstoodandtrustedeachother.TheAmericanpeoplegenerallyfeltaninexplicablefearandloneliness.Atthesametime,thegrowthofAmericanteenagersnaturallycannotescapetheinfluenceofthediseaseofthiseraandformtheconfusionoftheso-called“smashedgeneration”ofyoungpeople.TheseAmericanyouthshavetogiveuptheromanticismofthestudenteratoaccepttheso-calledmonotonousandboringliferhythm.AlthoughtheirfamiliesandAmericansocietycanprovidethemwithbettermateriallivingconditionsandenvironment,theystillfeeltomentaldepressionandfuture.TheCatcherintheRyewaswritteninthe1960s,andthesocialbackgroundoftheprotagonistHolden’slifewastheAmericansocietyofthatperiod.Thisnovelfocusedonthepsychologicalpredicamentoftheyounggenerationwhoareonthevergeofidealdisillusionmentandmentalbreakdown.2.1ThefalsehoodintheadultworldInthebasicmodelofAmericangrowthnovels,temptationisthefuseofgrowth.Itisthemostinitialelementinthegrowthprocessoftheprotagonist.Theprotagonistgrowsupintheprocessfrominnocencetomaturity.TemptationinAmericangrowthnovelsreferstotheexternalthingsthatcanattracttheprotagonististhecauseofhisgrowth.InthisnovelTheCatcherintheRye,the16-year-oldprotagonist,Holden,appearstobeacynicalandterriblebadboybutdeeplyinhisheart.Heistiredoftheschoollife,andtheschoolenvironmentmakeshimfeelsuffocated.Therefore,hefearsthatcampuslife,hateshypocriticalandvulgarinterpersonalrelationshipsandhatesfalsepositives.Basedonthissituation,therichandcolorfulthingsoutsidethesocietyhavegreattemptationtohim.Althoughthefutureisunknown,theunknownworldhastemptedhimtoleavethecampusandstartawanderingjourney.Thistemptationhasapparentlybecomeawayofescaping,allowingHoldentoescapetheenvironmentinwhichhelives.AlthoughthejourneyofHolden’swanderingwasonlyashortthreedays,thethreedaysofwanderinglifegavehimarealeducation,thuscompletingthespiritualgrowth.DuringthewanderingofHolden,hesawmanynewthings.Whenhegotoffthetrainandcametoahotel,thefirstthingthatcaughthiseyewasanoldmanwearingawoman’sskirt,stockingsandhigh-heeledshoes,walkingaroundtheroomlikeawoman.Theperformancemadehimfeelextremelydisgusted,andthenhewenttothedownstairsbartoflirtwiththevulgarwomen.Becauseofhisdepressedmood,helistenedtotheadviceofthemanwhoopenedtheelevator,andbecausehedidn’tknowhowtobegood,hewantedtosendherafive-dollarmoneytotheprostitute,buthewasbeatenbytheprostituteandthemanwhooperatetheelevator.ThenHoldenandtheoldloverSallyweredatinginthetheater,butSallydidnotbringhimanysurprisesbutinsteadflirtedwithotherman,andeventuallytheybrokeup.Helpless,hecanonlyfindtheonlyrespectedteacher,Antonini,whowantstotellhisbelovedteacherabouthisownconfusionanddiscussthemeaningoflifewiththeteacher.Butwhenhefellasleepbecauseoffatigue,theteachershowedhomosexualitymakesHoldenflee.Inadditiontotheseseriesofincidentsthatwereencounteredduringthewanderingprocess,Holdenalsoencounteredsomethingsthatmadehimfeelcomforted.Hemettwounscrupulous,non-false,andconfessedandkind-heartednunswhogavehimaspiritualsatisfactioninthepark.ThenwhenHoldensneakedhometoseehisfavoritesisterPhoebe,Phoebe’sunderstandingforhisbrothermadehimdecidetoendhiswanderingjourney.TheprotagonistHoldensawthedarksideofsocietyandthekindnesshiddenintheprocessofwandering,whichmadehisspiritualgrowthhaveaqualitativeleap.HoldenlivedintheeraofWorldWarII.Atthistime,theUSeconomydevelopedrapidly,andwiththeeconomicdevelopment,people’svalueschanged,traditionalvalueswerechallenged,andthegovernmentchangedcorrespondinglyinternallyandexternally.Inthiscontext,mostpeoplecontinuetoliveapeacefullife,andasmallnumberofpeoplearedissatisfiedwiththisfalsesociety,tiredofthevulgarityanduglinessoftheworld,unwillingtosneak,butcannotchangethereality.Therefore,theycanonlypassivelyresist,ventingdissatisfactionanddisdaintotheworldinawaythat“breaksthecansandbreaks”.Holdenistherepresentativeofthisclass.Helivesinamiddle-classfamilybuthasachildlikeheartthatpursuesgoodthings.Heisaspureandkindasachild.Hisworldissimpleandhappy.Inalargefieldofwheat,therearemanychildrenrunningwithoutanyworries.Thiswheatfieldhasnotroublesandnofalsehood.Somearejustchildren’slaughter,butHolden’sworld,especiallytheadultworld,inwhicheverywhereisfullofugliness,deception,barbarismandhypocrisy.Theheadmaster,astheleaderoftheschool,isonlyadeliberatelyeagertoexploitthewealthystudents,falseandselfishness,andtheteacherisalsodullignorant,andold-fashioned,thereisnorealfriendshipbetweenthestudents,andsomearejustsurfacefriends.SuchafalseenvironmenthasmadeHoldenunabletointegrateintoit.Heisbotheringwitheverythingintheschool,disdainingthebehaviorofteachersandstudents,andlonelinessandangerareonthevergeofthisfalseworld.2.2TheconfusionintheadultworldIntheAmericangrowthnovel,theprotagonist’swanderingprocessisaprocessofexperiencingthegrowthofknowledge.Afterexperiencedtheseadultsandthings,theywillhavealmostthesamedoubtsthattheprotagonistwillgrowupintheprocessofmeditationandunderstandingofthesedoubts.InTheCatcherintheRye,Holdengainedallsortsofconfusionintheprocessofwandering.Theseconfusionsmadehimfeeloverwhelmed.Holden’sconfusionandlostaremainlymanifestedinfouraspects:loveandsex,family,therelationshipwithhisfriends,andsocialenvironment.LoveandsexarethefocusofHolden’sconfusion.Holdenlivesinanopensociety,andattheageofsixteen,heisjustateenagerinthisage.Heisfulloffantasyandcuriosityaboutlove.Heisfulloffearanditisdifficulttoaccepthisclassmates’attitudetowardsloveandsex.Inordertooutoftheguiltydesire,HoldenfoundaprostituteduringhiswanderinginNewYork.Hewantedtoexperiencethetruemeaningofloveandsexfromhisrelationshipwithaprostitute.Butinthefaceoftheprostitute’sseducehewasataloss,hedoesnotwanttohavearelationshipwiththeprostitute,justwanttolearnsomethingfromthisrelationship,buttherealityisthathewasjointlyextortedbytheprostituteandtheelevatorman,thisincidentconfusedHolden.FamilyproblemisalsoaconfusionofHolden’s.Asasuccessfullawyer,hisfatherisveryharshandterrible.Heoftenbeviolentlyhitbyhisfatherbecauseofsomefamilychores.Holden’smotherisaweakpersonwhoonlylistenstohisfather’swords,andsheisalwaysinagoodmoodtopretendtobeveryhappy.Hisbrotherisawriterwhoabandonedhisidealsformoney.Heputdownhistalentsandwrotesomethird-ratescriptsthatcatertopeople’stastes.ItmadeHoldenunabletoacceptallofthisandthesemadeHolden’sheartsufferalot.It’shardtomakeupforheart’sdamage.TheinnocentsisterPhoebebecameHolden’sonlyrelative,butshewasfacedtothedangerofbeingoverwhelmedbythishypocriticalworld.TheHolden’sfamily,whichhasaninfinitelybeautifulappearance,buthascontradictionsandproblemsthataredifficulttosolve.ThisfamilyhasmadeHoldenfeelverytroubled,confusedandlost.TheprotagonistHoldeninTheCatcherintheRyewasconfused,andwhichmadehimcollapseishisrelationshipwithhisfriends--thelackoffriendshiphadagreatinfluenceonHolden’smentalstate.Hehasnorealfriends,butinordertoavoidmakingpeoplesuspectthathehashomosexuality,Holden’sfriendshipwithsame-sexfriendStradleyandAchilleseventuallywasfailed.Forthefriendshipwiththeoppositesex,Holden’sperformanceisalsoinappropriate.Heisnotgoodatdealingwiththerelationshipwiththeoppositesexfriend.HehatesthebadhabitsofthefirstloverSallyandherwordsarenotspeculative.ReaderscanrealizethatHoldeniseagertofriendshipwhilehecan’tgetfriendship,soheisinnermostcontradiction,confusionandlostinfriendship.Socialissueisanimportantfactorintheconfusionoftheprotagonistinthegrowthnovel.InTheCatcherintheRye,Holdenisresistanttothis“falsemodel”fullofhypocrisyanddeception.ThesearetherootsofconfusionofHolden,hehatesthissociety,inwhichfullofadultvaluesandoutlookonlife,whichpreventshimfrombreathing,soheiseagertoreturntothepureworldofchildrentoescapegrowth.TheworldthatHoldenimaginesisalaughterfilledwithchildren,simpleandpurehappiness,butwhatismissingintheworldhelivesinispreciselythiswarm-hearted“laughter”.Holdenhadan“unluckychildhood”.Hehadalovelyandlivelyyoungerbrother,andhelovedhisyoungerbrother,buthisbrotherdiedunfortunately.Holdenisingriefandbroketheglassofthecarangrily.Atthistime,theadultsdidnotpayanyattentiontoHolden’sinnerpain,andfailedtotreathisabnormalbehaviorwithacaringattitude.Onthecontrary,theadultstreatedhimasamentallyproblematicperson.Theysendhimtomakeapsychoanalysis.ThedepartureofhisyoungerbrothercastashadowoverHolden’syoungmind,andtheincomprehensiblefeelingsoftheadultsmadeHoldenfeelhelplessanddesperate,sothatHoldenbecamedisgustedwiththeworld.Asparents,inadditiontopayingattentiontotheirchildren’slifeandlearning,theyshouldalsopayattentiontotheirchildren’spsychologicaldevelopmentandlistentotheirchildren’svoices.Holden’sparentscompletelyignorethespiritualcommunicationwithHolden.ThroughHolden’srebellion,hisparentsfailedtocommunicatewithhimintime,whichmadeHoldenfeeldisappointedandhelpless.AllofthismadeHoldenfeelextremelydisappointedandhelpless,sohewasfullofdisgustintheadultworldandwantedtoescapetheadultworldthatisincompatiblewithhimself.2.3ThehopelessnessintheadultworldHoldenhasacharacterofintegrity,kindnessandyearningforabeautifulspirituallife.Accordingtothedivisionofhumangrowthperiod,adolescentsintheir10yearsoldareinaperiodofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.Inthisperiod,theyoftenshowconfusionandself-contradictory.Theyaredoubtfulaboutsociety,andtheyhavenotaclearself-awarenessduringthegrowingperiodofrebellion.LikeotherAmericanteenagers,Holdenalsohatesthisflashysociety.Forexample,hebelievesthatclassmatesare“hypocrites”,donothavethelifetheyreallywant,andlivetheirlifeaccordingtoparents.AmericanteenagersregardreadingasanecessaryconditionfortheirfuturepurchaseofCadillac.However,Holdenisdifferent.HeisnotlikeotherAmericanteenagersofthesameperiod,buthasalifetheyyearnfor.Holdenhashisownunderstandingofthegoalofreading,andbelievesthatreadingshouldnothaverealisticutilitarianism.InHolden’sview,scholarsshouldpursuenoblegoalsratherthanindulgeinmaterialenjoyment.Holdenhasadifferentunderstandingfromordinarypeoplesothathewillhavetheidealof“acatcherinthewheatfield”andyearnforabetterlife.HissisterPhoebedidnotbecomeavictimofutilitarianism,theymadecontributionstosocialphilanthropy.Theyrepresentedastandardofself-sacrifice.Theydidnotdocharityforthemselves,anddonotpursuepersonalrealinterests.Inaddition,HoldenshowedunparalleledsympathyandhelplessnesstohisclassmateJames.BecausesuchasturdyJames,whorefusedtotakebackthetruthhesaid,wasbulliedbyotherclassmates,andevenforcedhimtojumpoffthebuildingtorelievehishurtingfromclassmates.However,thesestudentswhopersecutedJameswereonlyexpelledfromtheschoolbutnotbepunishedbythelaw.Thisincidentreflectsthenumbnessoftheso-calledsocialjusticeandlegalfairnessintheAmericancapitalistsociety,italsoreflectstheindifferenceofthecapitalistsociety.Holdenfeelsveryhelplessaboutthissocialsituation.Hehasalreadyseenthroughofthedarksideofsociety.Therefore,inasense,Holdenhasagrowingawakeningside.Holdenlikesmuseumsverymuch.ThemuseumistheplacewhereHoldenoftengoes.Themuseumhasaquaint,distantandeternalatmosphere,wherehecanfindspiritualsustenanceandfindcomfort.Holdenalsolikessnowandlikestoplaysnowballs.ItcanbeseenthatHoldenlikeseverythingthatisnatural.Holden’sfavoriteistheworldofchildrenandinnocence.WhenHoldenwasquiet,hewouldthinkofthesepeople:thedeadbrother,Ayrie,thelivingsister,Phoebe,andthechildrenrunningintheimaginarywheatfields.Inaddition,healsocaresfornatureandsympathizeswithweaklife.Forexample,HoldenhasrepeatedlyponderedandaskedaboutwheretheducksintheshallowwaterswillgointhewinterofCentralPark.Thesethingsarenothingmorethanareflectionofthefactthattheselittlelivesimplyhisconcernsaboutgrowinglife.TheseabovereflectHolden’sintegrity,kindnessandlongingforabetterlife.Hehasachildlikeheartthatispureandkind.Hemetwiththegenerosityofthenunswhentheyraisedfundsforthevictims,andhehaddifferentopinionsonsocialinjustice.ItisbecauseofthisintegrityandkindnessthatHoldenunderstandscapitalistsocietymore.Holdenisfromalawyer’sfamily.Thisiswhatmanychildrenenvy.Holdenalsoknowsthathisparentscanprovidehimwithasuperiormateriallifetothefuture.Hisparentsonlymethimmaterially,nevercaredabouthimmentally,andhisparentsdidnotunderstandhisthoughts.Therefore,Holdenisaverypoorchildinspirit.Hecan’tunderstandtheapathyinthecapitalistsociety.Helongsforthesimplicityandsincerityintherealsociety,butwhatheencounteredisallpeoplewhoarehypocriticalanddeceptive.Thecapitalistsocietyisindifferentwhichhethinksso.Forexample,hehatedmoviesinhislife.ButduetohisgirlfriendSally’sfalseperformance,hethoughtthatitwouldbebettertospendtimeinthecinema.Atleasthewouldnotseethesepeoplewhenhewenttothecinema.Hehatedthesexualrelationshipwithoutlove.Healsolearnedtoimitateothers,butconfusedlyfoundaprostitute.TheworldviewandoutlookonlifeofHolden’s,whicharedoomedtoliveincontradictionandconfusion.Itisbecausethattheseknowledgeofsocietysothathewillunderstandcapitalistsocietymore.Hefeelsthatinacapitalistsociety,lifewillbedepressedandunabletoreachtheidealsocietyhewants.Buthowcanhebefreedfromthissociety?Whathethinksisonlytoescapefromthecapitalistsociety,andhewillnotlethimdowninthecapitalistsociety.Hechosetoescapeandchosetoleaveheretogotothewestforatrip.AfterHoldenvisitedhisteacherMr.Andorini,hewasdesperateaboutthe“fakeworld”aroundhimandcouldnotcommunicatewithothers.Hefanciedtogotothewestasadeaf,awayfromallthe“hypocrites”.Findajobatthegasstation,livewithadeafgirl,andteachthemtoreadandwritewhentheyhavechildren.However,thisisjusthischildishidea.WhenPhoebeproposedtogotothewestwithhim,Holdenthoughtoftheresponsibilityforthegrowthofhissisterasabrother,andthenrefused.Holden’sillusiondoesnotsolvethetortureandsufferingheencounteredintheadultworld.AroundHolden,theadultworldisdespicable.Intheadultworld,theselfish,powerful,andprofitableinterestareeverywhere,andthetraditionalpursuitofno