国际竞争优势的来源

国际竞争优势的来源几种传统解释比较优势论国家产业政策优势论管理文化优势论劳工组织优势论帝王过渡扩张论1Theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantage

ThetheoryattemptstoanalyzethereasonsforanationssuccessinaparticularindustryPorterstudied100industriesin10nations

postulateddeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantageofanationwerebasedonfourmajorattributesFactorendowmentsDemandconditionsRelatedandsupportingindustriesFirmstrategy,structureandrivalry2

Porter’sdiamond

Successoccurswheretheseattributesexist.More/greatertheattribute,thehigherchanceofsuccessThediamondismutuallyreinforcingFig4.63FactorendowmentsFactorendowments:-Anation’spositioninfactorsofproductionsuchasskilledlabororinfrastructurenecessarytocompeteinagivenindustryBasicfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactorendowments4BasicfactorendowmentsBasicfactors:FactorspresentinacountryNaturalresourcesClimateGeographiclocationDemographicsWhilebasicfactorscanprovideaninitialadvantagetheymustbesupportedbyadvancedfactorstomaintainsuccess5AdvancedfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactors:Aretheresultofinvestmentbypeople,companies,government

andaremorelikelytoleadtocompetitiveadvantageIfacountryhasnobasicfactors,itmustinvestinadvancedfactors6

Advancedfactorendowmentscommunicationsskilledlabor researchTechnologyeducation7通用要素专用要素要素创造8选择性的要素劣势与竞争优势9DemandconditionsDemand:

createscapabilitiescreatessophisticatedanddemandingconsumersDemandimpactsqualityandinnovation10高级需求与挑剔顾客预测买方需求本土需求的规模本土需求的国际化及其对国外需求的影响11

RelatedandsupportingindustriesCreatesclustersofsupportingindustriesthatareinternationallycompetitiveMustalsomeetrequirementsofotherpartsoftheDiamond1213141516FirmStrategy,StructureandRivalryLongtermcorporatevisionisadeterminantofsuccessManagement‘ideology’andstructureofthefirmcaneitherhelporhurtyouPresenceofdomesticrivalryimprovesacompany’scompetitiveness1718

DeterminantsofCompetitiveAdvantageinnationsGovernmentCompanyStrategy,Structure,andRivalry

DemandConditionsRelatedandSupportingIndustriesFactorConditionsChanceTwoexternalfactorsthatinfluencethefourdeterminants.Fig4.819

Porter’sTheory-predictionsPorter’stheoryshouldpredictthepatternofinternationaltradethatweobserveintherealworld

Countriesshouldbeexportingproductsfromthoseindustrieswhereallfourcomponentsofthediamondarefavorable,whileimportinginthoseareaswherethecomponentsarenotfavorable20ImplicationsforbusinessLocationimplications:

DisperseproductionactivitiestocountrieswheretheycanbeperformedmostefficientlyFirst-moverimplications:Investsubstantialfinancialresourcesinbuildingafirst-mover,orearly-moveradvantagePolicyimplications:Promotingfreetradeisinthebestinterestsofthehome-country,notalwaysinthebestinterestsofthefirm,eventhough,manyfirmspromoteopenmarkets21集

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论

一、集群作为一种历史现象1、英国棉纺、毛纺、手套工业等纺织工业大都呈现区域集群状态2、美国

1900年，美国15个地理集群22集

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论二、当代的集群现象1、美国硅谷2、意大利中小企业集群2324集

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论三、集群的多样性与普遍性地理区域发达国家、发展中国家产业领域农业、制造业、服务业、高科技创意产业2526272829集群理论三、集群理论模型1、工业区理论马歇尔《经济学原理》2、柔性专业化理论PioreandSabel(1984)3、新竞争Best(1990)30集群理论集群理论模型（续）4、竞争优势——钻石模型Porter(1990)5、集体效率模型Schmitz(1995)6、集体学习模型31集群理论集群理论模型（续）7、当地（区域）创新系统模型8、栖息地模型李钟文、米勒主编《硅谷优势》9、社会文化环境模型Saxenian：《地区优势：硅谷与128公路地区的文化与竞争》32集群理论集群理论模型（续）10、集群知识理论11、集群认知理论12、集群复杂性理论13、集群信息理论14、集群供应链管理理论15、