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朽木易折,金石可镂。千里之行,始于足下。第页/共页1、概述审核部给申请人的小提醒:复习一遍成绩单提到的科目,着重复习其中最重要的内容。您不需要为了审核面谈再学习任何专业知识,您也不用回忆起所学的所有课程内容!您可以在审核面谈中用德语或英语,又或者用两种语言陈述您所学过的\o"留学小学"大学课程。但不能用汉语!您的德语或英语水平应该达到能够理解考官的问题,回答考官的问题,并且能够简短的推荐自己所学的科目。仔细听考官的问题,并回答他的问题,倘若您没有听懂他的话,可以哀求他重复一遍问题或解释一下问题。请您详细的讲述您在课上都做了些什么和都学了些什么。举出例子。您可以用绘画,图表,表格,公式和方程式表述您的课程。您只是不该沉默!请您千万不要只给出泛泛的定义和不要背诵您之前决定的知识,而您本身并不理解它。如何决定?首先先是每门课程的一句话概括,可以研究一下重点课程的目录,说说都学了什么,不一定全控制,但至少要能讲出几个理论,而且在科目挑选是要有重点,一些不太重要的课程可以基本不用看,会概括两句话说说就行,自己的专业课,尤其是大三大四的课程,包括毕业论文要精心决定。一来这些课程你较认识,二来这些跟你专业更相关,也更容易被问到。倘若对方问的问题你不会,这里注重,这种不会有两个层面,一种是彻低不会,那就直接回答,你忘怀了,但是你却知道。。。。这个转折异常重要”对不起,我记不太清这个知识点了,但是我知道。。。。”也就是说,面试时候控制话语权很重要,你可以通过引导,将对方引导到你知道善于的知识上去,而且一旦引到你善于的知识点,要尽量发挥,多讲多描绘。重要的需要记住:不是背诵,而是讲,要像讲课一样,让对方明了,而不是生硬的背诵。所以你所善于的知识点,不是通过背诵来表现,而是通过你自身理解融会贯通后的表达。还有另外一种不会,就是其实是懂得的,但是无法用英语德语表达明了,或者一下愣住了,这时候不用慌,先告诉对方你知道,然后想主意用画图,画画,打比喻,列图标,画曲线,比喻,甚至打手势等任何方式来讲解,千万不要因为紧张而慌了神。2.SelfintroductionIamCuiLixue.IgrewupinHengshui,HebeiIamstudyinginBeijingJiaoTongByworkinghard,IluckilywonthequalificationofattendingtheprogramofHongzhischolarship.IwillgotoGroupTtofinishmyundergraduatecoursebythisprogram.Question:1、Howdoyouwinthescholarship?Ifirsthandinmypersonalmaterialstotheacademy,andthentheacademydecidetosetmetoattendanEnglishinterview.TheintervieweristherepresentativeoftheGroupT.Becauseofmyexcellentperformance,Iwinthescholarshipatlast.2、Whatadvantagesdoyouthinkmakeyouwinthequalification?First,Imyselfstudyhardandhavehighgrades.Second,Idaretochallengemyself;atthesametime,Ipreparemyselfwell.IntroductionHello,mynameisCuiLixue.ThisisnotthefirsttimeIcamehere.Justonemonthago,Ihavemetwithyou,Ithink.AlthoughIamgladtotalkwithyou,IwishthisisthesecondtimebutthelasttimeIamhere.Thefirstsemester3、TheengineeringgraphicsWhatdoyoulearn?Welearnhowtodrawanengineeringgraphbyhandorwiththehelpofcomputers.Weshouldmakesureeveryoneallaroundtheworldcouldreadourpictures.Sowehavetodrawthemwiththestrictstandards.Wewouldusetheinstrumentssuchasdrawingboard,T-square,SetSquare,scale,compass,dividerandpencilsinourclasses.Inthefirstseveralclasses,welearntodrawallkindsoflinesandsomeplanefigures.Thenwewouldlearntodescribethethree-dimensionalobjectsbydifferentviewsorprojections.Lastwealsoprintthepicturesinthecomputer,whichiscalledthecomputer-aideddesign,abbreviatedasCAD.制图基本知识Basicknowledgeofcartography制图的基本规定Thebasicregulationofcartography图纸幅面和格式——图纸幅面尺寸;图框格式;标题栏DrawingbreadthandtheformatDrawingbreadthsize;Frameformat;TitleBar比例——原值比例;放大比例;缩小比例ScaleOriginalvalueoftheratio;Magnification;Reducedscale字体——字体高度应按2^0.5的比值递增;汉字的高度不应小于3.5mm;高是宽的2^0.5倍。FontFontsizeshouldbeincreasingtheratioof2^0.5;Chinesecharactersshouldbenotlessthan3.5mm;Heightis2^0.5timesofthewidth.图线——在同一图样中,同类图线的宽度应一致。Chart-inthesamepattern,linesofthesamekindshouldbethesamewidth.尺寸标注——图样上所注的尺寸数值表示物体的真切大小。Dimension-thesizeofdrawingsnotedonthevaluerepresentthetruesizeoftheobject.尺寸要素——尺寸界线,尺寸线,尺寸起止符号,尺寸数字。DimensionselementExtensionline,dimensionline,arrowheadandnumericalvalue标注标准dimensionalCriteria绘图工具和仪器DrawingtoolsandinstrumentsDrawingtools-drawingboard,T-square,setsquare,scale,pencilDrawinginstruments-compasses,dividers几何作图Geometricdrawing斜度和锥度Slopeandtaper正多边形——正五边形可以作为小例子P15可以作为小例子P15Regularpolygon-aregularpentagon圆弧衔接——用圆弧衔接两条已知直线;用圆弧衔接一条已知直线和一已知圆或圆弧;用圆弧衔接两已知圆或圆弧。Tangentarcsanarcofgivenradiustangenttotwolines;anarcofgivenradiustangenttogivencircleandline;anarcofgivenradiustotwogivencircles投影基本知识Basicknowledgeofprojection投影的形成及分类Theformationandthesortsofprojection投影法投影法Methodsofprojection中央投影法Perspectiveprojection平行投影法斜投影法Oblique正投影法Orthographic三个特性:实形性,积聚性,类似性Realform,accumulation,similarity三面正投影图threeviewsoforthographicprojectionH水平投影面V正立投影面W侧立投影面Hhorizontalprojectionsurface;Vverticalprojectionsurface;Wsideprojectionsurface基本投影逻辑:长对正,高平齐,宽相等。BasicProjectionrule:lengthalignment,heightflush,widthequal物体上几何元素的投影特性thecharacterofprojectionaboutgeometricalelementsonObjects物体表面上的平面物体表面上的平面Planeonthesurface投影面平行面ParallelProjectionplane投影面垂直面Verticalprojectionplane普通位置面Generallocationofthesurface水平面Horizontalsurface正平面Verticalsurface侧平面Sidesurface铅垂面Verticalsurface正垂面侧垂面同理直线:投影面垂直线,投影面平行线和普通位置直线投影面垂直线:铅垂线,正垂线,侧垂线投影面平行线:水平线,正平线,侧平线平面立体FlatSurfacesolid平面基本立体的投影Planarbasicstereoprojection棱柱prism、棱锥pyramid平面立体表面上的直线段和点Flatonthesurfaceofthesolidlineandpoints平面立体的截切Planethree-dimensionalintercept曲面立体Twisting翻译不确切,用横线表示,下同Surfacesolid翻译不确切,用横线表示,下同曲面surface按照母线的形状:直纹面,曲纹面Accordingtotheshapeofgeneratingline:ruledsurface,curvedsurfaceprofile按照母线的运动方式:回转面,非回转面Accordingtothemovementsofgeneratingline:Rotary,non-revolvingsurface回转体axisymmetrical回转体的截切Theinterceptaxiallysymmetrical圆锥面被平面截切,按照截平面的位置不同,圆锥面截交线有圆、椭圆、抛物线、双曲线和两条相交直线五种情况。Incuttingaright-circularcone(aconeofrevolution)byplanesatdifferentangles,weobtainfourcurvescalled“conicsections”.Thesearethecircle,cutbyaplaneperpendiculartotheaxis;theellipse,cutbyaplanemakingagreateranglewiththeaxisthandotheelements;theparabola,cutbyaplanemakingthesameanglewiththeaxisasdotheelements;andthehyperbola,cutbyaplanemakingasmalleranglethandotheelements.回转体相贯表面定点法,辅助平面法Surfacepointmethod,theauxiliaryplanemethod组合体combination组合体的组成分析Combinationofcompositionanalysis组合体三视图的绘制——形体分析法threeviewscombinationofdrawing组合体三视图的阅读threeviewscombinationofreading组合体的尺寸标注Combinationofdimensions组合体的构型设计Theconfigurationdesign轴测投影Isometricprojection概述Overview轴测投影图的绘制Isometricprojectiondrawing轴测图的润饰Axismappingtouches徒手绘制草图的主意Drawsketchesofunarmed图样画法Designdrawing视图View视图分为基本视图、向视图、局部视图和斜视图四种。剖视图sections剖视图分为全剖视图、半剖视图和局部剖视图。断面图section计算机辅助绘图Computer-aidedmapping计算机绘图简介ComputergraphicsAutoCAD2008的界面与基本操作TheinterfacewithAutoCAD2008绘图和对象特性Drawingandobjectproperties视图显示控制和绘图工具按钮Viewsdisplaycontrolanddrawingtoolbuttons修改modifyAutoCAD中的尺寸标注ThedimensionsAutoCADWordbandAbbreviated[ə'bri:vi,eitid]adj.小型的;简短的;服装超短的v.缩写;节略(abbreviate的过去分词)Cartography[kɑ:'tɔɡrəfi]n.制图学,绘图法;地图制作,制图Format['fɔ:mæt]n.版式;开本;格式vt.规定…的格式;[计]使格式化vi.设计版式Ratio['reiʃiəu,-ʃəu]n.比率,比例[复数ratios]Font[fɔnt]n.字体;字形;洗礼盘,圣水器;泉Dimension[di'menʃən,dai-]n.维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸adj.规格的Numerical[nju:'merikəl]adj.数字的;数值的;用数字表示的(等于numeric)Criteria[krai'tiəriə]n.标准,条件(criterion的复数)Divider[di'vaidə]n.分隔物;除法器;圆规Polygon['pɔliɡən,-ɡɔn]n.[数]多边形;多角形物体Pentagon['pentəɡən]n.五角形Oblique[ə'bli:k,ə'blaik]adj.斜的;不明亮正大的n.倾斜物vi.倾斜Orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]adj.正字法的;拼字准确的;直角的Horizontal['hɔri'zɔntəl]adj.水平的;地平线的;同一阶层的n.水平线,水平面;水平位置Alignment[ə'lainmənt]n.结盟;队列,成直线;校准Flush[flʌʃ]n.激动,洋溢;面红;萌芽;茂盛;奔流vt.使齐平;用水冲洗;使激动;发红,使发亮vi.发红,脸红;奔涌;被冲洗adj.丰足的,洋溢的;挥霍的;大量的;齐平的Width[widθ,witθ]n.宽度;广度Parallel['pærəlel]n.平行线;对照vt.使…与…平行adj.平行的;类似的,相同的Planar['pleinə,-hɑ:]adj.崎岖的;平面的;二维的Stereo['steri,əu,'stiə-,'sti:-]n.立体声;立体声系统;[印]铅版;立体照片adj.立体声的;立体的;立体感觉的Prism['prizm]n.[物]棱镜;[数]棱柱Pyramid['pirəmid]n.金字塔;角锥体vi.渐增;上涨;成金字塔状vt.使…渐增;使…上涨;使…成金字塔状Intercept[,intə’sept]vt.拦截;截断;窃听n.拦截;截获的情报;[数]截距Profile['prəufail]n.侧面;轮廓;形状;剖面Rotary['rəutəri]adj.旋转的,转动的;轮流的n.旋转式机器;转缸式发动机axisymmetrical[,æksisi'metrik,-kəl]adj.轴对称的Axially['æksiəli]adv.轴向地Symmetrical[si'metrikəl]adj.匀称的,对称的Angle['æŋɡl]vi.钓鱼;谋取n.角度,角Ellipse[i'lips]n.[数]椭圆形,椭圆Parabola[pə'ræbələ]n.[数]抛物线Hyperbola[hai'pə:bələ]n.[数]双曲线Auxiliary[ɔ:ɡ'ziljəri]n.助动词;辅助者,辅助物;附属机构adj.辅助的;副的;附加的Configuration[kən,fiɡju'reiʃən]n.配置;结构;形状Isometric[,aisəu'metrik]adj.等角的;等距的;等轴的;等体积的n.等容线4、PEtaijiquan,akindoftraditionalChineseshadowboxing,throwsolidball,long-distanceraceandsprintquestion:howdoesyourPEclassgoon?WetakeonePEclassperweek,andwecantakeexercisesandlearntaijiquanintheclass.IhavetookanactivepartinPEclasses.Itmakesmestrongandfeelgood.5、大学英语视听说&读写译Ⅲ【常】Whatdowedoinclass,howwelearnEnglish?问题假设:1、你是怎样练习英语听说能力的?(读写)我们教师常常在课上为我们播放BBC和VOA等原声材料,并且为我们挑选播放一些能陶冶情操的英文电影,我们也会定期到讲台上用英语表演,例如歌唱,配音,朗诵等。2、你的视听说成绩显然低于其他科目成绩,这是为什么?(读写显然强于视听,why)我刚才说过我来自河北省,因为河北省的教学中没有注重读写能力的培养,而将听说能力的培养视为无关紧要的事情,所以绝大部分我省的考生都不能用英语流畅的表达自己的观点,甚至有不会讲英语的。3、你认为你的英语听说能力能够使你在比利时正常学习和生活吗?(仅具备读写能力是不能和外国人正常交流的,你认为呢?)以我目前的英语能力想比利时正常学习和生活是艰难的,但我们应该用发展的眼光看待事物,我相信以我的能力,在比利时半年就可以说流利的英语了。这也是我出国留学的目的之一。4、那你出国留学还有什么目的?(接上而出)除了有利于学习英语之外,我还会结交世界各地的朋友,并且能学到国内学不到的先进理念,还可以了解不同的文化。6、Linearalgebra术语见P173术语见P173DeterminantsDeterminantsoforder2and3DeterminantsofordernPropertiesofdeterminantItisimportanttounderstandandapplythe8properties.Cramer’sruleMatricesDefinitionofmatrices/Determinantofasquarematrix/transposeofamatrixAdditionandmultiplicationbyanumber/calculationrules(a~k)MultiplicationofmatricesNote:inthemultiplicationofAB=C,thenumberofcolumnsofA(leftmatrix)mustbeequaltothenumberofrowsofB(rightmatrix).OtherwisetheproductABmakesnosense.ThenumberofrowsoftheproductCisequaltothatofA,andthenumberofcolumnsofCisequaltothatofB.Inmanycases,interchangingtwomatricesintheirmultiplicationswillchangetheproduct.InverseofamatrixElementaryoperationsofamatrixThethreekindsofcalculationsasfollowsarecalledrowelementaryoperationsofamatrix.Interchangetworows;multiplyeveryelementofsomerowbyasamenumberk≠0;addktimeseveryelementofsomerowtothecorrespondingelementofanotherrow.RankofamatrixElementaryoperationsandelimination:findinversematircesbyelementaryoperationsVectorsN-dimensionalvectors /LinearrelationamongvectorsSometheoremsaboutlineardependence/RankofavectorsetStructureofsolutionsforequationsHomogeneousequations/NonhomogeneousequationsEigenvaluesSimilarmatrices/EigenvaluesandeigenvectorsConditionsoftranslatingintoadiagonalformEigenvaluesandeigenvectorsofasymmetricmatrixWordbandalgebra['ældʒibrə]n.代数学matrices['meitrisi:z,'metri,siz]n.基质;模型;矩阵;母岩(matrix的复数)matrix['meitriks]n.矩阵;基质;模型;脉石;母体;子宫homogeneous[,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs,,həu-]adj.同种的;匀称的;齐次的eigenvalue['aiɡən,vælju:]n.[数、物]特征值diagonal[dai'æɡənəl]adj.对角线的;斜纹的;斜的n.对角线;斜线column['kɔləm]n.圆柱,柱形物;纵队,列;专栏elimination[i,limi'neiʃən]n.消除;淘汰;除去7、Databaseapplicationfoundation(C).Whatisthedatabase?BasicarticleThehistoryofDatabasedevelopmentDatamanagementtechnologydevelopmentArtificialmanagementstage-filesystemstage-invertedfilesystemstage–databasestage
thedefectsofFilesystem:redundancy;inconsistency;poordatarelationship
DatabaseoftechnicalgenerationanddevelopmentTheaccesstothedatabasephaseismarkedbythreemajoreventsinthelate60softhe20thcentury:IMSsystem、DBTGreportandE.F.Codd'sarticle。
Thecharacteristicsofthedatabasephase:usingthedatamodeltorepresentthecomplicatedstructure;
Higherdataindependence;thedatabasesystemprovidestheuserswithconvenientuserinterfaces;thedatabasesystemprovidesthedatacontrolfunctiononfouraspectssuchas
Concurrencycontrol,datarecovery,dataintegrityandsecurity;Increasetheflexibilityofthesystem。
Thedatabasetechnologydevelopsalongthreebranchesfromitsproductionsuchashierarchicalmodel,networkmodel,relationalmodeletc.SQLserverandOraclearerelationalDB。Terms:
数据库
database
DB
数据库管理系统
databasemanagementsystem
DBMS
数据库系统
databasesystem
DBS
DatabasestructuresystemDatadescription:Fromthecharacteristicsofthingstothespecificrepresentationinthecomputer,Infactithasgonethroughthreestages:
Thedatadescriptionintheconceptualdesign
terms:
实体
entity
实体集
entityset
属性
attribute
实体标识符(关键码)
identifier(key)
Thedatadescriptioninthelogicdesign
terms:
字段
field
记录
record
文件
file
关键码(简称键)
key
Inthedatabasetechnology,everyconcepthavethedistinctoftypeandvalue。
thedatadescriptioninPhysicalstoragemedia
Levelofphysicalstoragemedia,Storagemediumcanbedividedintosixcategories:
高速缓冲存储器cache
主存储器
mainmemory
快擦写存储器
Flashmemory
磁盘存储器
magneticdisk
光存储器
opticalstorage
磁带
tapestorage
terms:
位bit
字节
byte(8bit)字Word
块
block(thesmallestunitsofexchanginginformationbetweenthememory
andexternalmemory)
桶
bucket(thelogicunitofexternalmemory)
卷
volume(alltheusefulinformation)联系
relationship
Therearethreetypesofbinarycontact:Onetoone,onetomany,manytomany
Datamodel
Definition:Themodelthatcanrepresenttheentitytypeandthelinksamongentitiesiscalleddatamodel.
twotypes:conceptualdatamodel(suchasentityrelationshipmodel,ER);logicaldatamodel(alsocalledStructuredatamodel,suchashierarchicalmodel,1:Nlink;networkmodel,achievedbypointers;relationalmodel,twodimensionaltable,key;object-orientedmodel,object&class,fulfillthereuseofsoftwareetc.)
TherearefourbasiccomponentsofERdiagram:Rectangleframe,diamondframe,oval-shapedbox,connectsline.
Structuredatamodelconsistsofthreeparts:
datastructure——theexpressionandrealizationofEntitytypesandrelationsamongentities。
DataManipulation——twotypesofoperationtoDatabase:retrievalandupdate(includinginsert,deleteandmodify)。
Dataintegrityconstraintsshouldbegiventhedataanditsassociatedconstraintsanddependencyrules。
DatabasesystemstructureTertiarystructureandtwo-stagemapping
外模式externalschema——外模式/模式映像——概念模式conceptualschema——模式/内模式映像——内模式internalschema
数据定义语言:DDL——schemadatadefinitionlanguage
映像mapping
数据自立性:dataindependence——physicalindependenceandlogicalindependence
主语言hostlanguage——COBOL,PL/1,C,C++,JAVA
数据操纵语言:DML——datamanipulationlanguageDatabasemanagementsystemProgramProgramDBMSDBDatarequestdata(treatmentresult)data(queryresult)LowerorderTheworkpatternofDBMSthefivemainfunctionsofDBMS:Databasedefinition,manipulation,protection,maintenancefunctionanddatadictionary,DD.
DatabasesystemutilitiesdoesnotbelongtothescopeofDBMS。
Databasesystemcomposition:ItisanAggregateofdatabase,hardware,softwareanddatabaseadministrator(DBA)。Computingarticle关系运算Relationaldatamodel域domainIsthesetofvalues。
目或度arity
笛卡儿积
Cartesianproduct
relationisakindofnormalizedtwo-dimensionaltable:
1、
Attributevalueisatomic,irreducible
2、
Noduplicatedtuples
3、
Nolineorder
4、
Theoreticallythereisnosequencing,tofacilitatetheuse,sometimesaddsequencing。
key——superkey,candidatekey,primarykey(primaryattribute,nonprimaryattribute,Non-keyattribute),Foreignkey。
Intherelationalmodel,Conceptualschemaisacollectionofrelationalschema,externalschemaisacollectionofrelationalsubschema,internalschemaisacollectionofstorageschema.。
integrityrulesofRelationalmodel:Entityintegrityrule(Primarykeycannotbenull);Referentialintegrityrules;User-definedintegrityrules。
Therearethreecomponentsoftherelationalmodel:Datastructure,datamanipulation,integrityrules。
TherelationalalgebraDML
isdividedintoquerystatements(Relationalalgebralanguage,relationalcalculuslanguage)(非过程nonprocedural)andupdatestatements
Thefivebasicrelationalalgebraoperations:并union
差difference
笛卡儿积Cartesianproduct
投影projection
挑选selection
Combinationoperationsofrelationalalgebra:交intersection
联接join
天然衔接naturaljoin
除division
QueryOptimization
过程性procedural语言
Relationshipcalculus
Structuredquerylanguage,SQL控制句法和形式至关重要,决定答题控制句法和形式至关重要,决定答题SQLoverviewSQLconsistsoffourparts:SQLDDL,SQLDML,SQLDCL,TheuseofembeddedSQL。
SQLdatadefinitionSQLDDLconsistsofCreateandremoveoperations
toSQLschema,table,view,index.
thecreationofSQLschema:CREATESCHEMA<schemaname>AUTHORIZATION<username>
Revocation:DROPSCHEMA<模式名>[CASCADE|RESTRICT]
thecreationofbasictable:CREATETABLESQL模式名.基本表名(列名类型,……残破性约束,……)增强新的属性:ALTERTABLE基本表名ADD新属性名新属性类型删除本来的属性:ALTERTABLE基本表名DROP属性名[CASCADE|RESTRICT]撤销基本表:DROPTABLE基本表名[CASCADE|RESTRICT]创建视图:CREATEVIEW视图名(列表名)ASSELECT查询语句撤销视图:DROPVIEW视图名SQLdataquerySelect语句单表查询,多表查询,联接操作,聚合函数,数据分组,集合操作残破句法:SELECT[DISTINCT]目标表的列名或列表达式序列FROM基本表名和(或)视图序列|表引用[WHERE行条件表达式][GROUPBY列名序列[HAVING组条件表达式]][ORDERBY列名[ASC|DESC],…]SQLupdateSQL的数据更新包括数据插入、删除和修改等三种操作。数据插入:INSERTINTO基本表名(列名表)VALUES(元组值)数据删除:DELETEFROM<表名>WHERE<条件表达式>数据修改:UPDATE基本表名SET列名=值表达式[,列名=值表达式…][WHERE条件表达式]EmbeddedSQL游标cursorDesignarticleStandardizeddesignThemodeldesignproblem数据依赖datadependences泛关系模式universalrelationschema泛关系universalrelation数据库模式databaseschema数据冗余,操作异常(修改,插入,删除)Functionaldependency,FD函数依赖集的闭包closureFD推理规矩决定考题:自反性reflexivity,增广性augmentation,传递性transitivity决定考题FD集的最小依赖集:每个函数依赖集至少存在一个最小依赖集,但并不一定唯一。ThedecompositionofthemodelLosslessdecomposition,remaindependenceThenormalformsofRelationmodel1NF(firstnormalform);2NF;3NF;BCNF;4NF;5NF(PJNF)Tofurtherstandardize.ThepatternPhysicalcontactmodelThebasicelementsofERmodelingTheclassificationofattributesContactdesignERmodelofexpansionERmodelinganalysisThedatabasedesignsevenphases:Planning,needsanalysis,conceptualdesign,logicaldesign,physicaldesign,implementation,andoperationandmaintenancephase。
计划
数据流图
dataflowdiagram
DFDWordbandartificial[,ɑ:ti'fiʃəl]adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的redundancy[ri'dʌndənsi]n.冗余(等于redundance);人浮于事;裁员integrity[in'teɡrəti]n.正直;诚实;廉正;残破hierarchical[,haiə'rɑ:kikəl,hai'rɑ:-]adj.分层的;等级体系的etc.abbr.[拉丁语]etcetera(常读作andsoforth)oracle['ɔrəkl,'ɔ:-]n.神谕;神谕处;预言;圣人category['kætiɡəri]n.1.种类;部属;类目;类别2.【逻辑学】范畴3.【数学】范畴4.【语法学】=partofspeechcache[kæʃ]n.电脑高速缓冲存储器;储藏物;躲藏处vt窖藏vi.躲藏entity['entəti]n.实体;存在;本质rectangle['rek,tæŋɡl]n.矩形;长方形oval['əuvəl]adj.卵形的;椭圆的n.椭圆形;卵形manipulation[mə,nipju'leiʃən]n.操作;操纵;处理;篡改retrieval[ri'tri:vəl]n.检索;取回;恢复;拯救tertiary['tə:ʃəri]n.第三纪;第三修道会会员;第三级教士adj.第三的;第三位的;三代的maintenance['meintənəns]n.维护,维修;保持;生活费用Aggregate['æɡriɡət,'æɡriɡeit]vi.聚拢;集合;合计vt.聚拢;集合;合计n.合计;总计;集合体adj.聚合的;集合的;合计的irreducible[,iri'dju:səbl]adj.不可约的;不能减少的;不能复归的tuple['tʌpl]n.元组,重数Facilitate[fə'siliteit]vt.促进;协助;使容易procedural[prə'si:dʒərəl]adj.程序上的cascade[kæs'keid]n.小瀑布;喷流;层叠vi.像瀑布般冲下或倾泻v.使瀑布似地落下closure['kləuʒə]n.关闭;终止,结束vt.使终止reflexive[ri'fleksiv]adj.1.和reflective的异体2.【语法学】反身的3.【数学】自反的[参较antireflexive]n.【语法学】反身动词;反身代词augmentation[,ɔ:ɡmen'teiʃən]n.增强,增大;增强物8、ClanguageThecharactersofCLanguageThelanguageisconcise,compactedandwecanuseitconvenientlyandneatly.
Theoperatorsareabundantandthedatatypesarerichtoo.
Ithasstructuredcontrolstatements.
Thegrammarisnottoostrictandtheprogramminghasalargedegreeoffreedom.
Clanguageallowsustohaveadirectaccesstophysicaladdress.Italsocanconductbitoperations.Itcanachievemostfunctionofassemblylanguage.Itcanalsooperatedirectlyonthehardware.
Itcangeneratehighqualityobjectcode.Andtheefficiencyof
theprogramishigh.
TheprogramswrittenusingClanguagehavegoodportability,comparedwiththeassemblylanguage.Whatistheprogrammedstructuredesign?Whatareitsmaincontents?结构化程序设计主意的基本思路是:把一个复杂问题的求解过程分阶段举行,每个阶段处理的问题都控制在人们容易理解和处理的范围内。详细采用自顶向下,逐步细化,模块化设计,结构化编码的主意来保证得到结构化的程序。Thebasicthreadoftheprogrammedstructuredesignmethod:wecansolvethecomplexproblemsbystagessothatpeoplecaneasilyunderstandandhandletheproblemeverystage.Specifically,wecangetthestructuredprogramwithtop-down,andgraduallyrefined,modulardesign,structuredcodingmethods.
结构化程序设计的三种基本结构是:顺序结构、挑选结构、循环结构Thestructuredprogramdesignhasthreebasicstructures:Sequencestructure,selectionstructures,andloopingstructures.标识符命名规矩:只能由字母、数字和下划线3种字符组成,且第一个字符必须为字母或下划线。Theregulationtonametheidentifier:itonlyconsistsofletters,numbersandunderline,andthefirstcharactermustbelettersorunderline.形参加实参:在定义函数时函数名后面括号中的变量名称为“形式参数”;在主调函数中调用一个函数时,函数名后面括号中的参数称为“实际参数”。实参向形参的数据传递是值传递,单向传递。程序:冒泡法,求最大值。Formalparameter/actualparameter:Whenwedefinefunctions,thevariablenameafterthenameoffunctioniscalledformalparameter.Whenwecallafunctioninthemainfunction,thevariablesafterthefunctionarecalledactualparameters.Thedatadeliveryfromtheactualparametertotheformalparameterisvaluedelivery,anditisone-waydelivery.Program:themethodofbubbling,findthemaximum.TheDifferencebetweenCandJAVAClanguageisthelanguageofprocess-oriented,butJavaisthelanguageofobject-oriented。IntermsofCLanguage,Javaremovestheerror-pronefunctionssuchaspointer.
Wecanlearnaboutthespecificdifferenceasfollows:Javadoesnothavetheorderofpreprocessing.JavareplacestheconstantdefinitionsinCwithstaticfinal.Javadoesnothavetheglobalvariables.ThesizeofthebasicdatatypeinJavaisdetermined,butinCitisassociatedwiththeplatform.Javareplacespointerswith
reference,butJavadoesnotallowadditionandsubtractionofthereferenceanddoesnothavetheoperatortotakeaddress.Javahasthemechanismofgarbagecollection,soitdoesnotrequiretheusertofreememoryspace.Javadoesnot
havegotostatement.Javaaddedexceptionhandling(异常处理)andlabelingofbreakandcontinuestatements(延续语句)toreplacethefunctionofgotoonthebasisofthecontrolstatementfromC.
Crequiredallthelocalvariablesinamethodorblockdefinedinthebeginningofthemethodorblock.ButtheJavaallowsthedefinitionofamethodorblockinanyplaces.JavadoesnotsupporttheabilityofCinthebitfield(位阈).JavadoesnotsupportC'stypedef(定义类型).JavadoesnotsupporttheCfunctionpointer.
Addition:
CLanguagemainlyconsistsoffunctions,anditmusthaveamainfunctionmain:thebasicofJavalanguageisconstitutedbytheclass,but
itmusthaveapublicclass,withthepublicmodifiertomodify.What'smore,theclassnameofthepublicclassmustbethesamenameastheJavaclassfile.
Entrance
IntheClanguagethemainfunctionmainistheentranceofCprogram;intheprogramofJavathemainmethodvoidmain(Stringargs[])istheentranceoftheJavaprogram:
ThegrammarofCLanguagehasmuchdifferencefromthatofJava.
WehavetwoeasyprogramsofCLanguageandJavarespectively.
theprogramofC
#include<stdio.h>
voidmain
{
printf("%d",hello!);
}
theprogramofJAVA
publicclassTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
TOSUMMARIZE
Clanguageisthelanguageofprocess-oriented.Thatistosay,
thecodehasbeenwritteninaccordancewiththeprocesstodesign,andthecodeexecutionisinorder.Itusesarraysandpointersasatooltosolvetheproblems.However,Javaisthelanguageofobject-oriented.Inanotherwords,weshouldfirstdesignanobject(class)intheprogrammingandthenwritethemainprogramaroundtheobject(class).Wordbandconcise[kən'sais]adj.简明的,容易的assembly[ə'sembli]n.装配;集会,集合portability[,pɔ:tə'biləti,pəu-]n.可携带性;轻便;可移植性refined[ri'faind]adj.精炼的;微妙的;确切的;有教养的modular['mɔdjulə,-dʒu-]adj.模数的;模块化的;有标准组件的parameter[pə'ræmitə]n.参数;参量;系数prone[prəun]adj.有…倾向的,易于…的;俯卧的mechanism['mekənizəm]n.机械装置;机制;技巧;原理,途径;进程execution[,eksi'kju:ʃən]n.执行,采取;完成;死刑9、交通运输类专业导论【常】我们交通运输导论课是我上学以来学过的唯一一门与专业紧密相关的课程。在这门课上,教师为我们讲解了交通运输专业的产生和发展,并按不同的研究方向分析了我们专业的就业前景。从这门课上我们更多的了解了专业所需要控制的知识和我们应该达到的毕业目标。在课程结束时,我们每人提交了一份论文,来阐述我们的专业观或学习心得。那是我写过的第一篇论文,固然很糟糕,但依然记忆犹新。ProfessionalIntroductiontothetrafficandtransportation(tofindanintroductiontoourschool)Whatdoyouthinkofyourspecialty?Theschooloftrafficandtransportationisoneoftheschool’straditionalstrengths.Nowourcountryputsmuchattentiontotherailwayconstruction。Andourschoolhastheabsoluteadvantagesoverothers.现代交通运输业是由铁路、马路、水路、航空和管道五种主要运输方式组成的。每一种运输方式有其特定的运输路线和运输工具,形成了各自的技术运营特点、经济性能和使用范围。Moderntransportationiscomposedoffivemainmodesoftransportsuchasrail,highway,waterway,airandpipeline.Everykindoftransportationhasitsspecifictransitrouteandinstruments.Eachhasdevelopeditsowntechnicaloperatingcharacteristics,economypropertyandrangeofapplication.铁路运输能力大、费用低、延续性强,可以全天候运行,是我国运输的主力。Therailwaytransportationisthemainforceofourcountrybecauseofitsvastcarryingcapacity,lowcost,strongcontinuity,all-weatherworking.马路运输机动灵便、通用性强、时效性好,能实现“门到门”运输。Roadtransportisflexible,versatileanditcanachieve"doortodoor"transportandhasgoodtimeliness.水路运输能力大、投资省、费用低、占地少,异常是沿海和长江,既是国内运输干线,又是国际运输重要通道,在对外贸易、吸引外资和技术引进方面具有显然优势。Watertransporthasthelargecarryingcapacity,smallinvestment,lowcostanditcoverssmallearth,especiallyalongthecoastandYangtzeRiver.Itisnotonlythedomesticroutebutalsoanimportantinternationalchannel,whichhasobviousadvantagesoverothersinforeigntrade,foreigninvestmentattractionandtechnologyintroduction.航空运输速度快,愉快性好,是大城市间及边远地区长途客运的重要能力。在对外展开的情况下,航空运输作用更为显著。Theairtransportationisfastandcomfortable,whichisthemainforcebetweenbigcitiesandremoteareasetc.longpassengertransportation.Intermsofthepolicytoopenthedoortotheoutsideworld,itcanplayagreaterrole.管道运输能力大、占地少、成本低,是石油和天然气的最佳运输方式。Thepipelinetransportationalsohaslargecarryingcapacityanditcoverssmallearth.Itislowinthecost,whichisthebestwaytotransportpetrolandnaturalgas.Wordband:versatile['və:sətail]adj.多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的domestic[dəu'mestik]adj.国内的;家庭的;驯养的;一心只管家务的n.佣人;国货10、★Thethoughtmoralstrainingandlegalbase珍惜大学生活Cherishtheuniversitylife开辟新的境界exploringnewrealm追求远大理想topursuebroadideal坚定崇高信心Firmtheloftyfaith继承爱国传统Inheritingpatriotictradition弘扬民族精神carryingforwardthenationalspirit领略人生真谛Understandthetruemeaningoflife发明人生价值createsvalueoflife加强道德修养Tostrengthenmoraltraining锤炼道德品质tempermoralquality遵守社会公德Observesocialethics维护公共秩序tomaintainpublicpeace养育职业精神Fosterprofessionalspirit树立家庭美德setfamilyvirtue增强法律意识弘扬法治精神Tostrengthenlegalconsciousness了解法律制度Knowthelawsystem自觉遵守法律consciouslyobservethelawIntheclasswetalkabouttheproblemswestudentswillmeetintheuniversity.Welearntocherishtheuniversitylifeandfirmtheloftyfaith.Werealizewehavetoobservethesocialethicsandthelaw.Wecancreatevalueoflifetomakeusfeelimportant.Theclassmakesusholdtherightattitudetolive.Intheclasses,wewillshareouropinionsaboutthehoteventsevery
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