2021新高考英语人教版一轮复习学案第二编专题一第9讲构词法（词性转换）

第9讲构词法(词性转换)单句语法填空单句写作1.(2019·江苏高考)Ithadexcitedwithinhimthe________(believe)hecouldwriteonelastsong.答案：belief根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处应填believe的名词形式belief。2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Wearesoproudofher.It's________(wonder).答案：wonderful系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。3.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉).答案：strengthen根据句意“锻炼是为了加强腿部肌肉”和不定式符号to可知，此处应填动词形式。4.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatis________(actual)behindthechange.答案：actually修饰介词短语应用副词形式。5.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate).答案：education根据空格前的her(形容词性物主代词)可知，此处填名词形式。1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)令所有人感到惊讶的是，球进网了。________________________，theballwentintothenet.答案：Toeveryone'ssurprise2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)我想成为一名消防员，他们的制服看起来是那么的酷。Iwantedtobeafireman,whoseuniform________________________.答案：lookedsocool3.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)根据世界银行的统计，中国占据了全球肥料消耗的大约30%。AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal________________________.答案：globalfertilizerconsumption4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)最近的研究表明如果我们能有规律的短暂休息，那么我们在工作中的效率会高得多。Recentstudiesshowthatwearefar________________atworkifwetakeshortbreaks________.答案：moreproductive/effectiveregularly5.(2015·广东高考)幸运的是，他也有一头每天能产奶的奶牛。________，healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.答案：Luckily/Fortunately考点1合成法1．复合名词的主要构成方式范例：silkworm蚕，classroom教室(名词＋名词)double­dealer两面派(形容词＋名词)swimming­pool游泳池(v.－ing＋名词)breakwater防波堤，pickpocket扒手(动词＋名词)handwriting笔迹(名词＋v.－ing)get­together联欢会，breakthrough突破(动词＋副词)downfall垮台，outbreak爆发(副词＋动词)2．复合形容词的主要构成方式范例：cold­blooded冷酷的(形容词＋名词＋­ed)high­class高级的(形容词＋名词)easy­going随和的(形容词＋v.­ing)newborn新生的(形容词＋过去分词)bitter­sweet甜中带苦的(形容词＋形容词)time­consuming费时间的(名词＋v.－ing)handmade手工制作的(名词＋过去分词)nationwide全国的(名词＋形容词)far­reaching深远的(副词＋v.－ing)well­bred很有教养的(副词＋动词过去分词)five­year­old五周岁的(数词＋名词＋形容词)3．复合动词的主要构成方式范例：sleep­walk梦游(名词＋动词)overe克服(副词＋动词)blacklist将……列入黑名单(形容词＋动词)考点2转化法名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地考点3派生法1．前缀构词法前缀例词dis­(不，否定)dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实的un­(不)unable不能够的；unlucky不幸的un­(做相反动作)undress脱衣服；unload卸货in­(不，非)inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的im­(不，非)impolite没有礼貌的ir­(不，非)irregular不规则的il­(不，非)illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的non­(不，非)non­existent不存在的mis­(错误的)misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运re­(重复，再)rewrite重写；remarry再婚en­(使)enrich丰富；enable使能够ex­(以前的)ex­wife前妻post­(以后的)post­war战后的；postgraduate研究生super­(在……上面；超级)supermarket超市；supermodel超级模特续表前缀例词under­(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的sub­(在……下；次于；低于)subway地铁；submarine潜艇inter­(相互之间)international国际的；interact相互作用semi­(半)semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆bi­(二)bicycle自行车tri­(三)tricycle三轮车；triangle三角形multi­(多)multinational跨国的kilo­(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi­(厘；百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli­(毫；千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele­(远)telephone；television电视a­(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外auto­(自动；自己，独自)automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传over­(太)overfull太满的，过多的extra­(额外)extraordinary非凡的pre­(预先)predict预言；preview预习micro­(微小的)microphone麦克风；microwave微波；microscope显微镜；microsoft微软vice­(副的)vice­president副总统eco­(生态的)ecology生态学；ecosystem生态系统；eco­friendly环保的trans­(横跨)transfer转移；transform转变；transmit传播；transplant移植2．后缀构词法(1)名词后缀后缀例词­age(状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­an/­ian(人，……家)American美国人；musician音乐家­ence/­ency(构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­ance(性质，状态)importance重要性续表后缀例词­ant/­ent(人)assistant助手；student学生­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation(动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复­ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­er/­or(人或物)writer作家；actor演员­ess(女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人­ism(主义，……教)munism共产主义­ist(……主义者，……家)munist共产主义者­ment(行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争论；government政府；development发展­ship(关系，身份)friendship友谊­hood(身份；性质)childhood童年­th(结果，过程)growth成长­ty(状态；性质)anxiety焦虑­ure(结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴­al(动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意(2)形容词后缀­ablevaluable有价值的；lovable讨人喜欢的­alnational国家的；continental大陆的续表­edlearned有学识的；talented有才华的­engolden金色的；wooden木制的­entdifferent不同的；dependent依赖的­fulbeautiful美丽的；useful有用的­ic/­icaleconomic经济的；political政治的­ishchildish幼稚的；selfish自私的­ivecreative有创造力的­lessuseless无用的；careless粗心的­lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的­ousdangerous危险的；glorious光荣的­warddownward向下的­yrainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的(3)动词后缀后缀例词­en(使变得)deepen加深­fy(使……化)simplify简化­ize/­ise(使……变成……)modernize使现代化；industrialize使工业化(4)副词后缀­ly为后缀carefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地­ward(s)为后缀forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后误区词性的误用(1)【误】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunate,_Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.【正】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunately,_Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.[分析]修饰整个句子作状语应用副词，根据句意可知应表示“不幸的是”，故应用Unfortunately。(2)【误】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourableaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.【正】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourabilityaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.[分析]根据your可知，此处应用名词ability，表示“能力”。句意：你最好在尝试做这笔生意前准确地考虑一下自己的能力。(3)【误】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombrave.【正】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombravely.[分析]修饰动词fought应用副词，故应用bravely。(4)【误】ExcellentoralandwrittenmunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportant.【正】ExcellentoralandwrittenmunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportance.[分析]介词之后要接名词。beofimportance＝beimportant。(5)【误】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworseconsiderably.【正】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworsenedconsiderably.[分析]分析句子结构可知，此句缺少谓语动词，故用worsen表示“恶化”。句意：然而，在过去的几个月，情况恶化得相当严重。1.单句语法填空①Therefore,let'stakethe________(responsible)tobuildupalow­carboncitybyridingbicycles.②Mypresenceissomethingtheycandrawreal________(strong)andhopefrom.③Fruitjuicescanbe________(harm)tochildren'steeth.④Mylittleboy,doyoufeelmore________(fort)nowthanbefore?⑤Ormaybeitwasjustthe________(gentle)blowingseabreezethatwouldblowthroughyourhair.⑥Lifeisa________(mix)ofgoodtimesandbadtimes,andhappymomentsandunhappymoments.⑦Headdedthatpeoplehavebeesousedtonotshowingsignsofweakness________(intention)duetosocialmediabeingusedtocelebrateachievements.答案：①responsibility②strength③harmful④fortable⑤gently⑥mixture⑦intentionally2．单句写作①就我个人而言，我的建议是我们手头(在容易够到的范围)总应该有一个笔记本和一部汉英词典。Asfaras________________，my________isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookanda________________dictionarywithineasy________.②故宫之所以吸引游客是因为它悠久的历史和文化意义。______________________attractsvisit