实用科技英语教程-Earth Science

EarthScienceLeadInPART01NaturalDisasters

Lookatthepictuesbelow.Identifyeachnaturaldisasterbyfillingintheblanksinthecorrepondingdescription.NaturalDisastersVolcanoEarthquakeHurricanesDroughtTsunamiFloods

Lookatthepictuesbelow.Identifyeachnaturaldisasterbyfillingintheblanksinthecorrepondingdescription.1．__________

typicallyoccurswhenprolongedrainfallsoverseveraldays,whenintenserainfallsoverashortperiodoftime,orwhenaniceordebrisjamcausesariverorstreamtooverflowontothesurroundingarea.Floodingcanalsoresultfromthefailureofawatercontrolstructure,suchasaleveeordam.Themostcommoncauseoffloodingiswaterduetorainand/orsnowmeltthataccumulatesfasterthansoilscanabsorbitorriverscancarryitaway.2．A____________

isaclimateeventmarkedbyaprolongedperiodofdecreasedrainfall.Droughtsareinfactpartofthenaturalclimatecycleinmanyregionsoftheworld,buttheycanstillbeextremelydisruptive,especiallywhentheimpactofthedroughtisincreasedbyhumanactivities.3．_________________,anysuddenshakingofthegroundcausedbythepassageofseismicwavesthroughEarth’srocks.SeismicwavesareproducedwhensomeformofenergystoredinEarth’scrustissuddenlyreleased,usuallywhenmassesofrockstrainingagainstoneanothersuddenlyfractureand“slip”.NaturalDisasters4．____________areusuallyassociatedwithplateboundariesbutcanalsooccurwithintheinteriorareasofatectonicplate.Theirshapeisdirectlyrelatedtothetypeofmagmathatflowsfromthem—themoreviscousthemagma,thesteeperthesidesofthevolcano.5．A____________isaseriesofextremelylongwavescausedbyalargeandsuddendisplacementoftheocean,usuallytheresultofanearthquakebeloworneartheoceanfloor.Thisforcecreateswavesthatradiateoutwardinalldirectionsawayfromtheirsource,sometimescrossingentireoceanbasins.6．_______________,knowngenericallyastropicalcyclones,arelow-pressuresystemswithorganizedthunderstormactivitythatformovertropicalorsubtropicalwaters.Theygaintheirenergyfromwarmoceanwaters.NaturalDisasters1．__________

typicallyoccurswhenprolongedrainfallsoverseveraldays,whenintenserainfallsoverashortperiodoftime,orwhenaniceordebrisjamcausesariverorstreamtooverflowontothesurroundingarea.Floodingcanalsoresultfromthefailureofawatercontrolstructure,suchasaleveeordam.Themostcommoncauseoffloodingiswaterduetorainand/orsnowmeltthataccumulatesfasterthansoilscanabsorbitorriverscancarryitaway.2．A____________

isaclimateeventmarkedbyaprolongedperiodofdecreasedrainfall.Droughtsareinfactpartofthenaturalclimatecycleinmanyregionsoftheworld,buttheycanstillbeextremelydisruptive,especiallywhentheimpactofthedroughtisincreasedbyhumanactivities.3．_________________,anysuddenshakingofthegroundcausedbythepassageofseismicwavesthroughEarth’srocks.SeismicwavesareproducedwhensomeformofenergystoredinEarth’scrustissuddenlyreleased,usuallywhenmassesofrockstrainingagainstoneanothersuddenlyfractureand“slip”.NaturalDisastersFlooddroughtEarthquakes4．____________areusuallyassociatedwithplateboundariesbutcanalsooccurwithintheinteriorareasofatectonicplate.Theirshapeisdirectlyrelatedtothetypeofmagmathatflowsfromthem—themoreviscousthemagma,thesteeperthesidesofthevolcano.5．A____________isaseriesofextremelylongwavescausedbyalargeandsuddendisplacementoftheocean,usuallytheresultofanearthquakebeloworneartheoceanfloor.Thisforcecreateswavesthatradiateoutwardinalldirectionsawayfromtheirsource,sometimescrossingentireoceanbasins.6．_______________,knowngenericallyastropicalcyclones,arelow-pressuresystemswithorganizedthunderstormactivitythatformovertropicalorsubtropicalwaters.Theygaintheirenergyfromwarmoceanwaters.NaturalDisastersVolcanoTsunamiHurricanesWordPuzzle

D

I

S

A

S

T

E

R

S

WordPuzzle

D

I

S

A

S

T

E

R

S

FLOOS

WLDFIRES

LANDLIDES

VOLCNOES

TUNAMIS

DROUGHS

ARTHQUAKES

BLIZZADS

TORNADOE塌方山火火山洪水海啸干旱暴风雪龙卷风地震FurtherDevelopmentPART02ListeningHowEarthIsCrackedLikeaGiantEggshellOnlysincethenineteen-sixtieshavescientistsbeguntounderstand

theEarthisagreat,living

.Someexpertssaythisnewunderstandingisoneofthemostimportantrevolutionsin

.Therevolutionisbasedontheworkofscientistswhostudythemovementofcontinents—aprocesscalledplatetectonics.Earthquakesarearesultofthatprocess.PlatetectonicsistheareaofsciencethatexplainswhythesurfaceoftheEarthchangesand

__________causeearthquakes.ScientistssaythesurfaceoftheEarthiscrackedlikeagianteggshell.Theycallthepiecestectonicplates.Asmanyastwentyofthemcover

theEarth.Theplatesfloataboutslowly,sometimescrashingintoeachother,andsometimes__________fromeachother.Whentheplatesmove,thecontinentsmovewiththem.Sometimesthecontinentsareabovetwoplates.Thecontinentssplitastheplatesmove.Tectonicplatescancauseearthquakes__________.Moderninstrumentsshowthatabout__________ofallearthquakestakeplacealongafewlinesinseveralplacesaroundtheEarth.Theselinesfollowunderwater__________,wherehotliquidrockflowsupfromdeepinsidetheplanet.Sometimes,themeltedrockcomesoutwithagreatburstofpressure.ThisforcesapartpiecesoftheEarth’ssurfaceinaviolentearthquake.Otherearthquakestakeplaceattheedgesofcontinents.Pressureincreasesastwoplatesmoveagainsteachother.__________,oneplatemovespasttheother,suddenlycausingtheEarth’ssurfacetosplit.ListeningHowEarthIsCrackedLikeaGiantEggshellOnlysincethenineteen-sixtieshavescientistsbeguntounderstand

theEarthisagreat,living__________.Someexpertssaythisnewunderstandingisoneofthemostimportantrevolutionsin_________________.Therevolutionisbasedontheworkofscientistswhostudythemovementofcontinents—aprocesscalledplatetectonics.Earthquakesarearesultofthatprocess.PlatetectonicsistheareaofsciencethatexplainswhythesurfaceoftheEarthchangesand

___________________causeearthquakes.ScientistssaythesurfaceoftheEarthiscrackedlikeagianteggshell.Theycallthepiecestectonicplates.Asmanyastwentyofthemcover

theEarth.Theplatesfloataboutslowly,sometimescrashingintoeachother,andsometimes____________fromeachother.ListeningHowEarthIsCrackedLikeaGiantEggshellOnlysincethenineteen-sixtieshavescientistsbeguntounderstand

theEarthisagreat,living__________.Someexpertssaythisnewunderstandingisoneofthemostimportantrevolutionsin_________________.Therevolutionisbasedontheworkofscientistswhostudythemovementofcontinents—aprocesscalledplatetectonics.Earthquakesarearesultofthatprocess.PlatetectonicsistheareaofsciencethatexplainswhythesurfaceoftheEarthchangesand

___________________causeearthquakes.ScientistssaythesurfaceoftheEarthiscrackedlikeagianteggshell.Theycallthepiecestectonicplates.Asmanyastwentyofthemcover

theEarth.Theplatesfloataboutslowly,sometimescrashingintoeachother,andsometimes____________fromeachother.structurescientificthoughthowthosechangesmovingawayListeningHowEarthIsCrackedLikeaGiantEggshellWhentheplatesmove,thecontinentsmovewiththem.Sometimesthecontinentsareabovetwoplates.Thecontinentssplitastheplatesmove.Tectonicplatescancauseearthquakes______________.Moderninstrumentsshowthatabout_______________ofallearthquakestakeplacealongafewlinesinseveralplacesaroundtheEarth.Theselinesfollowunderwater__________,wherehotliquidrockflowsupfromdeepinsidetheplanet.Sometimes,themeltedrockcomesoutwithagreatburstofpressure.ThisforcesapartpiecesoftheEarth’ssurfaceinaviolentearthquake.Otherearthquakestakeplaceattheedgesofcontinents.Pressureincreasesastwoplatesmoveagainsteachother.__________________,oneplatemovespasttheother,suddenlycausingtheEarth’ssurfacetosplit.ListeningHowEarthIsCrackedLikeaGiantEggshellWhentheplatesmove,thecontinentsmovewiththem.Sometimesthecontinentsareabovetwoplates.Thecontinentssplitastheplatesmove.Tectonicplatescancauseearthquakes______________.Moderninstrumentsshowthatabout_______________ofallearthquakestakeplacealongafewlinesinseveralplacesaroundtheEarth.Theselinesfollowunderwater__________,wherehotliquidrockflowsupfromdeepinsidetheplanet.Sometimes,themeltedrockcomesoutwithagreatburstofpressure.ThisforcesapartpiecesoftheEarth’ssurfaceinaviolentearthquake.Otherearthquakestakeplaceattheedgesofcontinents.Pressureincreasesastwoplatesmoveagainsteachother.__________________,oneplatemovespasttheother,suddenlycausingtheEarth’ssurfacetosplit.astheymoveninetypercentmountainsWhenthishappensProperActionA.PrepareforanEarthquakeB.StaySafeduringanEarthquakeC.StaySafeafteranEarthquakeDrop.Cover.Holdon.

Stockuponemergencysupplykitthatcanbeusedafteranearthquake.

Takecareofyouremotionalhealth.

Ifyouareinside,stayinside.Ifyouareoutside,stayoutside.

Planandpracticewhattodoifanearthquakestrikes.

Expectaftershocks.

Takecareofanywoundsorinjuriestopreventinfection.

Ifyouareinamovingvehicle,stopasquicklyandsafelyaspossible.

Ifyouaretrapped,attractattentiontoyourself.

Learnthesafespotsineachroomofyourhome.

ComprehensiveProgressPART02TextAEarthSciencePara1

BefittingadynamicEarth,thestudyofEarthscienceembracesamultitudeofsubdisciplines.AttheheartofEarthscienceisthestudyofgeology.Literallymeaning“tostudytheEarth,”traditionalgeologicalstudiesofrocks,minerals,andlocalformationshavewithinthelastcentury,especiallyinthelightofthedevelopmentofplatetectonictheory,broadenedtoincludestudiesofgeophysicsandgeochemistrythatoffersweepingandpowerfulexplanationsofhowcontinentsmove,toexplanationsofthegeochemicalmechanismsbywhichmagmacoolsandhardensintoamultitudeofigneousrocks.TextAEarthSciencePara1

我们的地球生机勃勃，地球科学的研究包括了许多分支学科。地球科学的核心是对地质学的研究，其字面意思就是“研究地球”，在上个世纪，传统地质学研究岩石、矿物以及当地地质的形成，特别是根据板块构造理论的发展，扩大到包括对地球物理和地球化学的研究，为大陆是如何运动的提供了全面而有力的解释，解释了地球岩浆冷却变硬形成大量火成岩的化学机制。TextAEarthSciencePara2Earth'sformationandtheevolutionoflifeuponitsfragileoutercrustaredependentupontheconditionsestablishedduringtheformationofthesolarsystem.TheSunprovidestheenergyforlifeanddrivestheturbulentatmosphere.AstudyofEarthsciencemust,therefore,notignoreatreatmentofEarthasanastronomicalbodyinspace.TextAEarthSciencePara2地球的形成及其脆弱的地表外壳上的生命进化，均有赖于在太阳系的形成过程中所产生的诸多宜居条件。太阳为生物提供能量，促进大气运动。因此，地球科学的研究是把地球看作宇宙中的一个天体，这是不容忽视的。TextAEarthSciencePara3Attheoppositeextreme,deepwithinEarth’sinterior,radioactivedecayaddstotheheatleftoverfromthecondensationofEarthfromcosmicdust.ThisheatdrivestheforcesofplatetectonicsandresultsinthetremendousvarietyoffeaturesthatdistinguishEarth.TounderstandEarth’sinteriorstructureanddynamics,seismologistsprobetheinteriorstructurewithseismicshockwaves.TextAEarthSciencePara3另一方面，在地球内部，放射性元素衰变会产生热量，这些热量加上宇宙尘埃凝结成地球后余下的热量，驱动着板块移动，形成了地球独特的地貌特征，明显与其它行星不同。为了了解地球内部的结构和动力学原理，地震学家用地震波探测其内部构造。TextAEarthSciencePara4Itdoesnotrequirethespectacularhurricane,tornado,landslide,orvolcaniceruptiontoprovethatEarth’satmosphereandseasaredynamicentities.ForcesthatchangeandshapetheEarthappearonadailybasisintheformofwindandtides.WhatEarthscientists,includingmeteorologistsandoceanographersseektoexplain—andultimatelytoquantify—arethephysicalmechanismsofchangeandtheconsequencesofthosechanges.Onlybyunderstandingthemechanismsofchangecanpredictionsofweatherorclimaticchangehopetoachievegreateraccuracy.TextAEarthSciencePara4无需靠壮观的飓风、龙卷风、山崩或火山喷发来证明地球大气层和海洋的生机勃勃。改变和塑造地球的力量每天都在以风和潮汐的形式出现。包括气象学家和海洋学家在内的地球科学家所试图解释的——并最终量化的——是这些变化的物理机制和变化产生的后果。只有了解变化的机制，才能更加精准地预测天气或气候变化。TextAEarthSciencePara5ThefusionofdisciplinesundertheumbrellaofEarthscienceallowsamultidisciplinaryapproachtosolvingcomplexproblemsormulti-facetedissuesofresourcemanagement.Inadditiontohydrogeologistsandcartographers,astudyofgroundwaterresourcescould,forexample,drawuponawidediversityofEarthsciencespecialists.TextAEarthSciencePara5在地球科学框架下的学科融合，可以采用多学科综合研究的方法来解决复杂的问题，进行多层面的资源管理。例如，地下水资源的研究，除了水文地质学家和地图绘制人员，还需要各种各样的地球科学专家。TextAEarthSciencePara6AlthoughmodernEarthScienceisavibrantfieldwithresearchinanumberofimportantandtopicalareas(e.g.,identificationofenergyresources,wastedisposalsites,etc.),thespanofgeologicalprocessandtheenormousexpanseofgeologictimemakecriticalthestudyofancientprocesses(e.g.,paleo-geologicalstudies).OnlybyunderstandinghowprocesseshaveshapedEarthinthepast—andthroughadeta