《中考复习新导引英语》课件专题8 动词

专题8中考新导引复习讲义动词动词时态1一般现在时一般现在时可表示现在的状态，经常的或习惯性的动作，以及主语具备的性格和能力等。谓语动词在一般现在时中的使用情况如下：(1)动词be连系动词be在一般现在时中有三种形式：is,am,are。疑问式中需将be动词移至最前；否定式中需将be动词改为否定式。例如：Iamastudent.AreyouinClass5?Heisn’tinterestedinsoccer.动词时态1一般现在时(2)实义动词实义动词是表示动作或状态的词。在肯定句中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式（构成方法同名词变复数）；当主语不是第三人称单数时，谓语动词用原形。疑问式、否定句要借助动词do或does（使用does后，谓语动词要用原形）。例如：Iusuallygetupatseveninthemorning.Myunclegoestoworkbycar.Doyoulikeoranges?Wedon’thavemathonFriday.Doessheplaytennis?Samdoesn’tgotobedearlyonweekends.现在进行时动词时态2（1）现在进行时的构成和用法现在进行时由“is/am/are+动词-ing”构成,表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。例如：HeiswatchingTVnow.Look,thechildrenareplayingsoccerhappily.也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：Weareworkingonafarmthesedays.I’mreadingahistorybookthismonth.疑问式、否定式将is/am/are移位、变否定。例如：Aretheyplayingagame?Heisn’tdoinghishomeworkonTV.I’mnotreadingnow.现在进行时动词时态2有许多动词表示一种状态，称作静态动词，不宜用进行时时态，特别是know,love,like,belong,hate这类词。不过有些词有其他意思，有时能用于进行时。试比较：Helookstired.Heislookingatabird.Thefoodsmellsnice.Heissmellingtheflowers.有些静态动词有时也可用于现在进行时。例如I’mhopingyou’llcome.(表示殷切希望)现在进行时还可以表示经常性的动作，常和always,forever这类副词连用，表示厌烦、赞美等情绪。例如：Heisalwayslosinghiskeys.现在进行时动词时态2(2)动词+ing形式的构成规则：①一般情况加-ing。例如：go—goingask—asking②以一个不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e,再加-ing；但双写ee结尾的，直接加-ing。例如：write—writingmake—makingsee—seeing但是，以ie结尾的动词，要先将ie变为y,再加-ing。例如：lie—lyingdie—dying现在进行时动词时态2③以重读闭音节结尾、末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ing。例如：cut—cuttingget—gettingsit—sittingput—puttingdig—diggingswim—swimmingbegin—beginningforget—forgettingregret—regretting重读闭音节是由“辅音字母+一个元音字母+辅音字母（r,w,y除外）结尾”且重读的音节，在加ing时要特别注意此概念，想一想以下这些词为什么加-ing时不双写：eat,throw,play,listen,open,sleep,rain,knock,jump注意：prefer不是重读闭音节，而是r音节，在加-ing或-ed时也要双写r(preferring,preferred)。一般过去时表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastnight,in1990,twodaysago等。谓语动词在一般过去时中的使用情况如下：（1）动词be连系动词be在一般过去时中有二种形式：was(is/am的过去式)，were(are的过去式)。例如：Iwasintheparklastweekend.Shewasillyesterday.TheywereonthefarmlastSunday.疑问式、否定式将was/were移位、变否定。例如：Washeathomeyesterday？Shewasn’tatschoollastFriday.Wereyoubusyyesterdayafternoon?Thereweren’tmanypeopleintheparkinthepast.一般过去时动词时态3一般过去时动词时态3（2）实义动词在肯定句中,谓语动词用动词的过去式。疑问句、否定句要借助动词did（使用did后，谓语动词要用原形）。例如：LucywenttothezoolastSaturday.Lucydidn’tgotothezoolastSaturday.DidLucygotothezoolastSaturday？（3）动词过去式的构成动词过去式的构成分为规则和不规则两类。不规则动词的过去式，见九年级教材最后的不规则动词表。规则动词过去式的构成如下：①一般情况加-ed。例如：look—lookedwatch—watched一般过去时动词时态3②以e结尾的动词，加-d。例如：live—livedhope—hoped③以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如：nod—noddedstop—stoppedplan—planneddrop—droppedregret—regretted④以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i,再加-ed。例如：study—studiedcarry—carriedworry—worried以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加-ed。例如：play—playedstay—stayed过去进行时动词时态4(1)过去进行时的构成和用法过去进行时由“was/were+动词-ing”构成,表示在过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示外，一般用时间状语来表示。例如：Iwastakingashowerateightlastnight.Hewasreadinginthelibrarywhentherainstormcame.WhileLindawassleeping,JennywashelpingMarywithherhomework.过去进行时可以用来描绘一幅景象，作为描绘的开始：Afirewasburningandacatwassleepinginfrontofit.Agirlwasplayingthepianoandsingingsoftlytoherself.Thentherewasaknockatthedoor.过去进行时动词时态4过去进行时也可和always,forever这类副词连用，表示厌烦、赞美等情绪。例如：Hewasalwaysringingmeup.疑问式、否定式将was/were移位、变否定。例如：WasshewatchingTVwhenhermothercameback?Iwasn’tdoingmyhomeworkatthistimeyesterday.Wereyoutakingawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?Weweren’tlisteningtothereportatall.过去进行时动词时态4(2)过去进行时和一般过去时的区别一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。例如：Davidwrotealetterlastnight.（信写完了。）Davidwaswritingaletterlastnight.（信不一定写完。）有些动词本身并不表示动作完成，如rain,snow,cough,wear,feel,wait,stay,work等，这时用两种时态意思上差别不大。例如：Itsnowed/wassnowinglastnight.Shewore/waswearingabluecoat.过去进行时动词时态4(3)过去进行时在when与while从句中的用法比较在when/while从句中,往往持续性的动作用过去进行时，短暂性的动作用一般过去时。while表示的是一段时间，所以从句必须用持续性动词，常与过去进行时连用；when既可表示一段时间，也可以表示短暂的时间。例如：①Whenhecamein,wewerewatchingTV.

（此句的When不能While代替。）②WhilewewerewatchingTV,hecamein.

（此句的While可用When代替）③WhilemymotherwaswatchingTV,myfatherwasusinghiscomputer.（当主句和从句均用过去进行时时，习惯用while，不用when。此句的While不能用When代替。）一般将来时动词时态5(1)一般将来时的构成和用法一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成(will可用于各种人称，shall只用于第一人称)，表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow,nextweek,nextyear,inthefuture等。例如：Wewillcometoseeyounextweek.Inthefuturetherewillbelessfreshwater.Ishallwriteyoualetternextweek.一般将来时动词时态5疑问式、否定式将will/shall移位、变否定。例如：Willpeopleusemoneyin100years?Shallwegonow?Iwon’tgotoseethemovietonight.在时间、条件状语从句中，当主句用一般将来时时，从句常用一般现在时。例如：IwillbeateacherwhenIgrowup.WewillwaitforFrankbeforehecomeshere.Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon’tgotothezoo.一般将来时动词时态5(2)begoingto“begoingto+动词原形”也可以表示将要发生的动作，或打算、计划、决定要做的事。例如：I’mgoingtostudymedicineatauniversity.TheSmithsaregoingtoseeaPekingoperathisevening.beaboutto也可表示将来的计划、打算(仅作理解要求）。例如：I’mabouttofinishtheworkintwodays.(3)现在进行时表示将来某些动词的现在进行时也可以表示将来。例如：Howmanyofyouarecomingtotheparty?Wearegoingtothezootomorrow.I’mleavingforShanghaiinthreedays.现在完成时动词时态6(1)现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。has用于主语是第三人称单数的情况。规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式的构成一样;不规则动词的过去分词，见九年级教材最后的不规则动词表。例如：Ihavefinishedmyhomework.HehasvisitedBeijingforthreetimes.疑问式、否定式将have/has移位、变否定。例如：Haveyoudecidedwhichbooktowriteyet?Ihaven’tseenthemoviebefore.HasTombeentoBeijing?Paulahasn’tfinishedhisreportyet.现在完成时动词时态6(2)现在完成时的用法①表示过去发生的或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如：Ihaveboughttwotickets.Wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithme?②某些动词的现在完成时可表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的动作或状态，可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。例如：Theyhavelivedheresince1996.Hehastaughtinthisschoolfortenyears.现在完成时动词时态6③短暂性动词的完成式不能和一段时间连用。例如：Tomhascomeherefortwodays.×

Tomhasbeenherefortwodays.√Theyhavelefthereforamonth.×

Theyhavebeenawayfromhereforamonth.√Mygrandfatherhasdiedsince2009.×

Mygrandfatherhasbeendeadsince2009.√但在否定结构中，短暂性动词的完成式可以和一段时间连用。例如：Ihaven’tboughtanythingfortwomonths.现在完成时动词时态6④现在完成时常和for,since,recently,today,thismonth,inthepast(last)fewyears等表示到现在为止的时间状语连用。例如：Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthelasttenyears.Haveyoufinishedyourtasktoday?Ihavehadthebookfortwoyears.Hehasstudiedinthisschoolsince1997.注意：since接一个时间点，for接一段时间。当since接从句时，从句常用一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时。例如：Jimhaslivedheresincehemovedherein1990.当表示“有多少时间”时，主句谓语可用一般现在时。例如：ItistwoyearssinceIlefthome.现在完成时动词时态6⑤现在完成时不能和明确的过去时间连用。例如：Whenhaveyouvisitedthepark?×Ihaveseenittwodaysago.×⑥现在完成时可以和already,yet,ever,never,before等副词连用。例如：Ihaveneverseenthefilmbefore.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.—Haveyouseenthefilmyet?—Ihavenotseenityet.注意：already用在肯定句，yet用在否定句、疑问句中，放在句末。现在完成时动词时态6⑦

havegoneto,havebeento,havebeenin的区别havegoneto意思是“已离去，不在本地”；havebeento意思是“曾经去过，已回来”；havebeenin意思是“一直待在某地”。例如:MyparentshavegonetotheUKonbusiness.Ihavebeentothenorthmanytimes.Hehasbeeninthisschoolfor20years.过去完成时动词时态7(1)过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。例如：WhenIgottoschool,IrealizedthatIhadleftmybackpackathome.(2)过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。①过去完成必须要有过去某个时间点作比较（在这个时间点以前的动作、状态），

没有比较不能用。例如：IhadeverbeentoBeijingbefore.×有上下文对比则可以使用过去完成时。例如：LastyearIwenttoBeijing.Ihadnotbeentherebefore.过去完成时动词时态7②过去完成和表示到过去为止的时间状语连用,如：byheendoflastterm,bytheyear1990等。例如：BytheendoflasttermwehadlearnedsixEnglishsongs.Attheendoflastterm,Ifailedthemathexam.(attheendoflastterm表示过去的一个时间点,并不是“过去的过去”,所以用一般过去时。)Bytheyear1990,IhadtraveledtomanyplacesofinterestinChina.Intheyear1990,ItraveledtomanyplacesofinterestinChina.③用在以过去为起点往前倒推的宾语从句中。例如：Hesaidhehadseenthemoviealready.ShetoldmeshehadeverbeentoAmerica.过去完成时动词时态7④用在when,before,after,bythetime等连接的状语从句中，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。例如：Bythetime/WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadstarted.Hewenthomeafterhehadfinishedhiswork.=Hehadfinishedhisworkbeforehewenthome.在before,after等连词连接的状语从句中，由于before,after等连词本身已表明了时间的先后关系，也可一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：Hewenthomeafterhefinishedhiswork.=Hefinishedhisworkbeforehewenthome.过去完成时动词时态7比较下面五个句子，想想它们为什么是正确或错误的：Afterheleftschool,heworkedinthisfactory.√Afterhehadleftschool,heworkedinthisfactory.√Afterheleftschool,hehasworkedinthisfactory.×Sinceheleftschool,hehadworkedinthisfactory.×Sinceheleftschool,hehasworkedinthisfactory.√过去将来时动词时态8过去将来时由“助动词would+动词原形构成”，表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。过去将来时也要有过去某个时间点作比较（或通过上下文表示）,没有比较不能使用。例如：Mikewouldcomeherethenextweek.×Mikesaidhewouldcomeherethenextweek.√Theyweresuretheywouldwinthegame.√“was/weregoingto,was/wereaboutto,was/weredoing”也可以表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。例如：Theteachertoldusweweregoingtohaveapartythenextweek.IwasabouttogoupwhenIheardaloudnoise.Hesaidhewasleavingheresoon.仿照例子，写出下列动词的四种形式。精练20e.g.do—does—doing—did—done1.stay____________________________2.study_____________________________3.fly_____________________________4.pay_______________________________5.finish___________________________6.cut_______________________________7.catch___________________________8.teach_____________________________9.leave___________________________10.stop______________________________11.buy____________________________12.spend_____________________________13.make__________________________14.carry_____________________________stays—staying—stayed—stayedstudies—studying—studied—studiedflies—flying—flew—flownpays—paying—paid—paidfinishes—finishing—finished—finishedcuts—cutting—cut—cutcatches—catching—caught—caughtteaches—teaching—taught—taughtleaves—leaving—left—leftstops—stopping—stopped—stoppedbuys—buying—bought—boughtspends—spending—spent—spentmakes—making—made—madecarries—carrying—carried—carried仿照例子，写出下列动词的四种形式。精练2015.open_____________________________16.swim__________________________17.read__________________________18.plan____________________________19.grow__________________________20.fall__________________________21.feel__________________________22.lie(躺)__________________________23.lay__________________________24.hear__________________________25.cost__________________________26.shut__________________________27.dig__________________________28.regret__________________________29.write__________________________30.ride__________________________opens—opening—opened—openedswims—swimming—swam—swamreads—reading—read—readplans—planning—planned—plannedgrows—growing—grew—grownfalls—falling—fell—fallenfeels—feeling—felt—feltlies—lying—lay—lainlays—laying—laid—laidhears—hearing—heard—heardcosts—costing—cost—costshuts—shutting—shut—shutdigs—digging—dug—dugregrets—regretting—regretted—regrettedwrites—writing—wrote—writtenrides—riding—rode—ridden选择填空。精练21（）1.AfterStevensentsomee-mails,he________surfingtheInternet.A.startsB.hasstartedC.willstartD.started（）2.—Areyousurprisedattheendofthemovie?—No,becauseI________thestory.A.readB.willreadC.havereadD.wasreading（）3.Alicelikesdoinghousework.She________herroomeveryafternoon.A.cleansB.cleanedC.iscleaningD.hascleaned（）4.Hurryup!Theskyiscoveredwithblackclouds.I’mafraidit________.A.rainsB.isgoingtorainC.rainedD.wasrainingDCAB选择填空。精练21（）5.—Mum,whereisDad?—He________aspeechfortomorrow’smeeting.A.waspreparingB.ispreparingC.haspreparedD.willprepare（）6.—Whywasyourclasssolively,Mr.Li?—Oh,mystudents________ingroupsaboutthecomingschooltrip.A.discussB.arediscussingC.werediscussingD.havediscussed（）7.I________ping-pongquitewell.ButIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play（）8.—LucyhasgonetoLondontoseehergrandfather.—Really?When________shecomeback?A.doesB.hasC.didD.willBCDD1.Sallytookaphotoofherfriendswhilethey____________(play)soccer.2.Juliaisn’tgoingtothecinemawithusbecauseshe____________(see)thefilm.3.Ihavetobeoffnow.Myfriends____________(wait)outside.4.Tony____________(play)ping-pongeveryweekendwhenhewasyoung.5.—Hello.CouldIspeaktoMrBrown?—Sorry.He____________(go)totheclassroom.wereplayinghasseenarewaitingplayedhasgone用所给动词的适当形式填空。精练226.—I’vegotaticketforthebasketballgametonight.—Cool!When____________you____________(get)it?7.—HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?—Notyet.I________________________________(visit)itthisyear.8.—InthecomingWorldCup,whichcountrydoyouthink____________(win)?—Brazil.Asweknow,it____________(win)theWorldCupfivetimesalready.9.WhenI____________(get)tothestation,Ifoundthebus____________(leave)already.10.We________________________________(play)someindoorgamesifit____________(rain)tomorrow.didgetwillvisit/amgoingtovisitwillwinhaswon用所给动词的适当形式填空。精练22gothadleftwillplay/amgoingtoplayrains被动语态1被动语态的构成英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。当主语为动作的执行者时，谓语的形式为主动语态；当主语为动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动结构的句子中，动作执行者可以由介词by引起的短语表示。1.被动语态的构成(1)被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，时态通过助动词be表现出来。例如：一般现在时：is/am/are+过去分词。例如：

Themodelismadeofwoodandglass.Whatarethechopsticksmadeof?被动语态1被动语态的构成一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。例如：

Teawasinventedbyaccident.Thefruitswereshoppedhereyesterday.一般将来时：willbe/begoingtobe+过去分词。例如：

Alotoftreeswillbeplantedinourschoolsoon.含情态动词：情态动词+be+过去分词。例如：

Yourbedroommustbecleanedeveryday.Ifyoudon’tuseaflash,youmaybeallowedtotakepictures.被动语态1被动语态的构成

(2)被动语态的疑问式和否定式变化有以下两种情况：一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态：将be动词移位、变否定。例如：Isteaproducedinyourcountry?I’mnotaskedtogetupearlyonweekends.WasthewatchmadeinSwitzerland?Theproductsweren’tsentbyship.一般将来时和含情态动词的被动语态：将第一个动词移位、变否定。例如：Willitbefinishedsoon?Studentsshouldn’tbeallowedtobringmobilephonestoschool.被动语态2被动语态的用法(1)当我们不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时是谁时，句子不带由by引起的短语。例如：Theblouseismadeofsilk.

IthinktheTVwasinventedafterthecar.当动作的承受者是谈话的中心,句子可带由by引起的短语。例如：ThenovelwaswrittenbyCharlesDickens.(2)不及物动词没有被动语态。例如：Thestorywashappenedonarainynight.×

Thestoryhappenedonarainynight.√Mygrandfatherwasdiedin1980.×

Mygrandfatherdiedin1980.√Thenewsissoundedinteresting.×

Thenewssoundsinteresting.√被动语态2被动语态的用法但是“不及物动词+介词”可以构成被动语态。例如：Theboyisoftenlaughedbyothers.×Theboyisoftenlaughedatbyothers.√(3)在把有两个宾语的句子变为被动时，将间接宾语（人）或直接宾语（物）变为主语都可以。例如：Mygrandmothergavemeanexpensivetoyyesterday.=Iwasgivenanexpensivetoybymygrandmotheryesterday.=Anexpensivetoywasgiventomebymygrandmotheryesterday.注意：当把直接宾语作主语变为被动时，间接宾语前要加to。在多数情况下，我们常把间接宾语变为主语，这样句子显得自然一些。被动语态2被动语态的用法(4)在不带to的不定式作宾补的句子变为被动时，不定式要带to。例如：Theparentsmadetheboylearntoplaythepianoafterclass.=Theboywasmadetolearntoplaythepianoafterclassbyhisparents.WeoftenhearAnnasingsongsintheroom.=Annaisoftenheardtosingsongsintheroom.注意：被动语态（be+done）是针对谓语动词而言，而过去分词(done)也可表示被动的意思，但它属于非谓语动词，不能独立作谓语(过去分词用法仅作理解要求）。试比较：WehaveanewclassmatecalledFrank.(called是过去分词作定语，不叫被动语态)WehaveanewclassmatewhoiscalledFrank.(iscalled是谓语动词，叫被动语态)1.TheyspeakEnglishandFrenchinCanada.____________________________________2.LuXunwrotethebookin1920.____________________________________3.Wewillcleanthehalltomorrow.___________________________________4.Ourparentsadvisedusnottogooutalone.___________________________________5.Weshouldallowstudentstohavemorefreetimeatschool.__________________________________6.Wecan’tseestarsintheday.___________________________________7.Dotheymakeshoesinthefactory?_________________________________________EnglishandFrencharespokeninCanada.ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXunin1920.Thehallwillbecleanedtomorrow.Wewereadvisednottogooutalonebyourparents.Studentsshouldbeallowedtohavemorefreetimeatschool.将下列句子改为被动语态。精练23Starscan’tbeseenintheday.Areshoesmadeinthefactory?1.Basketball_____________(enjoy)bymany,forfunandexercise.2.Thezipper_______________(invent)in1893.3.Stamps_____________(use)forsendingletters.4.Thesefruits____________________(can’t,pick)atthistimeofyear.5.Thepostcard_______________(send)tomorrow.6.Teenagers________________________(should,encourage)todosocialworkfortheircommunity.isenjoyed用所给动词的适当形式填空。精练24wasinventedareusedcan’tbepickedwillbesentshouldbeencouraged7.Tea_________________(not,bring)totheWesternworlduntil1610.8.YesterdayI_____________(tell)tocleantheclassroomafterschool.9.InmanyeasternEuropeancountries,you_____________(suppose)totakeoffyourglovesbeforeshakinghands.10.Thesun_____________(rise)intheeast.11.Foodsafetyisimportant.Rules________________(must,make)tostoppeoplefromfoodpollution.12.Mike_____________(offer)ajobinabank,buttooursurprise,hedidn’ttakeit.wasn’tbrought用所给动词的适当形式填空。精练24wastoldaresupposedrisesmustbemadewasoffered动词不定式1作主语

动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语，如：toreadthenewspaper,tospeakatthemeeting等。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特点，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。不定式可以用作主语，但在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常用代词it来代替它作主语，而把真正的不定式移到句子后面去，这样句子不会显得头重脚轻。例如：TolearnEnglishisimportant.=ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.动词不定式1作主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的（即不定式有自己的逻辑主语），可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语。例如：It’simportantformetolearnFrench.Itwon’tbeeasyforyoutofindanewjob.It’sapityforyoutowastesomuchmoney.在少数情况下可用of引导的短语，表示不定式的逻辑主语。例如：Itwaskindofyou(Youwerekind)tothinksomuchofus.Itwassillyofyou(Youweresilly)totrustsuchaman.动词不定式1作主语只有那些作表语的形容词能修饰人时，才能在不定式前用of引导的短语，否则还是应当用for引导的短语来表示不定式的逻辑主语。这种由for,of构成的短语除作主语外，还可以作其他成分。例如：Thereisnoreasonforustodoubthiswords.Ifindithardforustofinishthetaskintime.动名词也可以作主语。例如：Eatingfruitsisgoodforhealth.Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.It’snousewaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.动词不定式2作表语不定式可用作表语,说明主语的具体内容。例如：Toseeistobelieve.(谚)眼见为实Herwishistobecomeanexcellentteacher.Themostimportantthingistolearnsomethingnewandhavefun.动名词也可用作表语。例如：Seeingisbelieving.(谚)眼见为实Herjobisfeedingtheanimals.动词不定式3作宾语(1)能以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：afford,agree,ask,begin,choose,continue,dare,decide,dislike,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,like,love,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,prepare,promise,refuse,regret,remember,start,try,volunteer,wait,want,wish等。例如：IwanttobeascientistwhenIgrowup.Wedecidedtocomebackbecauseoftherain.Theyfailedtofinishtheplan.Wecan’taffordtostayatafive-starhotel.注意：help接不定式作宾语时，可以带to,也可以省to。例如：Couldyouhelp(to)movethebox?动词不定式3作宾语(2)tell,advise,learn,show,teach,decide,know等动词常用一个带连接代（副）词的不定式作宾语。例如：Couldyoutellushowtogettothezoo?Idon’tknowwhattodonext.有时还可以使用这种结构作介词宾语。例如：Hewroteabookonhowtoprotecttheenvironment.Wediscussedaboutwheretospendourholidays.(3)在某些复合宾语中，常先用it代表不定式，而把真正的不定式放到后面去。例如：Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.动词不定式3作宾语(4)在enjoy,finish,mind,practice,keep,avoid,consider,suggest,miss,risk,imagine,giveup,putoff,keepon,beworth等动词后，只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。例如：Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Lindapracticesplayingtheviolineveryday.介词后接动名词的现象很多。例如：Iwasafraidofmakinghimuneasy.Thanksfordoingthisjobforus.Howaboutcomingwithustotheclub?Withoutwaitingforanyreply,helefttheroom.I’mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Mydadprefersswimmingtoskating.动词不定式3作宾语在love,like,prefer,dislike,begin,start,continue等动词后，可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，区别不大。例如：Manypeoplewholiveincitieswouldactuallypreferliving(tolive)inthecountryside.在remember,forget,regret,try,want,need,mean等动词后，接动名词和不定式作宾语差别比较明显（want/need接动名词的用法初中阶段不作掌握要求）。rememberdoingsth.记得已干某事

remembertodosth.记得要干某事forgetdoingsth.忘记已干某事forgettodosth.忘记要干某事regretdoingsth.遗憾已干某事regrettodosth.遗憾要干某事trytodosth.努力干某事trydoingsth.尝试干某事stopdoingsth.停止干某事（作宾语）stoptodosth.停下来去干某事（作状语）meandoingsht.意味着干某事meantodo打算干某事动词不定式3作宾语Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom.IremembermeetingallofyouinGrade7.NowI’manadult.IregrettalkingbacktomomwhenIwasyoung.Iregrettotellyouthatyouhaven’tpassedtheexam.I’mtired.Let’sstopworking.Shallwestoptohavearest?动词不定式4作宾语补足语接带to不定式作宾补的动词有：advise,allow,ask,cause,encourage,expect,get,hate,invite,like,order,remind,request,require,teach,tell,train,want,warn,wish等。例如：Lindaaskedalotoffriendstogotoherbirthdayparty.Hewantsyoutocallhimbackat11.Theschoolshouldallowustohavemoreafter-classactivities.有些动词可以接tobe作宾补。例如：Iconsiderhimtobethebestteacher.Isupposedhimtobeawayfromhome.动词不定式4作宾语补足语有些“动词+介词”结构后也可跟不定式作宾补。例如：Theteachercalledonmetoanswerthisquestion.Wehadtowaitforabustocome.接不带to不定式作宾补的动词有：感官动词（see,hear,watch,notice,feel,listento,lookat等）和使役动词(let,make,have等)。例如：Ioftenhearthemsingthissong.Let’splaybaseballthisafternoon.注意：help接不定式作宾补时，可以带to,也可以省略to。例如：Ihelpedtheboy(to)findhisparentsatlast.动词不定式4作宾语补足语hope可以接不定式作宾语，但不可以接不定式作宾补。例如：IhopetobeateacherwhenIgrowup.√MypartentshopemetobeateacherwhenIgrowup.×在某些动词后，可以用现在分词或不带to的不定式作宾补，表示动作正在进行时用现在分词，表示动作完成时用不定式（现在分词的用法仅作理解要求）。试比较：Isawherworkinginthegarden.(Shewasworkinginthegarden).我看她正在花园里干活。Isawherentertheroom.(Sheenteredtheroom.)我看见他走进屋子。动词不定式5作状语不定式作状语的情况很多，主要有以下这几种情况：（1）用于“be+形容词+不定式”结构中。例如：

I’msorrytohearthat.Hewasluckytofindsuchagoodjob.Youwerebravetoactlikethat.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.(2)用于表示目的、结果、原因等。例如：AlotofforeignfriendscometoChinatolearnChinese.(目的)=TolearnChinesealotofforeignfriendscometoChina.（目的状语也可以放在句首）动词不定式5作状语Hejumpedwithjoytohearit.(原因)Youarenevertooyoungtostartdoingthings.(结果)Thestudentswasbraveenoughtoasktheprofessorlotsofquestions.(结果)（3）有些不定式可用来修饰整个句子，因而可称作“句子状语”。例如：Tobehonest,Ijustdon’tlikehim.Tobeginwith,it’stoocold.Besides,we’venomoney.动词不定式6作定语不定式作定语的情况主要有：（1）不定式放在名词、代词后,说明这个词的具体内容。例如：Wemustfindawaytosolvetheproblem.Ihavenotimetodomyhomework.LastsummertheyIhadachancetodovolunteeringwork.（2）不定式和它修饰的词有动宾关系。例如：Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Ihavealotofclothestowashtoday.动词不定式6作定语有些不及物动词，必须要加介词后才有动宾关系。例如：Hehasanicehousetolivein.Ihavenopentowritewith.Pleasefindachairtositon.（3）不定式和它修饰的词有主谓关系。例如：Weneedsomeonetohelpwiththework.Shewasthefirstonetothinkoftheidea.动词不定式7不定式的否定不定式的否定由“not+不定式”构成。例如：Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet.Youshouldtrynottobelateforschoolnexttime.动名词的否定由“not+doing”构成（动名词的否定结构仅作理解要求）。例如：Wouldyoumindnotsmokinghere?1.Let’sthinkaboutwhatwecando___________(help)thekids______________(spend)theirfreetime.2.Peterwouldlike___________（be）ananimaldoctor,buthismotherwantshim________________(become)ateacher.3.Wedecided___________(give)outnoticestotellmorestudents___________(join)ourprogram.4.WhenIbrokemyarm,hecametomyhome___________(cheer)meup.Hemademe___________(feel)betteranyway.5.Weneed___________(put)upsignstoletthevisitorsknowhow___________(get)toourschool.6.Youcouldaskhospitals___________(let)you____________(visit)thekids.tohelp(to)spendtobetobecometogive用所给动词的适当形式填空。精练25tojointocheerfeeltoputtogettoletvisit7.Idon’tknowwhere___________(spend)theholiday.Iwish___________(visit)somewherequiet.8._____________(improve)herpronunciation,thegirlpractices___________(read)afterthetapeseveryday.9.Ihavenothing___________(do)thisweekend.Doyouhaveanygoodplans___________(spend)thetime?10.Myideais____________________(plant)somefruittreesonthemountain.Itwillbegreatforthevisitors___________(eat)thefruits.11.Iremember___________(try)___________(win)the