高中英语语法之非谓语动词

非谓语动词非谓语动词：不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式，没有人称和数的变化，具有动词的特点，有自己的宾语或状语，同时还具有名词、形容词或副词的性质，在句子可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语或状语。1.分类：非谓语动词包括：动词不定式〔todo〕，动词-ing(现在分词和动名词)，动词-ed分词。2.功能：1〕不定式：主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、状语〔常表目的、结果〕2〕动词ing：①动名词〔相当于名词，同时又具有动词的性质〕：主语、表语、宾语、定语②现在分词：定语、表语、宾补、状语〔时间、原因、伴随状况、结果、让步〕3〕-ed分词：表语、定语、宾补、状语3.形式：1〕肯定形式：①动词不定式的形式：主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone②动词-ing〔动名词和现在分词〕主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone2〕否认形式：not+不定式/动词ing/动词-ed分词

注意：当前面有逻辑主语时，not要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。eg:Victorapologizedfor

toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable非谓语动词的逻辑主语所作句子成分宾语和表语定语状语宾补逻辑主语句子的主语所修饰的词(todo有例外)句子的主语(否则，用独立主格结构)句子的宾语非谓语动词的时态和语态选择不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作假设发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，就用完成式；强调正在进行的用进行式；否那么，用一般式。当不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语假设是主谓关系，就用主动式，否那么，用被动式。1.Whilewatchingtelevision,

.A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoorbellringsC.weheardthedoorbellringD.weheardthedoorbellrings2.Inordertomakeourcitygreen,

.A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesB.manymoretreesneedtoplantC.ourcityneedsmoretreesD.wemustplantmoretrees3.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately

intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving4.Heglancedoverather,

thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.A.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted5.

fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.Tobeseparated现在分词、过去分词和不定式做定语时的区别：1.现在分词&过去分词两者的区别主要表达在语态和时间上①语态上，现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动〔vt〕。②时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成(vt&vi)。注意：1.单个分词放所修饰的词之前，分词短语那么放其后；left,given,concerned,或修饰不定代词的分词，都放所修饰的名词或代词之后。2.当被修饰名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being+过去分词1.Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers2.ThebrokenglassisTom’s3.HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?4.Heisamanlovedandrespectedbyall.5.Thequestionstobediscussedattomorrow’smeetingisaveryimportantone.6.Ihaveacomputertorepair.我有电脑要修理。(我自己修理)7.Ihaveacomputertoberepaired.我有电脑要修理。(别人修理)8.Chinaisadevelopingcountry,whileAmericaisadevelopedcountry.2.不定式不定式作定语，通常放被修饰的名词或代词之后，表动作尚未发生，与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，假设不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子的主语，用主动表被动，否那么用被动。1.WithonlinecourseCrazyEnglishhasover20millionstudentsalloverChina_______theclassthroughInternet.A.attendB.attendedC.attendingD.tobeattended2.G8isaninternationalorganization_______therichestcountriesintheworld,fiveofwhicharequitesmallandtwoofwhichareislandstates.A.isconsistedofB.consistingofC.consistsofD.consistedof3.Research_________outattheLiverpoolUniversitysupportsthisideaandsuggeststhatifwedon’tusethesenseofdirection,weloseit.A.tocarryB.carryingC.beingcarriedD.havingcarried4.Hereisaphoto_______inmyclassroomatprimaryschool.Canyourecognizemeinit?A.takingB.wastakenC.takenD.beentaken不定式、分词作状语的区别：1.不定式做状语，表目的〔句首、句末〕、结果、原因；现在分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件〔通常放句首〕伴随状况、结果、方式〔放句末〕，用逗号与主句隔开，表主动；过去分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、让步，通常放句首，也可放句末或句中，表被动〔vt〕或完成(vi)。2.现在分词作状语，如果既要表示分词与逻辑主语之间的被动关系，又要说明分词的动词是正在进行的与句子谓语动词同时发生的动作，那么要用现在分词的被动式，即being+过去分词；如果既表示被动关系，又要说明分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前，那么要用现在分词的完成式的被动语态，即havingbeen+过去分词,一般在句中作时间或原因状语注意：1.非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语一定要跟主句主语一致，否那么就要用独立主格结构：主语+非谓语动词2.有些过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。有此用法的过去分词及短语有：seated〔坐〕hidden〔躲,藏〕dressedin〔穿..〕tiredof〔厌烦〕born〔出生于〕lost(迷路)lost/absorbedin〔沉浸于〕determinedto〔决定〕facedwith〔面对〕basedon〔根据..；以..为依据〕eg:1.Lostinthought,hedidn’tnoticethateveryonehadgone2.Facedwithsuchgreatdifficulty,Jackfeltatalosswhattosay.3.Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.(独立主格)4.Borninapoorfamily,hehadtotakepart-timejobstoearnsomemoneyforhistuitionfee.1.Daddydidn’tmindwhatweweredoing,aslongasweweretogether,

fun.A.hadB.haveC.tohaveD.having2.

inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited3.When

help,oneoftensays,“Thankyou.”or“It’skindofyou.”A.offeringB.toofferC.tobeofferedD.offered4.______________weweretakentoseethelibrary.A.WehadbeenshowntheclassroomsB.BeingshowntheclassroomsC.HavingbeenshowntheclassroomsD.Havingshowntheclassrooms5.HilloftenattendspubliclecturesattheUniversityofLondon,chiefly_______hisEnglish.A.toimproveB.improvingC.tohaveimprovedD.improved6.Aremote-controlledbombexplodedoutsideahotelyesterday,_________atleast12people.A.havingbeeninjuredB.havinginjuredC.injuringD.injured7.Thesuspectwascunning.Hetoldalietothepoliceman________atthescene.A.whenquestionedB.whiletobequestionedC.asquestioningD.whenquestioning不定式、动名词作宾语的区别：1.动名词表示一般，经常性，抽象的动作，不指某一次具体的动作；不定式那么表示具体的动作。动词like,love,prefer+todo/doingwould/should+like/love/prefer+todoeg:1)Helikesswimming,buthedoesn’tliketoswimtoday.2)Iwouldliketogoswimmingthisweekend.2.某些动词跟不定式或动名词作宾语的区别：stoptodosth停止正在做的事情去做别的亊stopdoingsth停止正在做的亊remembertodosth记住去做某事rememberdoingsth记得曾经做过某事forgettodosth忘记去做某事forgetdoingsth忘记已做了某事goontodosth〔做完一件亊〕接着做另一件亊goondoingsth继续做同一件亊regrettodosth为将要做的亊感到遗憾regretdoingsth懊悔做过某事trytodosth尽力/努力做某亊trydoingsth尝试着做某事meantodosth意欲/想/打算做某事meandoingsth意味着做某事can’thelptodosth不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoingsth情不自禁地做某事不定式、分词作宾补的区别：

1.感官的动词hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe等+sb/sth+do〔不带to的不定式〕/doing/done不定式(短语)作宾补时，表示该动作已发生，跟宾语是主动关系，指事情的全过程；现在分词(短语)作宾补，表示动作正在进行，跟宾语是主动关系,指事情的一个阶段；过去分词(vt)作宾补，表示完成,跟宾语是被动关系注意：1).不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态2)被动语态：V(感官的动词hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe等)+sb/sth+do变为被动语态时，sb/sthbe+V-ed+todo1〕IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.2〕IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.3〕IheardtheEnglishsongsungmanytimes.4〕Ilookeddownatmyneckandfoundmynecklacegone.〔状态〕5〕Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.(完成)6〕Isawhimclimbupatreeyesterday.7〕Hewasseentoclimbupatree.8〕Themissingboyswerelastseenplayingneartheriver.1)have+sb+do(不带to的不定式)“让某人做某事”=getsbtodo(宾语与宾补是主谓关系)have+sb/sth+doing“使/让某人/物持续地做某事”侧重动作的持续have+sth+done①“使…被…”=getsthdone②“遭受，经历”〔宾语与宾补是动宾关系〕2.使役动词eg:①Mymotherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.②Thepeasantshadthetractorworkingdayandnightattheharvesttime.③I’llhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.④Tomhadhislegbrokenwhileplayingfootball.2)leave+sb/sth+doingsth让/使某人/物一直〔持续〕做某事，(宾语与宾补之间是主谓关系，侧重动作的持续)=keep+sb/sth+doingsthleave+sb/sth+done使某人/物处于某种状态,〔宾语和宾补是动宾关系〕=keep+sb/sth+doneleavesth+undone留下某事未…(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表被动和完成，状态，宾补多为undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched)leavesbtodosth留下某人做某事〔不定式表将来的动作〕leavesthtobedone留下某亊要做〔不定式表将来的动作〕eg:①It’swrongtoleavethemachinerunning(主动，正在进行)②Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.(状态)③Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.④Wehurriedendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.(问题等待解决)⑤Ileftthewindowclosedforalongtime.〔状态〕3)make+sb/sth+do〔不带to的不定式〕“让…做某事”〔宾语与宾补是主谓关系，表主动〕被动语态：sb/sth+be+made+todomake+sb/sth+done“使…被…”〔宾语与宾补是动宾关系，表被动〕(makeoneself+heard/seen/known/understood分别表示让别人听到自己讲的话/让别人看到自己/让别人认识自己/让别人明白自己的意思)eg:①IoftenmakeTomcallhismother.②Tomwasoftenmadetocallhismother.③Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheardclearly.4.find,catch也可以用现在分词作宾补eg:Atthattime,Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.Hewascaughtstealing.3.with+宾语+todo(将来)/doing〔正在进行〕/done〔完成〕eg:①Withnorainforthreemonthsandfoodsupplies_______out,thesituationhereisgettingfrombadtoworse.A.runB.runningC.torunD.toberun②Withalotofdifficultproblems_________,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled③WiththemagazineAnExpressWaytoEnglish_______us,wewillimproveourlanguageskillsalot.A.helpingB.helpedC.hashelpedD.tohelpBCD不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式；表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。

eg:1.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview;_______theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.tohavehadB.havinghadC.haveD.having2.____isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk3.Helikes________atweekends,buthedoesn’tlike______thisweekend.A.swim,swimmingB.swimming,toswimC.toswim,swimmingD.swimming,swim注：①有时这种区别并不很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平等结构中要用同一种形式。eg:Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and

.A.he’dliketocollectcoinsaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure②在seem,appear,prove(结果是、后来说明),remain(尚须)，grow(到达……程度)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语，但不用-ing形式作表语。eg:Ithinkyou’llgrow

himwhenyouknowhimbetter.A.likingB.tobelikeC.tolikeD.tobeliking非谓语动词的复合结构1.不定式的复合结构：for+sb/sth+todo(for短语表示不定式的动作执行者,即逻辑主语)，在句中主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语

2.形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+doing(形容词性物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句1〕Idon’tthinkitnecessaryforhimtoleavesoearly.宾语2〕Thisboxistooheavyforthelittleboytocarry.

状语3〕That’sforyoutodecide.表语4〕Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.定语5〕Hisgettinghomelatemadehismotherworried.主语6〕Hismotherworriedabouthisgettinghomelate.宾语Itis+adj+forsbtodosth(形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable,wrong,right)Itis+adj+ofsbtodosth〔形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,thoughtful,honest,sensible,naughty〕eg:1)Itisimpossible____ustolivewithoutoxygen.2)Itiskind_____youtohelpmewhenIaminneed.forof

不定式的省略

同一结构并列由and或or连接。

Iwanttofinishmyhomeworkandgohome.

I’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.

但是，表示前后比照时，后面to不省略Tobeornottobe,thisisaquestion.

Heisbettertolaughthantocry.(表示比照)1.用于修饰某些抽象名词：chance,wish,ability,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,moment,time,place,right,courage,need,opportunityeg:Ihavenochancetogosight-seeing.不定式作定语的几种情况：2.用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级、thelast、theonly、或no、any、all等限定的中心词。

eg:Hewasthefirstmantodothejob.3.表示将来eg:Iborrowedsomebookstoreadduringmyholiday.1.主语+think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/know+sb/sth+tobe/tohavedone常用带不定式作宾补的情况：

2.主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like+sb.todosth.3.主语+callon(upon)/dependon/waitfor/askfor+sb.+todosth.不能跟动名词，只能跟不定式做宾语的动词：decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help,afford,strive(努力).

有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构作宾语。例如：

believe,

expect,

intend,

like

,love

,mean,

prefer

,want

,wish,

understand

例如：

Wedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。

Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。

介词but,except之后可跟不定式作宾语〔主要用于否认句〕，当前面的句子有实义动词do时，but,except后面的to要省略。Theycoulddonothingbutgivein.Theenemyhadnochoicebuttogivein.不定式作状语的搭配：to…/inorderto…/soasto…(目的状语);so+adj/adv+asto…,such+n+asto…,adj/adv+enoughto….(足够…能…),too…to…,onlyto…(结果状语)1)He’ssuchafoolastothinkthathisidlechatter(无聊的唠叨)caninfluenceothers.2)Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.3)Heistooshorttobeabasketballplayer.4)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitintheirownfeet.5)Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbike?

如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.

在hadbetter,ratherthan,wouldrather...than,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut,please等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。1.

Wehadbettercallforthedoctoratonce.我们最好马上就请医生来。

2.

Ratherthanrideonacrowdedbus,healwayspreferstorideabicycle.他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。

3.Hecannotbutmovetoanotherstreet,becausehisbuildinghastobepulleddownsoon.他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。

4.Wecannothelpbutadmirehiscourage.

我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。

用作独立成分的不定式

totellyouthetruth说老实话

tobefrank

坦率地说

tobehone