新教材2024高考英语二轮专题复习专题一阅读理解第二部分怎样准解题第二讲推理判断题-于文有据不枉断课件

第二讲推理判断题——于文有据不枉断推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题。【近3年全国卷考情分析】清迷点·扫盲点练重点·练难点清迷点·扫盲点一、推理判断题解题技巧要掌握技法1推断隐含意义类——逻辑分析得结论知答题方略一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。明命题方式推断隐含意义类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________．2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat...3.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________．4.Whatcanweinferabout...？5.Whatdoesthe...paragraphimply？【解题流程】[典例]

[2023·全国乙卷阅读B]OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil'sLake，Wisconsin，toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake.Afterwefoundacrazy­lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks，wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset.Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground.Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset.However，wedidnotmarktheroute(路线)soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely.Oncewefoundtheplace，itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.Still，lookingbackonthephotos，theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely.26．Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor'stripwithfriendstoDevil'sLake?A．Theywentcrazywiththepurplequartzrock.B.Theyfeltstressedwhilewaitingforthesunset.C．Theyreachedtheshootingspotlaterthanexpected.D．Theyhadproblemswiththeirequipment.[解析]隐含推断题。据选段的“However，wedidnotmarktheroute(路线)”可知，作者和朋友没能找对正确的路线。“Oncewefoundtheplace，itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.”，作者提到，当他们到达时，在有限的时间里捕捉光线和设置相机已经非常难了。根据找错路、到达时光线不好等信息逆向推理可得知，他们比预想的到达得晚。技法2写作意图类——文体特点看意图知答题方略明命题方式写作意图通常有以下三种：1.toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常见于记叙文、个人经历或文章故事类的文章。2.topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常见于广告。3.toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe——多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。写作意图类命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext？◆Whatisthepurpose/intentionoftheauthorinwritingthispassage？◆Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage？◆Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto...◆Whatdoes...wanttoexplainby...？【解题流程】[典例]

[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B]Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco­machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit！Withinweeks，ithadallbeendigested，andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears，Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse­likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1，600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco­machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou，acityinsoutheastChina.26．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A．ToreviewJohn'sresearchplans.B．ToshowanapplicationofJohn'sidea.C．TocompareJohn'sdifferentjobs.D．ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn'sinvention.[解析]写作意图题。选段前一段讲到了John的发明成功了，再根据中心句“Overtheyears，Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs”可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用。技法3观点态度类——忠于措辞定态度知答题方略明命题方式观点和态度分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。观点态度类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...？◆Whatistheauthor'sopinionon/about...？◆Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards/to...？◆Theauthor'sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________．◆Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...？【解题流程】[典例]

[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D]Inafollow­upstudywith100universitystudents，theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime，butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently，thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow，theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision­makingareenormous.35．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A．Unclear.

B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.[解析]观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。

根据选段第二段中的“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision­makingareenormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。技法4文章出处类——根据文章体裁和内容推出处知答题方略明命题方式文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken？◆Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound？◆Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________？◆Wherewouldthepassagemostprobablyappear？【解题流程】[典例]

[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C]Reading

Art:Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists'representationsofbooksandreading，weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.28．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．Anintroductiontoabook.B．Anessayontheartofwriting.C．Aguidebooktoamuseum.D．Areviewofmodernpaintings.[解析]文章出处题。根据全文内容尤其是选段第一句“Reading

Art：Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebration...threehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld”可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。技法5推断作者身份或读者对象——语言特色推断目标读者知答题方略明命题方式通过文中出现的人称、作品以及外在评价判断作者身份；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。文章推断类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext？◆Whatdoes“I”refertointhetext？◆Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat？【解题流程】[典例]

[2021·全国乙卷阅读D]Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干扰)inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus.”Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局).ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.35．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A．He'sanewsreporter.B．He'sanofficemanager.C．He'saprofessionaldesigner.D．He'sapublishedwriter.[解析]推断作者身份。通过关键信息：“Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.”可以推测出，作者的身份是一位出版作家。二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题人为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题人精心设置的“陷阱”中。陷阱1主观臆断某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。[典例]

[2023·全国甲卷阅读D]Grizzlybears，whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg，occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche—werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.AskthetouristsfromaroundtheworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee，andtheiranswerisoftenthesame：agrizzlybear.32．HowdoAmericanslookatgrizzlies?A.Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.B.Theyshouldbekeptinnationalparks.C.Theyareofhighscientificvalue.D.TheyareasymbolofAmericanculture.[解析]根据

“Grizzlybears...occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche”和“werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams...theiranswerisoftenthesame：agrizzlybear”可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可见，人们对它们的感情很复杂。干扰选项B属于根据常识进行猜测，并未在原文中被提及。陷阱2过度推断或以偏概全有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。[典例]

[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C]Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters，Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh­qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspentonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices，whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.31．WhatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinPartTwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.[解析]根据选段中的“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances”可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简主义生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。

干扰选项B(推荐给朋友)、C(评估它们的影响)、D(发掘这些做法背后的逻辑)都超越了原文的表达范围，属于过度推断。陷阱3偷换概念某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。[典例]

[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D]Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday，theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.34．WhatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninParagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.[解析]题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据该段所举的例子“theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfying...afountainontheirlunchbreak”可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，园内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。

干扰项A使用了原文中的原词“walking”，B选项使用了与原文高度相似的“youngpeople”，但表达意思不符合段落主旨，具有迷惑性。陷阱4逻辑颠倒某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。[典例]

[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C]About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.30．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.[解析]根据选段中的“About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratory...landwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.”可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了大量资金。干扰选项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。陷阱5背离主题某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。[典例]

[2023·全国乙卷阅读D]Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld，ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity，youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone，becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts，whilemostoftheworld，formostofthetime，hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements，anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects，andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat，butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon­literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict，atBotanyBay，betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside，wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain'srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside，wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday，theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.33．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinParagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific.B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone­sided.[解析]题干问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段首句“Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects...butinmanycaseswesimplycan't”以及该段最后一句“Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday，theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports”可知，库克船长的记录是片面的

。干扰选项A说船长的报告是科学的，违背了本文想表达仅依靠文字研究历史不准确的立意。陷阱6事实复述某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。[典例]

[2019·全国Ⅱ卷阅读B]Still,mostofusvolunteersbreatheasighofreliefwhentheseasoncomestoaclose.Thatreliefiscoupledwithadeepunderstandingofwhythesamepeoplekeepcomingbackformore:Connectingtothecommunity(社区)asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.Volunteeringjustfeelssogood.Inthatsense,I'mprettysurevolunteeringismoreofaselfishactthanI'dfreelyliketoadmit.However,ifothersbenefitintheprocess,andIgetsomerewardtoo,doesitreallymatterwheremymotivationlies?27．Whydoestheauthorlikedoingvolunteerwork?A.Itgivesherasenseofduty.B.Itmakesherveryhappy.C.Itenableshertoworkhard.D.Itbringshermaterialrewards.[解析]

根据选段第二段中的“However,ifothersbenefit...mymotivationlies？”会误选D，而D项直接简单复述了原文Igetsomereward；根据文中的关键信息“Thatreliefiscoupledwithadeep...peoplekeepcomingbackformore:Connectingtothecommunity(社区)asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.Volunteeringjustfeelssogood.”可以推断出作者愿意做志愿者工作的理由。练重点·练难点[2023·湖州、衢州、丽水4月质量检测]Thetopic“slashyouth”，

referringtothoserefusingtobedefinedorboundbyjustonepersonalidentityandchoosingtoundertakemultiplecareers,hasfueledheateddebateonsocialmedia.OnDouban,aChinesesocialnetworkingplatform,thetopichasattractedabout11，000postsandhasbeenviewedover400milliontimes.China'syoungpeoplearekeentosharetheirslashyouthstoriesonline,presentingthemselvesasmultipleandsometimesdistinctidentities,suchasanurseandmodel,ateacherandstand­upcomedian,andanengineerandmusician.XingEryang,a31­year­oldfemaleresidentinBeijing,foundedtheDoubantopicin2021.Whilestayingdiligentaboutherdaytimework,sheisdevelopingherhobbies,includingstand­upcomedyandvlogging,intosecondarycareersduringhersparetime.Andsheisamazedtofindher“slashlife”philosophyfollowedbysomanyofherpeers.Weiheng,a26­year­oldwomaninGuangzhou,andTangYuhan,a27­year­oldmaninXuanchengcity,AnhuiProvince,arebothparticipantsinthetopic,withtheirstoriesearningthousandsoflikessofar.Thetwoarebothmusiciansintheirsparetime,eventhoughtheyarethousandsofmilesapartandhavedifferentjobsinmediaandfinance.Theirpassionformusichasgrownsincecollegeandtheydidn'tabandontheirenthusiasm,evenafterenteringtheworkplace.Theirreactionshowedthegapbetweentheyoungandformergenerations.“Myparentsusedtosay,‘musiccannotearnyoumoney’，

sothebandthingwasregardedasawasteoftime.However,wewanttopursuewhateverweloveandarewillingtopayforit.”saysWeiheng.“The‘slashlife’mania(狂热)showsthat,alongwithChina'seconomicdevelopment,oursocietyisbecomingmoreandmorediversifiedandinclusive,anditwelcomeseveryone'sself­fulfillment，”saysShiYanrong,anassociateresearche