哈里伯顿水平井增产措施SurgiFracPresentation中文

哈里伯顿水平井增产措施SurgiFracPresentation中文OutlineWhatisSurgifrac?—什么是Surgifrac？ChallengesofHorizontalfracturing—水平压裂的挑战OverviewofTechnology-Howitworks—技术概述-工作流程CaseHistories–Proofthatitworks—实例-证明其作用Questions—问题SurgiFrac–Whatisit?什么是分段压裂？Apatentedmethodtoaccuratelyplacemanyfracturesinawell(horizontalorvertical)oftenwithoutrequiredmechanicalseals(packers)—在井内进行精确压裂的专利方法（水平或垂直）通常不要求机械密封（封隔器）Sealingdonedynamicallyusingvelocity(Bernoulli)—动力密封用速度TheonlymethodusableinPre-perforatedliners—唯一可用于射孔前尾管的压裂方法Allperforationscommunicatetothefracture—所有射孔通道和和压裂裂缝相连Proppantoracidfracs—支撑剂或酸化压裂CoiledTubingorJointedPipe—连续油管或连接管Instantaneousdownholefluidconcentrationmodificationfromsurface即时从地面改变浓度MultipleFracsinMultilaterals—多底井中多次压裂CommonAssumptionAssociatedwithHorizontalCompletions:

与水平完井作业相关联的假定“Completingwithlonghorizontallateralswillavoidtheneedforexpensivestimulationtreatments…”—水平井有长的水平井段可免除昂贵的增产措施… or

“Inopenholehorizontals,currentfracturingtechnologyistooexpensiveorhasverylimitedeffectiveness…”—在裸眼水平井中，现时压裂技术太昂贵或作用很有限…Challenges挑战DamageRemoval移除损害VerticalPermeability垂直渗透性Depletion能量损失程度Complexity/Risk复杂性/风险Cost费用1600maxTypicalImplementations典型实施oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

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oooooooMultiplefracsinpre-perfedlinerMultiplefracsinopenholeMulti-LateralIdealisticConceptofResultforLongitudinalHydraulicFractures(AlongWellboreAxis)纵向液压压裂结果的理想概念（井眼轴同平行）IdealisticConceptofResultforTransverseHydraulicFractures(PerpendiculartoWellbore)横向液压压裂结果的理想概念（与井眼垂直）ThisisWhatYouWant这是你想要的MostCommon

ResultforOpenholeHydraulic

Fracturing—最常用裸眼井液压压裂LongitudinalHydraulicFractures(AlongWellboreAxis)纵向液压压裂（与井眼轴同步）TransverseHydraulicFractures(PerpendiculartoWellbore)横向液压压裂（与井眼垂直）Time时间WellborePressure井眼压力PumpRate泵级PropConc.FracBHPressureBehavior—压裂BH压力性能ConventionalFracInitiationPressureResponse常规压裂初始压力反应SurgiFracWellborePressureResponse分段压裂井眼压力反应SixSurgiFracWaterfracsperformedconsecutivelyforanOpenholeCharthorizontalwellbore—裸眼井水平井眼六种连续外部水力压裂0.72psi/ft0.98psi/ftFractureInitiationPressure&Stress

压裂初始压力-应力CreationofLongitudinalandDominantTransverseFractures

径度增长和显性横向压裂2holes2diam2holes4diamMultipleholes多眼10diam1hole2holes1diamObservedBreakdownPressures

观测破裂压力HorizontalWellTestConclusions:—水平井测试结论ItiseasiertoinitiateLongitudinalFractures—更容易启动纵向裂缝Thisleadstocomplexpathsfromthewellboretothedominanttransversefractureperpendiculartominimumhorizontalstress—这会导致复杂的压裂通道，从井眼到主要横向裂缝，垂直于最小水平应力的方向。DominantTransverseFrac主要横向裂缝Short,LongitudinalFracs短纵向裂缝High-RateUncementedLiner—高流量未固井的尾管

(PortedSub-LimitedEntry)High-RateWaterfracs--OpenHole

高速水力压裂—裸眼井BarnettShaleHorizontal-MapView巴尼特页岩水平线-地图AllStagesUpperBarnettLowerBarnettBarnettShaleHorizontal-SideView巴尼特页岩水平线-侧视图AllStagesCementedLiner

固井的尾管RunLiner下尾管CementLiner固井尾管TCPPerforateTCP射孔Frac压裂BridgePlug桥塞Repeatperforate-frac-BP重复射孔－压裂－桥塞Drill-outBP’s钻桥塞ProduceWell投产$$$$$$WhatIfWeCould….我们能做的……Placefractureswherewewant在需要压裂处进行压裂Initiatefracturesintoaspecificdirection在特殊方向产生裂缝Placeasmanyfracturesasdesired尽量造多的裂缝Placefractureswithouttheneedofmechanicalisolationdevicessuchaspackersorbridgeplugs压裂无须使用机械隔离装置如封隔器或桥塞…andevenusedifferentfluidsystemsinonewellatthesametime在一口井内同时使用多种流体系统SurgiFracSurgiFracMechanics外部压裂力学6,500psi7,000psiTubingRate(afunctionof#ofJets)油管级别Bernoulli’sequation:v2/2+p/

=CAnnulusRate环空速度(afunctionofLeakoff)50,000HHP60ft120ftHowSurgiFracWorks...外部压裂工作流程Jetplacesperforationtunnelsinthefracplane射流将射孔隧道置于压裂平面Stagnationpressureplusannuluspressurecreatesthefracture稳定的地面压力加环空压力产生裂缝Boostpressureplusannuluspressureextendsthefracture增压加环空压力增大裂缝Bernoullieffectmaintainsfractureentrypointtohavethelowestpressureinthewellbore伯努利作用保持住压裂入口点以在最低压力井眼Annularflowsupplementsfracgrowth环空增大流量加大裂缝增长Hydra-JetPerforating液压喷射射孔Hydra-JettingPerforations射流射孔ErodedPerfTunnels受冲蚀射孔隧道ReducedNear-WellboreFractureEntryIssues减小的井眼附近的裂缝入口HighConcentrationofProppantatthePerforations高度集中的射孔孔道ReducedProppantFlowback减小的支撑剂回流SchematicofJetStreaminaHydra-jettedPerforationTunnel射孔中喷流图示JetStreamDivergenceandFullReturns喷流散度和无漏失回流10“PenetrationvsTimeFullReturns射孔－时间

无漏失回流SPE421

AbrasivesVelocities,FullReturns

SPE421SPE–August,1960

ThresholdErosionVelocities

SPE—1960年八月冲蚀速度SchematicofJetStreaminaHydra-jettedPerforationTunnelwithInducedFracture

水力压裂诱导的裂缝喷流射孔图解6ftPenetration孔道长度(Erosion)冲蚀

Distance距离

Full,全部Partial,部分&

NoReturns无回返

API906-5-N

March1960JettingintoaFractureLaboratoryEvidenceofFracturingusingSurgiFrac分段压裂实验室数据FRACTURESurgiFracConcept–Phase1分段压裂概念-第一阶段StartJettingPumpDownAnnulus泵送环空SurgiFracConcept–Phase2分段压裂概念-第二阶段SandpillhitsandcreatescavityAnnuluspressureis~200psibelowFIPSurgiFracConcept–Phase3分段压裂概念-第三阶段Initially,jettingfluidbackflushesintoannulusPressureonbottomofcavityIncreases孔底部压力上升SurgiFracConcept–Phase4分段压裂概念-第四阶段FluidbecomestrappedcausingpressuretoexceedFIPPressureonbottomofcavityincreasesevenmoreSurgiFracConcept–Phase5分段压裂概念-第五阶段AnnularFluidis“pulled”intocavitybyjetFracturestartstoinitiate;fluidcanenterformationSurgiFracConcept–Phase6分段压裂概念-第六阶段Annularfluidcontinuestobe“pulled”intocavitybyjetHighestpressurelocationFracturecontinuestoextendKinetic&PotentialEnergy

动力学-潜在能量Furthermore,Bernoulliassumedthatprovidedtheliquidwasidealandincompressible,thenatanytwopointsalongatube,thesumofthesethreeformsofenergyisconstant.Mathematically,wecanstatethisas,此外，伯努利假定液体是理想的不可压缩的，在油管的任两点三种形式的能量是不变的。从数学角度看我们可以把它看作，AnimportantconsequenceofthisBernoulliequationistheexperimentalobservationmadebyBernoullithatthepressureinaflowingliquidisleastwherethespeedofflowisgreatest.伯努利方程的一种重要结论就是伯努利通过实验观察得出流动速度最快的地方流体压力最小。Velocity&Pressure速率-压力TosummarizeBernoulli‘sequation,whichappliestoliquidsandgases,wecanstatethatwherethevelocityofafluidishigh,thepressureislowandwherethevelocityislow,thepressureishigh.总结针对液体和气体的伯努利方程，我们可得出流体速度快的地方压力低，流体速度慢的地方压力高。JetPumpTechnology射流泵技术Theartoftransformingkineticenergyofonefluidstreamtoapressureenergyofamixtureoftwoormorefluidstreams将一种液体流的动能转成两种或更多液体流的压力能的技术Boostpressure:Theincrementalpressureincreaseachievedbythelowenergyfluid加压：低能量流体使压力增量增高Usedinartificiallift,mixingsystems用于人工举升，混合系统WjWaWfWellSiteEquipment井场设备HighHorsepowerTubingPumpingSystem大马力油管泵系统AnnulusPumpingSystem环空泵系统WellheadEquipmentRam/Hydril/etc井口设备PossibleSurgiFracCompletions

外部压裂完井可能性Sandstone砂岩noacidincurveforre-entryshowofhydrocarbon碳氢化合物acidfrac酸化压裂sandfrac加砂压裂Limestone石灰岩Sandfracwithacid加酸加砂压裂Surface&BHAEquipment

地面-BHA设备SurgiFracTool压裂工具Ballsub球座接头HydrillSlickWater注入水BOP’s---PipeRAM’s防喷器Cross-LinkedProp-LadenFluidorAcidWellheadandBHA井口和BHAUpperBallsub上球座接头WellControl井控Fig.1.BOPAssemblyFig.2.BladdertypeBOPFig3.StripperRubberTubingbackpressurevalve

油管回压阀Useshighpressurejettingtoforcefluidintothewellborewalls.高压射流迫使流体进入井眼。Primarilyforcoiltubinguse,sincecontinuouspipemovementisexpected(a