大学英语四级语法(学习资料)

CollegeEnglishTestBand4Grammar(StudyMaterials)introductionNounsandArticlesPronounsandNumeralsVerbsandVerbalPhrasesAdjectivesandAdverbsSentencestructureandcomponentsGrammarpracticeandimprovement目录01introductionPurposeThepurposeofthisstudymaterialistoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveguidetopreparefortheCollegeEnglishTestBand4Grammarsection.BackgroundTheCollegeEnglishTest(CET)isanationalstandardizedtestinChinathatassessestheEnglishproficiencyofcollegestudents.TheBand4levelisdesignedforstudentswhohavecompletedthebasicEnglishcoursesintheirfirsttwoyearsofcollege.PurposeandbackgroundTheImportanceofGrammarinEnglishLearningFoundationofLanguage:Grammaristhesetofrulesthatgovernthestructureandorganizationoflanguage,makingitpossibleforustocommunicateeffectively.EnhancesCommunicationSkills:Asolidunderstandingofgrammarenablesstudentstoconstructclear,coherentsentencesandavoidcommonmistakesthatcanhindercommunication.ImprovesWritingSkills:Goodgrammarisessentialforwriting,asithelpsstudentsexpresstheirideasinalogicalandunderstandableway.BoostsConfidence:MasteringgrammargivesstudentsasenseofaccomplishmentandbooststheirconfidencewhenspeakingorwritinginEnglish.02NounsandArticlesClassificationandUsageofNounsCommonNounsrefertogeneralnamesofpeople,places,orthings,e.g.,"teacher,""city,""book."ProperNounsspecificnamesofpeople,places,ororganizations,e.g.,"John,""London,""UnitedNations."AbstractNounsrepresentideas,qualities,orconcepts,e.g.,"love,""happiness,""honesty."CollectiveNounsrefertoagroupofpeopleorthingsconsideredasasingleunit,e.g.,"team,""family,""crowd."Theusageandomissionofarticlesusedtorefertospecificorparticularnouns,e.g.,"thebookonthetable."IndefiniteArticle"A/An"usedwithsingularnounstoindicateoneofakind,e.g.,"abook,""anapple."OmissionofArticlescertainnounscanbeusedwithoutarticlesinspecificcontexts,suchaswhentheyareplural,abstract,orpropernouns.DefiniteArticle"The"GeneralRulesarticlesusuallyprecedenounsandhelptodefineoridentifythem.Exceptionssomenounphrasesoridiomaticexpressionsmaynotrequirearticles,e.g.,"gotoschool,""inhospital."CollocationswithPrepositionsarticlesareoftenusedincombinationwithprepositionstoformphrasalverbsorprepositionalphrases,e.g.,"atthemeeting,""inthemorning."Thecollocationofnounsandarticles03PronounsandNumerals要点三PersonalPronounsTheyrefertothepersonsspeaking,thepersonsspokento,orthepersonsorthingsspokenabout.E.g.,I,you,he,she,it,we,they.要点一要点二PossessivePronounsTheyshowownershipandcanbeusedasadjectivesorpronouns.E.g.,my,your,his,her,its,our,their.ReflexivePronounsTheyendin-selfor-selvesandareusedwhenthesubjectandobjectofaverbarethesame.E.g.,myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,themselves.要点三ClassificationandUsageofPronounsTheyintroduceadjectiveclausesandcanbeusedassubjects,objects,orcomplements.E.g.,who,whom,whose,that,which.RelativePronounsTheyareusedtoaskquestions.E.g.,who,whom,whose,what,which.InterrogativePronounsClassificationandUsageofPronounsCollectiveNumeralsTheyexpressagroupofitemsasasingleunit.E.g.,pair,couple,dozen,score.CardinalNumeralsTheyexpressquantityandcanbeusedasnounsoradjectives.E.g.,one,two,three,first,second,third.OrdinalNumeralsTheyexpressorderorpositioninaseriesandareusuallyfollowedby"th"or"st".E.g.,first,second,third,fourth.FractionalNumeralsTheyexpresspartsofawholeandareusuallywrittenwithahyphenorslash.E.g.,one-half,two-thirds,three-quarters.TheCompositionandUsageofNumeralsPronounsandnumeralsareoftenusedtogethertoformphrasesthatexpressquantityorownershipmoreprecisely.Itisimportanttonotethatthepronounshouldagreewiththenounitreferstoinnumber(singularorplural)andgender(masculine,feminine,orneuter).Somecommoncollocationsinclude:"afewofthem","severalofus","manyofthestudents","eachofthebooks","mostofthetime",etc.Thecollocationofpronounsandnumerals04VerbsandVerbalPhrasesActionVerbsLinkingVerbsHelpingVerbsModalVerbsClassificationandUsageofVerbsverbsthatconnectthesubjectofasentencewithacomplement,e.g.,"be,""seem."verbsthatassistthemainverbinexpressingthesentence'smainactionorstate,e.g.,"have,""be."verbsthatexpressmodality,suchaspossibility,necessity,orpermission,e.g.,"can,""must,""may."verbsthatexpressphysicalormentalactions,e.g.,"run,""think."TheCompositionandUsageofVerbalPhrasesphrasesthatbeginwiththeinfinitiveformoftheverbandexpressageneralideaoraction,e.g.,"togotothestore,""tofinishthehomework."InfinitivePhrasesgroupsofwordsthatfunctionasasinglepartofspeechandincludeaverbanditsmodifiers,e.g.,"torunquickly,""havingfinisheddinner."VerbalPhrasesphrasesthatbeginwithapresentorpastparticipleandmodifyanounorpronouninthesentence,e.g.,"seeingthemovie,""havingbeentoldthenews."ParticipialPhrasesTensethetimeoftheactionorstateexpressedbytheverb,whichcanbepast,present,orfuture.ActiveVoicewhenthesubjectofthesentenceperformstheactionexpressedbytheverb,e.g.,"Thecatchasedthemouse."PassiveVoicewhenthesubjectofthesentencereceivestheactionexpressedbytheverb,e.g.,"Themousewaschasedbythecat."Voicetherelationshipbetweentheactionorstateexpressedbytheverbanditssubject,whichcanbeactiveorpassive.TheTenseandVoiceofVerbs05AdjectivesandAdverbsDefinitionAdjectivesarewordsthatdescribeormodifynounsorpronouns.TypesAdjectivescanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedontheirfunctions,suchasdescriptiveadjectives,limitingadjectives,possessiveadjectives,andinterrogativeadjectives.UsageAdjectivesarecommonlyusedtoprovidemoreinformationaboutanounorpronoun,suchasitscolor,size,shape,age,origin,oranyothercharacteristic.ClassificationandUsageofAdjectives010203DefinitionAdverbsarewordsthatmodifyverbs,adjectives,orotheradverbs.TypesAdverbscanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedontheirfunctions,suchasadverbsoftime,place,manner,frequency,degree,andsoon.UsageAdverbsareusedtoprovidemoreinformationabouttheactionorstatedescribedbyaverb,adjective,oranotheradverb.Theycanindicatewhen,where,how,howoften,ortowhatextentsomethinghappensoristhecase.ClassificationandUsageofAdverbsCollocationreferstothehabitualjuxtapositionofparticularwords.Inthecaseofadjectivesandadverbs,itreferstothecommoncombinationsofthesewords.Somecommoncollocationsofadjectivesandadverbsinclude"extremelyhappy,""veryangry,""completelyconfused,""quicklyrunning,""slowlywalking,"andsoon.Thecollocationofadjectivesandadverbsisanimportantaspectoflanguagelearningbecauseithelpslearnersunderstandanduselanguagemorenaturally.Itisessentialtofamiliarizeoneselfwithcommoncollocationstoimprovelanguagefluencyandaccuracy.DefinitionTypesUsageThecollocationofadjectivesandadverbs06SentencestructureandcomponentsThebasicstructureofsentencesThisstructureincludesbothanindirectobjectandadirectobject.Forexample,"JohngaveMaryabook."Subject+Verb+IndirectObject+DirectObjectThemostbasicsentencestructureconsistsofasubjectandaverb.Forexample,"Johnruns."Subject+VerbThisstructureaddsanobjecttothesentence.Forexample,"Johneatsanapple."Subject+Verb+ObjectThecomponentsandfunctionsofsentencesSubject:Thesubjectofasentenceisthepersonorthingthatperformstheactionorisbeingdiscussed.Itanswersthequestion"Who?"or"What?"Forexample,inthesentence"Johnruns,"Johnisthesubject.Verb:Theverbistheactionorstateofbeinginasentence.Itanswersthequestion"Whatdoesthesubjectdo?"or"Whatisthesubject?"Forexample,inthesentence"Johnruns,"runsistheverb.Object:Theobjectofasentenceisthepersonorthingthatreceivestheactionoftheverb.Itanswersthequestion"Who?"or"What?"aftertheverb.Forexample,inthesentence"Johneatsanapple,"appleistheobject.Complement:Acomplementcompletesthemeaningofasentencebyaddinginformationaboutthesubjectorobject.Itcanbeanoun,adjective,oradverbandanswersthequestion"Whatkind?"or"How?"Forexample,inthesentence"Johnisadoctor,"doctoristhecomplement.SimpleSentences:Asimplesentencecontainsoneindependentclause(asubjectandaverb)andexpressesacompletethought.Forexample:"Johnruns."ComplexSentences:Acomplexsentencecontainsoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause(whichcannotstandaloneasacompletesentence).Thedependentclauseisconnectedtotheindependentclausewithasubordinatingconjunctionsuchas"because,""if,"or"although."Forexample:"Johnrunsbecausehewantstostayhealthy."Inthissentence,"Johnruns"istheindependentclauseand"becausehewantstostayhealthy"isthedependentclause.Thedifferencebetweencomplexandsimplesentences07GrammarpracticeandimprovementReadingEnglishtextsregularlyhelpstoimprovegrammarbyexposingthelearnertocorrectsentencestructureandusage.ReadingWritingpracticeisessentialforgrammarimprovement.Itallowslearnerstoapplytheirknowledgeofgrammarrulesandidentifytheirownerrors.WritingSpeakingEnglishwithnativespeakersorotherfluentspeakerscanhelplearnerstoimprovetheirgrammarthroughconversationandfeedback.SpeakingListeningtonativespeakersandunderstandinghowtheyusegrammarcanhelplearnerstoimprovetheirownusage.ListeningMethodsandTechniquesforGrammarPracticeSubject-verbagreement