汽车保养步骤及汽车安全系统分析外文文献

PAGEPAGE9汽车保养基本步骤（XXXX自动档车型为例）四万公里保养，按车辆举升位置，分为九个步骤实施相应检查和作业项目保养作业前：（1）工作人员；（2）车辆准备；（3）工具、仪器准备；（4）设备准备。步骤一：举升机未举升（车辆在地面位置，进行预检工作）一、预检工作：1、安装四件套：（1）座椅套；（2）方向盘套；（3）换挡杆套；（4）地板垫。2、释放发动机舱盖锁定释放杆；3、打开发动机舱盖4、车辆保护：（1）左右翼子板布、前格栅布；（2）放置前轮车轮挡块；（3）安装排气管接管；二、油液检查：1、机油油量；2、玻璃喷洗器液位；3、冷却液液位；4、制动液液位。检查完毕，收起翼子板布、前格栅布，并放好。三、车灯检查前准备：（1）关闭发动机舱盖；（2）辅助员配合检查车灯。四、车灯检查：1、检查前部灯光和仪表盘指示灯：（1）示宽灯；（2）近光灯；（3）远光灯；（4）闪光灯；（5）前雾灯；（6）前左右转向灯（含侧灯）；（7）开关回位；（8）前危险警报灯；2、检查后部灯光和仪表盘指示灯：（1）示宽灯、牌照灯；（2）制动灯；（3）倒车灯；（4）后雾灯；（5）后左右转向灯；（6）后危险警报灯；（7）地图灯；3、其他检查（起动发动机）：（1）挡风玻璃喷洗器；（2）刮水器检查；（3）喇叭和方向盘（是否有松动）；（4）测量方向盘自由行程；（5）驻车制动指示灯；（6）驻车制动板行程；（7）制动踏板应用状况；（8）制动踏板高度及行程余量；（发动机熄火，解除制动助力器）（9）制动踏板自由行程、真空功能及气密性；（10）方向盘锁止功能。五、车辆外部检查：1、准备：打开后备箱盖、燃油盖、发动机舱盖，顶灯开关（door位置），换挡杆D档，释放驻车制动杆。2、检查项目：（驾驶室及后车室《环车检查》）（1）座椅螺母螺栓及其移动性；（2）安全带；（3）车门螺母螺栓及其铰链；（4）门控灯开关；（5）儿童安全锁；（6）油箱盖（真空伐）；（7）减震器（上下摇动车身）；（8）车辆是否倾斜；（9）拆下排气管接管；（10）（前后）车灯总成检查；（11）后备箱取出备胎检查（裂痕、磨损、气压、漏气情况及花纹深度），之后安装；（12）行李箱检查；之后关闭行李箱；（13）空调滤芯（清洁或更换）；（14）发动机舱盖紧固情况；（15）（安装翼子板布、前格栅布）打开机油加注口盖、填写检查单。步骤二：举升机升至低位，检查球节。1、拆下车轮挡块，安装举升机（操作规范）。2、举升过程中、检测举升情况是否安全；3、举升车辆到低位（锁止举升机），制动踏板压力器的使用；4、前路垂直向前，放置高20cm左右的垫块，放置车辆；5、检查球节上下滑动间隙；6、检查球节防尘罩；7、安全举升车辆到高位（锁止）；8、填写检查单。步骤三：举升机升至高位（检查底盘、更换油滤、检查皮带、传动桥、驱动轴、转向机构、减振器、管路、油路及紧固情况）（使用照明工具）1、检查机油是否泄漏；2、排放机油；（过程中同时检查皮带、传动桥、驱动轴、转向机构、减震器、管路、油路、排气管及安装紧固情况等）3、更换垫片，并安装排放塞；4、更换机油滤清器；（安装扭矩）5、检查制动软管、管路等，检查螺栓紧固情况；6、降车辆至中位；（锁止器）7、填写检查单。步骤四：举升机降至中位（检查车轮部分）1、车轮轴承；2、轮胎检查；（左前、左后、右后、右前的顺序拆卸）3、轮圈和轮盘；4、轮胎气压；5、漏气检查；6、盘式制动器（缸）检查；7、制动衬片厚度；（内外侧）8、前制动盘；（裂纹及厚度、工具的使用）9、安装制动衬片及制动卡钳；（安装方法）10、后轮盘鼓式制动缸总成检查；11、后制动盘检查；（测量方法）12、拆卸后制动盘（做装配标记），检查有无磨损和损坏；之后安装（注意装配标记）13、安装卡钳及制动衬片；（安装注意点）14、鼓式制动检查补充说明：（1）制动蹄片；（2）制动蹄片厚度；（3）制动鼓（检查及安装）。15、降车辆到低位；16、填写检查单。步骤五：举升机降至低位（检查制动器拖滞和安装添加制动液工具）1、制动拖滞；（检查方法）2、安装制动液添加工具；3、安全升车辆到中位。步骤六：举升机升至中位（更换制动液、临时安装车轮轮胎）1、更换制动液（左前、左后、右后、右前的顺序）；2、车轮临时安装；3、安全降车辆至地面；4、填写检查单。步骤七：举升机降至地面（加注机油，检查、散热器盖、火花塞、蓄电池、制动液、制动管路、空气滤芯等）1、放置前轮挡块；2、安装排气管接管；3、加注机油；（检查液位、安装机油盖）4、散热器盖检查；5、冷却液冰点检查；6、火花塞检查；（拆卸、检查、安装）7、蓄电池检查；8、拆卸制动液添加工具，检查制动液；9、检查制动管路；10、空气滤芯检查；（清洁或更换）11、检查活性碳管；12、前减振器上支承；13、检查喷洗液液位；14、启动发动机；15、紧固轮毂螺母；（规定扭矩）16、检查PCV系统；（软管）17、检查发动机冷却液；（软管）18、空调检查；——发动机熄火19、自动变速器液；（液位检查）20、动力转向液；（液位、软管检查）21、空调制冷剂检查；22、发动机冷却液；23、发动机机油；24、燃油滤清器，25、安全升车辆至高位；（锁止）26、填写检查单。步骤八：举升机升至高位（车辆最终检查）1、最终检查；（机油是否泄漏、所有部件是否检查更换）2、安全降车辆至地面；3、填写检查单。步骤九：举升机降至地面（实施交车前的恢复和清洁工作）1、恢复、清洁；（拆卸翼子板布和前格栅布，关闭发动机舱盖，恢复收音机时钟和座椅位置，室内部件清洁，拆下四件套，清洁车辆外部）2、填写检查单。3、（补充：手动变速器的检查）AutomotivesafetysystemsandtechnologyresearchandanalysisAstraffictoolsofthemodernizationandabsolutenumberincreasesharply,trafficaccidentsarealsoincreasing.Caraccidenthasbecomesevereglobalsocialissues.Undoubtedly,advancedautosafetyfacilitiesarethedrivingsafetyindispensablesafeguard.So,weshouldstart,fromtechnologytoresearchanddevelopmentofhighperformance,highsafetycar,alsowanttostrengthentheregularinspectionincars,sotimelymaintenanceinvestigation,makecarsofteningoodtechnicalstatus,soastoimprovethesafetyperformanceofthecar.Hereweintroducedactivesafetytechnologyandautomobilecarpassivesafetytechnology.Autosafetyisaccordingtothetrafficaccidenthappenedbeforeandaftertheclassified.Oneisinatrafficaccidenttakesafetymeasures,especiallybeforeimmediatelywillproduceriskcondition,driversmanipulatethesteeringwheelavoidoremergencybraketoavoidtrafficaccidents.Inthecar,driveinusuallytoensurethebasicmanipulationstability,driversonthesurroundingenvironmentandtoensurethevisualrecognitionsexdrivethecaritself,developedthebasicperformanceant-lockbrakingsystem(ABS),preventslipperydrivesystem(ASR),activesuspension,powersteeringandfour-wheeldrive(4WD),four-wheelsteering(4WS),lightingsystem,wiper,therearviewmirror,preventfromrear-endcollisioncaralarmsystemandlaserradar,etc.Thesesecuritydevicesandtechnology,calledactivesafetysystem,canalsobecalledpreventivesecuritysystem.Ontheotherhand,inordertoreducetrafficaccidentsandcompanybypersonneldirectlysufferdegree,ensurecompanytakestaffandpedestriansafety,saysthesecurityforpassivesafety,canalsobecalledconflictsafety.Whenaftertheaccident,inordertopreventdisasters,includingpreventtheexpansionoffireandmakecrewfromtrafficaccidentcanextricatethesecuritydevicesandsystems,calledpreventdisasterexpandsecuritysystem.One．Automobileactivesecuritytechnology1.ABSbrakingsystemAnt-lockBrakingSystem(BrakingSystem,lockdobyABScomputersasABS),hydraulicdevice,thewheelspeedsensors,brakehydraulicpipelineandelectricalwiringetc.Theirstructuresareshownbelow.ABStasseledforthecarinvariousdrivingconditionsbrakingperformanceandbrakesafetyparticularlyimportant,especiallyisemergencybraking,canmakefulluseofthepeakbetweentireandroadsurfaceadhesionproperties,improveperformanceandreduceautomobilefightsideslipbrakingdistance,givefullplaytothebrakingperformance,butalsoincreasetheautomobilebrakingprocesscontrol.Soastoreducethepossibilityofcaraccidents.NoinstallationABScar,ifthedrivingforcetramplebrakepedal,wheelwillrapidlylowerspeed,andfinallywheelsstopturning,butbodybecauseofinertiaremainsforwardsliding.Thisphenomenonwasatthewheelandpavementoccurbetweenlarger"slip",appearthiskindofsituation,thecartiresofautomobilelateralspreadsalmostdisappear,sopoorforcewillappearthefollowingphenomena:(1)Steeringstabilityfall:thesteeringwheelisineffective,vehicletailmanipulationofcurl,seriouswhenvehiclecirclesorappearfoldingphenomenon;(2)Handlingfall:manipulatethesteeringwheelandshortofsteeringrequirements;(3)Brakingdistanceextended:morethangeneralbrakingdistance.So,wecanimaginetohaveinstalledABSsystemofthecarsafetyisveryimportant.2．theASRdrivetorquecontrolsystemABSareusedtopreventcarbrakingprocesswheellock,willwheelslidingratecontrolinidealrange,soastoshortenthebrakingdistance,improveautomobilebrakingdirectionstabilityandsteeringcontrol,soastoimprovethesafetyofthecar.Alongwiththeincreaseofvehicleperformancerequirements,notonlyinbrakingprocessrequiredtopreventwheellock,andaskedthedrivertopreventdriverollerskatingturnintheprocess,makingcarsinthedirectionstability,drivingprocesssteeringcontrolabilityandaccelerationperformance,soareimprovedbythecardrivetorquesteeringsystemASR(AccelerationsRegulation)Slip.ASRistheperfectcomplementandABSASR,butmostaloneissetwithABScombinedtogether,commonlyusedABS/ASRsays,calledantiskidcontrolsystem.ASRismainlyusedtopreventcarinthebeginning,acceleratethewheels,guaranteeslipinthecaracceleratedrateandimprovethestabilityinbadpavementdriveattachedconditions.Itmakesnodifferencespeedinthecarlockiceroadsandmuddyroadstartedandtoimproveitscapacity,alsocanpreventhighinspeedbyturningcarsglidingpavementandrearlateralspreadsphenomenon.Anyhow,preventthewheelbecauseASRslip,canmaximizetheenginedrivingmomentofcarshadenough,ensurethelongitudinalforce,lateralforceandmanipulationofpower,makecarsinstarting,steeringandacceleratetheprocess,inglidingandmuddyroad,inamountainareadownhillprocesscansteadilydriving,guaranteesthesafety,reducingtirewearandfuelconsumption,andimprovesthecardrivingcapability.3．VDCsystemABS/ASRsystemsuccessfullysolvesthebrakeandthecarwhendrivendirectionstabilityproblem,butcannotsolvethevehiclesteeringstabilityproblemdrivingdirection.Forexamplewhensteeringroad,inevitablybylateralandlongitudinalforce,onlylocalsurfacecanprovidefulllateralandlongitudinalforce,thepilotcancontrolvehicles.Ifthegroundadhesionabilitylowerlateral,willdamagecarsdrivingabilitypredetermineddirection.Rainydayscarsdriving,oftenhigh-speedsteeringlateralslidingout,itisthegroundbecauseofinsufficientlateraladhesionability.Toresolvetheissue,anddevelopedcountriesautomobileindustryrecentlyinABS/ASRsystemonthebasisofthedevelopmentofdynamicControlsystem(intocarDynamicsControl,theabbreviationVDCVehicle).Thesystemofthecarbrake,driving,suspension,steering,engineandsoonvariousmainassemblycontrolsysteminfunction,structureorganicgroundcomprehensivetogether,canmakecarsinallkindsofbadworkingconditions,suchasiceroadpavement,commuting,riverbendpavementandtookevasiveactionmovingline,brakingandaccelerationandthedownhillfordifferentconditions,suchasbearing,differenttypepressureanddifferentlevelsoftypewearallhavegooddirectionstability,toshowthebestdrivingperformance.VDCapplications,inbraking,accelerationandsteeringaspectsofdriver'sfullyreleasedrequest,isthecarofactivesafetydrivinganewmilestone.VDCofsteeringcontrolsystemismainlybydrivingforeachwheelbrakecontrolandenginepoweroutputcontroltorealize.Forexample,ifthecarturnleftfrontwheelforsteeringtheinadequatecapacitytendtoslipoutofthecorner,VDCsystemcanmeasureimminent,justknowlateralspreadsleftrearbrakeadoptappropriatemeasures.Ifatthesamecorner,becauserearwheeltendtoslipoutoffavoroflateralovermuch,VDCsystemisproperbrakingtofront-rightwheelfailure,maintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.Inextremecases,VDCsystemcanalsotakereduceenginetoreducethepoweroutput,andtoreducethespeedofthedemandsideadhesionabilitytomaintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.AdoptVDCsystem,automobileinfoliopavementorcornerofpavementbrakingdistancestillcanfurtherreduce.4．CCScarscruisecontrolsystemAutocruiseControlSystem(CruiserControlSystem,abbreviationforCCS)iscanmakeautomobileworkinenginefavorablespeedrange,reducedriver'sdrivingmanipulatelaborintensity,improvethedrivingcomforttheautomaticdrivingdevice.Carcruisingsystem(CCS)roleisrequiredbythedriver:afteranormally-closedswitch,nospeedontheacceleratorpedalcanautomaticallykeepthespeed,makethevehiclewiththefixedspeed.Usingthisdevice,whenonthehighwayafteralongtime,thedriverdrivingnothavetocontroltheacceleratorpedal,reducefatigue,whilereducingunnecessaryspeedchange,canreducesavefuel.Autocruisecontrolsystemistheearliestdevelopmentoftheautomotiveelectroniccontrolsystem.ThissystemUSESanotherspeedsensor,willspeedsignalinputenginecontrolmicrocomputer,bymicrocomputercontrolvacuumsystemwork.Thissystemcanmakeuseoftheserver,speedcontrolswitchleverandbrakepedalonvacuumliftswitchesetc,itsfunctionandbasicsystemthesame.Inthissystem,electroniccontroldevicecanaccordchangeofdrivingresistance,automaticregulationenginethrottleAngle,makethespeedconstant.Suchnotonlyreduceunnecessaryspeedchange,whichsavesfuel,alsoreducedthedriver'sburden.Theelectroniccruisecontrolsystemwhichisshowninfigure2.Two.Automobilepassivesafetytechnology1.SeatbeltCarseatbeltisasafetydevice,itcanincarcollisionorsharpturn,makecrewtokeepitsoriginalpositionaspossiblewithoutmobileandrotation,avoidcollisionwithin-carhardpartscauseddamage.Seatbeltsandairbags,asmoderncarsaresafetydevices,butthelonghistoryoftheformer,popularizethescope.Theseeminglysimpleseatbeltactuallynot"simple".Attentionhasbeenattheforefrontoftrafficsafety,throughtheanalysisofgeneralmotorsafteracaraccidentfound:seatbeltnotonlymakespeopleprotectthelives,canbeinmorethanhalfoftheaccidenttoreduceoreveneliminatedrivers,motoristsarethechanceofinjury.Carcollisionorunexpectedemergencybrakingforcegeneratedgreatinertia,willallowthedriverandpassengerandcarwindscreen,steeringwheel,seat,collisionhappenedobjectssuchassecondarytodriveiscausedextremelyeasilycrewseriousdamage,evendriveoccupantseatsorthrewtheapex,seatbeltscanwillrideintheseat.BondagepersonnelWhenhastheaccident,whichcaneffectivelypreventthecollision,anditsbufferrolecanabsorbsagreatdealofkineticenergy,reduceridespersonnelextentoftheinjuries.Fastenyourseatbeltairbagsplayourroleisalsoanimportantcondition.Becausetheairbagtomaximizerolefortherideintheimpactofthephysicallocation,sittinginstantactionhaveextremelystrictandtherequirements.Otherwise,theairbagstartedstronginstantaneouswallopstoheadarefragilesite,maycauseseriousdamage,especiallyforchildren,thisdamagecanbefatal.Eventhemostordinarythreebelts,tryacantimelyincrashthatlivedridesthebundle,ensuretheupperpartofarideintheairbagfullyextendedrange,maketheairbagmosteffectivelyplayefficacy.Accordingly,mustnotbecausethecarisequippedwithairbagsandfeelcarefreeseatbeltfastened,onlytoreduceoreliminatethetrafficaccidenthappen.2.TheairbagWhenthefrontcollisionhappenedstrong,becauseinertia,whoridesthebodyforwardfastmoving,thenseatbeltsandwilltryto"pull"ridesonpersonthebody,absorbsomeoftheimpactenergy,whiletheairbagwith"theeyepiecetrend"inflatableandcompletelyopen;Thentheridestheupperbodywillsinktoairbags,gasalsobeganfromtheventairuniformescaping,andabsorbedmostoftheimpactenergy;Subsequently,theridebackseatandreturntothebody.Abovethewholeprocessisalmostalwayshappensinaflash,whoridesthecompletelyinpassivesituation,inthiscase,thepassiverelyonauxiliaryoccupantprotectionsystemistheonlyoption.AirbagsdevelopmentdesignisbasedontheprotectiononseatbeltCo.,LTD;theycooperatewitheachothertoridetheplaytheauxiliaryprotectiveeffect.Seatbeltusageinundertheconditionofthecrew,balloonhelpreducechest,headandfacialinjuriesintheseriousnessofthecollision.Whencarcollisionhappenedbefore,thefirstisthecartostopmotion,carundertheactionofinertialforcecrewstogoforwardwiththeoriginalspeedstillsport.Notwearingaseatbeltcrewswillandsteeringdish,frontwindscreentogether,soitcanbeseverelyhurt;Wearingaseatbeltascarstopthecrewcanstopmovingforwardmovementandgradually.Ifcollisionviolent,crewforwardmovementoftheseatbelts,evenfasterinthecompletestopbeforemotion,stillandin-carthingstogether.Ifthisfashioninsteeringthediskorwithinthepopupballooninflateddash,itcanprotecttheoccupantreducethepossibilityofcartogetherwiththings,moreuniformdispersionhead,chest,absorbtheimpactenergyofmovement,thuscrewhasaddedeffectofseatbelts.Inadditiontoseatbeltsandairbagsoutsidecarpassivesafetytechnologyincludescarbumper,automobilesafetyglass,securitybody,occupantheadandneckprotectionsystem(WHIPS),etc.ThesevehiclestoimprovethesafetyperformancehasveryimportantcontributionThree.Automobileactivesafetynewtechnology1.EyeCarskillsEyeCartechnologycanmakeeachdrivereyesinthesamerelativeheight,guaranteeofpavementandthesurroundingasix-laneunimpededsightandbestvisibility.Thistechnologycanalsoofferaspecificdrivingenvironment.EyeCarthroughtheuseoffirst-classmotormobileautomaticwilldifferentfiguredriver'seyestunedtothesameheighttosolvetheproblem,meanwhile,visibilityofsteeringdish,brakeandacceleratepedalsandfloorandthecentraladjustmenttoconstituteconsoletotheirrespectivedrivingconditions.Meanwhiletotheformerpillardesign,willitagainfromdriverssightsremoved.Becausethebusdriverreceivedthemostcrucialinformationgenerallyhave90%fromoutside,acquiredthroughtheeyesobserve.So,thisimprovementforvehiclesafetyisofgreatsignificance.2.CamCartechnologyCamCartechnologyaimstohelpimprovethedriverofperception.Thetechnicalfeaturesare:(1)Installedinthecartocamerasystemonbothsidesbeforetomakedriverscanbypassthelargevehiclebehindacarorseeaheadofpedestrians.Inatypicaldrivingsituationinthecrowdedtraffic,thepilotofthecentre-leftcorneringcouldmoreeasilyviewtheoppositeofvehicles.(2)Sideafterbuyvideocameraprovidesbroadervisualprofileofvision.Thecameracoveragethantraditionalrearviewmirrorwantswide,especiallyfortheadjacentdriveway.(3)Installedinacar,thefourminiaturessectoredformtodecorateafteracameracanobtainthecarpanoramicperspective.Imageviaelectronicsynthesis,hasthezoomand160°wide-angleability.(4)"nighteye"(NightEye)cameracanbeinlowilluminationconditions,whenthecarisinreversegear,eveninadarkcasescanalsoprovidecarcloserangeaftersmallimages.Four.Automobilepassivesafetynewtechnology1.Futureairbags(1)Itcansinflatablescreensystem.Thisisanewsafetydesign;itsbasicprincipleistoprotectin-caroccupant'shead,whenthathappensitwillcarryontheair,airafterthetentshapeisswelling.(2)Tubularinflatablestructureheadairsac.Thissystemforsupplementcurrentsideprotectionsystem,stillstopoverinprotectingthechestandabdomen,brachialministry,toheadprotectionwereinsufficient.Itwithrigidbodystructure,thedoorbodyprotectivejustbeams,sideairsac,canformacompletesidesafedefendnet,thiswillbethefuturesecurityprotectiontrend.(3)Headsupportsystem.Headsupportsystemgenerallycalledtheheadrest,vehicleswhichtheheadrest,withseats,notjustforcomfortablefactismoreimportanttosafety.Vehicleifinanemergencybrake,thebodywillhavestrongtoandfro,becausetheprincipleofinertiaoccupantbodyswinging,especiallyneckmustfollow.Ifnoheadsupportbufferheadrest,neckinjurycausedbydamageisverysurprising.(4)Theexternalairbags.2.Adaptiveconstrainttechnologysystem(ARTS)Newadaptiveconstrainttechnologysystem(ARTS)useaseriesofsensorstomonitorthedriverseat,seatbeltuse,infrontoftheoccupanttakequalityandlocationandintensityofthecollisionofthecollisionsandcollisionforcedirection,thenaccordingtothespecificinformationsuchasthecollisionofeachfrontairbagcharacteristicsofthecrewonregulated.Thesystemcanfurtherreduceduetoimproperairbagforcrewonthedamage,especiallyforsmallerfrontrowfigurecrew.3.Automobileenergy-absorbingdirectioncolumnAutoabsorbinginautomobiledirectiontubingthroughcollisionsofredistributiontosteeringwheelwallop,wouldwalloppathtodelivershuntquickly,makingtheminimumofloadonthesteeringwheel.Thesteeringcolumnby