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投资评估方法2024/3/28投资评估方法CONTENTS4.1CompoundValue(CV)Method4.2CriticalDebtInterestRate(CDIR)Method4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)Method5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirectInvestments投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodThecompoundvalue(CV)methodisadynamicinvestmentappraisalmethodthatusesthecompoundvalueasitstargetmeasure.Thecompoundvalueistheoverallnetmonetarygainorlossresultingfromtheinvestmentprojectandisrelatedtotheendofitseconomiclife.投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodThreeassumptions:Differentinterestrates:adebtinterestrateforborrowingsandacreditinterestrateforfinancialinvestmentsUnlimitedamountscanbeborrowedorinvestedattheseratesInterestratesareassumedtobeindependentoftheamountborrowedorinvested投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethod4.1.1ProhibitedaccountbalancingSeparateaccountsareestablishedforthenetcashinflowsandnetcashoutflows.Theinflowsearnthecreditinterestrate(c)(CVT+)andtheoutflowsincurthedebtinterestrate(d)(CVT-).Thecompoundvaluesattheendoftheplanningperiodare:投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethod4.1.2MandatoryaccountbalancingOnlyoneaccount(CV)areassignedtowhichallcashinflowsandoutflows(NCFt).iftheproject-specificfinancialassetsatbeginningoftheperiod(CVt-1)arenegative,usingthedebtinterestrate(d)orusingthecreditinterestrate(c)ifCVt-1ispositive.投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodTwoconcepts:Absoluteprofitability:isachievedifaninvestmentproject'scompoundvalueisgreaterthanzero.Relativeprofitability:isachievedifaninvestmentprojecthasahighercompoundvaluethanthealternativeinvestmentproject(s).投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodUsingthemandatoryaccountbalancingassumption:CVt=32423.80Usingtheprohibitedaccountbalancingassumption:ProjectA:Thedebtinterestrate(d)is10%;Thecreditinterestrate(c)is6%Example1投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodAssessmentofthemethod:TheCVmethodevaluationislargelythesameasthatpresentedfortheNPVmethod.TherequireddataareidenticalexceptthattheCVmethodrequiresbothdebtandcreditinterestrates.投资评估方法4.1CompoundValueMethodAssessmentofthemethod:But,somedifferencesdoexistbetweenCVandNPV:TheCVmethodavoidstheassumptionofaperfectcapitalmarketandwithittheuseofauniformdiscountrate.TheCVmodelassumptionsaremorerealisticthanthoseoftheNPVmethod.However,ifdebtandcreditinterestratesdeviateonlyslightlyfromeachother,theresultsofboththeCVandNPVcalculationswillbeoftenthesameinpractice.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodThecriticaldebtinterestratemethodassumesseparatedebtandcreditinterestrates.Thecriticaldebtinterestrateservesasthetargetmeasureforthismethod.Thecriticaldebtinterestrateistheratethat(withagivencreditinterestrate)resultsinacompoundvalueofzero.Aninvestmentprojectisabsolutelyprofitableifitscriticaldebtinterestrateexceedsthemarket’sdebtinterestrate.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodAnapproximationofthecriticaldebtinterestrate:TheCDIRmethodhavearelationshipsimilartothatoftheinternalrateofreturn(IRR).AninterpolationorextrapolationcanbeexecutedusingaformulasimilartotheoneusedtocalculatewiththeIRRmethod.Theaccuracyoftheapproximationdependsonthedifferencebetweenthedebtinterestratesandhowfarfromzerotheresultingcompoundvalueslay.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodApplicationofthemethod:Theabsoluteprofitabilityassessments:AbsoluteprofitabilityresultsarethesamefortheCDIRmethodastheyarefortheCVmethod,inthecaseofisolatedinvestmentprojects.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodApplicationofthemethod:Therelativeprofitabilityassessments:
Criticaldebtinterestratecomparisonsusuallyfailtoyieldmeaningfulresults,sincecapitaltie-upandeconomiclifedifferencesareassumedtobebalancedbythecriticaldebtinterestrate;TheuseoftheCDIRmethodwithafictitiousdifferentialinvestmentisproblematic,becausetheresultingcompoundvaluedoesnotalwaysequatetothedifferencebetweenthecompoundvaluesoftheprojectsunderconsideration;TheCDIRmethodcanbeusedtoassessrelativeprofitabilityonlyinsomecases.SinceallofthesecasescanalsobeassessedusingtheCVmethod,theCDIRmethodisnotrecommendedforassessingrelativeprofitability.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodExample2(ThisexampledrawsondatausedforExample1&3)Prohibitedaccountbalancing:ProjectA:ProjectB:Acriticaldebtinterestrateof17.17%canbecalculatedinthesameway.Result:Becausethedebtinterestrateis10%,andthereforelowerthanthecriticaldebtinterestrates,bothprojectsareabsolutelyprofitable.投资评估方法4.2CriticalDebtInterestRateMethodAssessmentofthemethod:ThedatarequiredisthesameasfortheCVmethodandthecomputationaleffortisonlyslightlyhigher.BecausetheassumptionsoftheCVmethodreflecttherealitymoreclosely,thismethodispreferabletotheCDIRmethod.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Acomprehensivefinancialplanthatconsidersallcashflowsconnectedwithaninvestmentproject.TargetmeasuresfortheVoFImethodcanbecompoundvalues,innitialvalues,intermediatevalues,withdrawals.Compoundvaluesareconsideredhere,primarilybecauseoftheirclarity.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Twoconcepts:Aninvestmentprojectisabsolutelyprofitableifitscompoundvalueexceedstheopportunityincomevalueattheendofitseonomiclife.Aninvestmentprojectisrelativelyprofitableifitscompoundvalueexceedsthecompoundvaluesofthealternativeprojects.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Standardisedtablescanbeusedtoworkoutcomprehensivefinancialplans.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Standardisedtablescanbeusedtoworkoutcomprehensivefinancialplans.Thecomprehensivefinancialplanandcompoundvaluecalculationforaninvestmentprojectrequirethefollowingsteps:Step1:att=0theinitialoutlayoftheinvestmentprojectandallocatedinternalfundsarerecorded.Inaddition,theloanamounttoberaisediscalculatedandthestatusofloansandfinancialinvestmentsisrecorded.Step2:fort=1andeverysubsequentperiodthenetcashflowsoftheinvestmentprojectarerecorded.Interestpayments,anyborrowingorredemptionofloans,andanymakingordiscontinuationoffinancialinvestmentsiscalculatedinordertoupdatethestatusofloansandfinancialinvestments.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Example3Example2canbeusefullyextendedbyassumingthat20,000isavailableincash(representingtheallocatedinternalfunds)atthebeginningoftheplanningperiod.Itsalternateuseisafinancialinvestmentopportunityyielding7%interest.Theinterestrateavailablefortheshort-terminvestmentofsurplusesis6%.TofinancetheinvestmentprojectAorB–aloanwithfinalredemptionandaninstalmentloan,eachabout25%oftheinitialinvestmentoutlayareavailableat9%interestforatermoffouryears.Anyremainingfinancingcanberaisedasacurrentaccountloan(at11%interest).Allpaymentsaremadeattheperiodend,andtheinterestchargesarebasedonthecapitalemployedatthebeginningofeachperiod.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Example3Usingthisdata,andassumingthatsurplusesareusedfortheimmediateredemptionofthecurrentaccountloan,thecomprehensivefinancialplanforinvestmentprojectAisasfollows:ThecompoundvalueofprojectAamountstoЄ63,703.56.Becausethisexceedstheopportunityincomevalue(byЄ20,000·1.075=Є28,051.03),theprojectisabsolutelyprofitable.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Example3TheVoFIfinancialplanforinvestmentprojectBisshowninFigure:InvestmentprojectBisalsoabsolutelyprofitable,becauseitscompoundvalue(Є58,766.62)exceedstheopportunityincomevalue(whichisЄ20,000·1.074=Є26,215.92).投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Assessingrelativeprofitabilityrequiresdeterminingtheextenttowhichtheprojectsarecomparable,giventheirdifferencesininvestmentoutlayandeconomiclife.TheVoFImethodexplicitlyconsidersthemannerinwhichtheinitialinvestmentoutlayisfinanced.Therefore,differentinitialinvestmentoutlaysimpairprojectcomparabilityonlyifone(ormore)ofthemutuallyexclusiveprojectshasaninitialoutlaylessthantheallocatedinternalfunds.Inthatcase(notshownintheexample),anassumptionaboutasupplementaryinvestmentisneededtobalancethedifferenceintheallocatedequity.
投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Economiclifedifferencesmustbebalancedineverycase;otherwisecompoundvaluesreferringtodifferentpointsintimewillnotbecomparable.Thecapitalavailableattheendoftheshorterinvestmentprojecthastobecompoundedbyanappropriateinterestratetobalancethelifedifferences.Intheexamplegiven,thecompoundvalueofprojectBhastobecompoundedbyafurtheryearbeforeitcanbecomparedwiththecompoundvalueofprojectA.Assuminganinterestrateof7%,thecompoundvalueofBisЄ62,880.28att=5(Є58,766.62·1.07).BecausethecompoundvalueoftheprojectA(Є63,703.56)ishigher,Aisrelativelyprofitable.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)TheratesofreturnderivedfromtheVOFIare:Bothprojectsareabsolutelyprofitable,becausetheirratesofreturnexceedtheopportunityinterestrates.ProjectAemergesasrelativelyprofitableduetoitshigherVoFIcapitalprofitability.投资评估方法4.3VisualisationofFinancialImplicationsMethod(VoFI)Assessmentofthemethod:TheVOFImethodcannotassistwithoptimisingthedifferentinvestmentprojects.Sincefinancingandinvestmentpoliciesareusuallytailoredtothewholecompanyratherthantoindividualprojects,theallocationofinternalfundsandspecificloanstoindividualprojectscanbedifficult.However,thisproblemdoesnotoccur.AnadvantageoftheVOFImethodoverotherinvestmentappraisalmethodsisthatassumptionsaboutthereinvestmentofsurplusesandthebalancingofdifferencesincapitaltie-uparetransparentwithinthestandardisedtables.Overall,VOFIanalysisresultsarewellsuitedtopresentationandcontrol,sotheyarelikelytobehighlyacceptabletodecision-makers.投资评估方法Tobecontinued投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
Taxesshouldbeincludedintheanalysisofinvestmentprojectssincetheymayaffectprojectprofitability.Theirconsiderationintheassessmentofinvestmentprojectsisillustratedhereusingboththenetpresentvalue(NPV)andvisualisationoffinancialimplications(VoFI)methods.Thefollowingdiscussionassumesthatonlytheperspectiveofthecompanyisconsidered.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodInmodifyingtheNPVmethodtoincludetaxconsiderations,asimplifiedmodelvariantischosenthatconsidersonlyprofit-dependenttaxes.Therelevantprofitmeasurecanbederivedfromtheoriginalcashflowprofilemodifiedbydepreciationandthedifferencebetweentheliquidationvalueandtheremainingbookvalueofassetssoldattheendofaproject’seconomiclife.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodInadditiontothepremisesoftheNPVmodel,thefollowingassumptionsaremade:Thecompanypaysprofit-dependenttaxatthesametimeastheprofitisreported:attheendofeachperiod.Taxpaymentsareproportionaltotheprofitmade.Thecompanymakesaprofitineachperiod,independentoftheprojectunderconsideration.Therefore,immediatelosscompensationispossibleineachperiodforwhichtheproposedinvestmentresultsinaloss,soalosscarryforwardisneithernecessarynorpossible.Theoriginalcashflowprofileofaninvestmentproject(beforetheinclusionoftaxpayments)remainsunaffectedbytaxes(e.g.therearenopriceincreasesasaresultoftaxation).Interestpaidtocreditorsreducesprofitandthereforereducestaxes;interestreceivedfromdebtorsraisesprofitandtaxes.投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodInadditiontothepremisesoftheNPVmodel,thefollowingassumptionsaremade:Allcashinflowsoroutflowsresultingfromaproject–withtheexceptionoftheinitialinvestmentoutlay(s)andpossiblytheliquidationvalue–arecountedinthatsameperiodasyieldsorexpensesforthepurposesofcalculatingprofit.Theinitialinvestmentoutlayisinitiallycapitalisedinthebalancesheet.Itssubsequentdepreciationannuallyreducestheprofit,andthesale(liquidation)oftheprojectgeneratesacashflow,thatsimultaneouslymayinfluencetheprofit.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodTheNPVcalculationrequirestwoadditionalstepstoaccountfortaxes:
Theoriginalcashflowprofilemustbemodifiedbypaymentsdirectlyresultingfromtaxation.:after-taxnetcashflows:rateoftaxation
:Netcashflowsbeforetaxes:theprofitchang:taxespaidinthepointintimet
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodTheNPVcalculationrequirestwoadditionalstepstoaccountfortaxes:
Theuniformdiscountratemustbeadjustedtorecognisetheeffectsoftaxpaidontheyieldsofalternative(financial)investments,aswellastaxdeductedfromtheinterestpaidondebtcapital(todeterminethe‘after-taxcostofdebt’)
:profit-affectingportionbeforetaxes
:notaffectedbyprofitportionbeforetaxes
:depreciation
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodTheNPVcalculationrequirestwoadditionalstepstoaccountfortaxes:
Theinclusionoftaxesaffectsboththecashflowprofileofaninvestmentprojectandtheuniformdiscountratethatisused.
Theuniformdiscountratetakesintoaccounttheyieldsofalternativeinvestmentopportunitiesaswellasthecostsofdebtcapital.Thisformulaissuitableforinterestyieldonalternativeinvestmentsandthecostsofdebtcapitalmustbeadjustedfortaxes
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodTheNPVcalculationrequirestwoadditionalstepstoaccountfortaxes:
Takingthisintoaccount,themodifiednetpresentvalue(NPV*)canbecalculatedasfollows:
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodExample5-1Inthecalculationsbelow,Example3-1isreconsideredincludingtaxconsiderations;Assumethattherateoftaxationtis40%andtheentireinitialoutlayvalueisdepreciatedovereachproject’slifeusinglinear(straight-line)depreciation.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodExample5-1
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodExample5-1Themodifieduniformdiscountrateinthisexampleis4.8%(i*=i–rt·i;0.048=0.08-0.4·0.08).ThenthemodifiednetpresentvalueNPVA*amountsto:Inthesameway,themodifiednetpresentvalueNPVB*ofthealternativeprojectBcanbecalculatedat16,696.98
Thus,bothalternativesareabsolutelyprofitable,andprojectAisrelativelyprofitable.Theassessmentsofprofitabilityinthiscaseremainidenticaltothoseachievedwithoutconsideringtaxes.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheNetPresentValueMethodAssessmentofthemethod
ThemodeldescribedhereisbasedonthegeneralNPVmodeland,therefore,itsassessmentisbroadlyasoutlinedinSection3.2.Whatisnew,however,isthetreatmentoftaxesinthemodel.Itshouldbenotedthatonlyprofit-dependenttaxesareconsidered.
Moreproblematicistheassumptionthatonlyonetypeofprofit-dependenttaxislevied,andthatitisaproportionaltax(i.e.alinearfunctionofprofit).Inreality,differentialtaxationofprofitoccursusingseveralkindsoftaxes;Moreover,therateoftaxationisnotalwaysconstant.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodTheVoFImethodexplicitlyrecordschangesintaxpaymentsthatresultfromaninvestmentprojectinanexhaustivefinancialplan.TheVoFItablepresentedinSection4.3isextendedbytwocolumnsforadditionalorreducedtax-dependentcashoutflows,i.e.bytaxpaymentsandtaxrefunds.Adjustedinterestratesforloansorforshort-terminvestmentsarenotrequired.Instead,taxesareincludedwhendeterminingthecompoundvalueTheVoFImethod,withitsseparatecalculations,allowsaninvestmentappraisaltoincorporateaspecifictaxsystem’sknowncharacteristics
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodExample5-2Example4-3isextendedheretoconsidertaxeffects.ThedeterminationofcompoundvaluesforinvestmentprojectsAandBrequiresseparatecalculationsfortheirrelevanttaxcashpayments,whichthencanbeincorporatedintotheVoFItable.
Again,asinExample5-1,ataxrateof40%isassumed.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodExample5-2Fig.5-1:VoFIplanforinvestmentprojectAconsideringtaxes
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodExample5-2ThefollowingtableshowstheseparatecalculationsnecessarytodeterminethetaxpaymentsresultingfromprojectA.
Fig.5-2:SeparatecalculationstodeterminethetaxeffectsofinvestmentprojectA
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodExample5-2Takingtaxesintoaccount,thecompoundvalueofinvestmentprojectAis45,514.12(asshowninFigure5-1).Theopportunityincomevalueiscalculatedusinganafter-taxinterestrate(ct),whichisderivedfromtheassumedtaxationrateof40%:
Usingthisfigure,thecompoundvalueofthealternativeincomeopportunityamountsto24,567.93(=20.000·(1.042)∧5)ProjectAremainsabsolutelyprofitable,therefore.ForinvestmentprojectB,acompoundvalueof42,676.33isobtainedwhentaxesareincluded(asatpointintimet=4).Becausethisishigherthanthecompoundvalueofthealternativeincomeopportunity(23,577.67),thisprojectisalsoabsolutelyprofitable.
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodExample5-2Inordertoassessrelativeprofitability,thecompound
valueforprojectBasatt=5maybeused.Assumingtheafter-taxinterestratedeterminedabovetoberelevant,thiscompoundvalueis:
ThereforeinvestmentprojectAremainsrelativelyprofitable
投资评估方法5.1IncomeTaxesandInvestmentDecisions
5.1.1TaxesandtheVisualisationofFinancialImplications(VoFI)MethodAssessmentofthemethod
Inassessingthisappraisalmethodincludingtaxeffects,ourpreviousevaluationoftheunderlyingVoFImethodremainsvalid.Thecompoundvaluecalculations,andthesuccessiveinclusionofcashflowsandtaxpayments,givetheVoFImethodanadvantageovertheNPVmethodinconsideringtaxpaymentsresultingfromaninvestment.TheVoFImethodmaybetterreflectthevarietyoftaxregulationsthatexistinrealityandismoretransparent.Althoughtheexamplepresentedassumesahighlysimplifiedsetofcircumstances(seetheassessmentinSection5.1.1),themethodcanbeappliedquitereadilytoothersituationsaswell
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestmentsAforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)includestheestablishment,expansionoracquisitionofsalesoutlets,storageorproductionplantsabroad,andthedirectinfluencingofthedecisionsmadebyaforeigncompanyunit.Theinvesting‘home’companysustainscashoutflowsinitsdomesticcurrency(i.e.the‘homecurrency’)tofinanceassetsinthe‘investmentcountry’,sothatfuturecashflowsurplusesmaybeachievedinthecurrencyofthatcountry(i.e.the‘investmentcurrency’).Additionally,foreigndirectinvestmentshavespecialcharacteristicsthatmakeitusefultopresentaseparatediscussionofmodelsandmethodsfortheirappraisal.
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestments(i)Forforeigndirectinvestments,atleasttwocompanyunitsareinvolved:theunitthatviewstheinvestmentasanFDI(the‘mothercompany’);andtheexistingornewly-formedunitabroad(the‘daughtercompany’).Inthefollowingdiscussion,theperspectiveofthemothercompanyisadopted,sincethisunitusuallysuppliesmostofthenecessaryinvestmentfunds,itstargetsaredominatingandthis
approachthereforeallowsincorporatingmostofthedecision-relevantfactors.
Thenecessaryanalysisandforecastingactivitiescanbesummarisedinsequentialsteps:
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestments1.Identifythecashflowchangesatthedaughtercompanyintheinvestmentcurrency.2.Identifythecashflowexchangesbetweendaughterandmothercompanyfromthepointofviewofthemothercompanyandinthehomecurrency.3.Identifyothercashflowchangeswithinthemothercompany,inthehomecurrency.
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestments(ii)TheeffectsofanFDIareofteninfluencedbydifferingtaxsystemsinthehomeandinvestmentcountries.
(iii)InflationratesareanotherimportantinfluenceontheprofitabilityofanFDIproject.
(iv)ThecashflowsassociatedwithanFDIwillaccrueindifferentcurrencies.
Exchangeratechangesareoftendrivenbydifferingpricetrendsintwocountries.
Forafloatingexchangeratesystem,thepurchasingpowerparitytheoryhasbeenformulatedtoexplainthelinkbetweeninflationratesandexchangerates
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestments(v)Foreigndirectinvestmentspotentiallyallowaccesstoseveralnationalcapitalmarketsand,thus,toaninternationalcapitalmarketformedwithdifferentcurrenciesanddifferentinflationandinterestrates.Iftheexchangeratechangesandinterestratesareconstantovertime,thenthefollowingisvalid:
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.1SpecialCharacteristicsofForeignDirectInvestments(vi)AnFDIofteninvolvesgreateruncertaintythanahomeinvestment.
Thecharacteristicfeaturesofforeigninvestmentscanbeconsideredusingdifferentmodelsforinvestmentappraisal.Inthefollowingdiscussion,theNPVandVoFImodelsareemployed.
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.2NetPresentValueModelandtheAssessmentofForeignDirectInvestmentsTaxes(asdiscussedbefore),inflationanduncertainty(takenuplater–seeChapter8)arenotconsideredinthefollowingmodelanalyses.
Inaperfectinternationalcapitalmarket,theInternationalFISHERConditionstipulatesthatinterestratesindifferentnationalcapitalmarketsareequivalentafteraccountingforexchangeratechanges.Withaconstantuniformdiscountrateinthehomecountry(ih),
theNPVfromthepointofviewofthemothercompanyandinthehomecurrency(NPVmh)maybedeterminedfromthenetcashflowsintheforeigncurrency(NCFft)andtherelevantexchangerate(ert)toconverttothehomecurrency:
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.2NetPresentValueModelandtheAssessmentofForeignDirectInvestmentsAssumingaconstantexchangeratechange('er)andusingthefollowingrelationship:
OnaccountoftheInternationalFISHERCondition,therelationshipbetweentheuniformdiscountrateinthehomecountryandtheinterestrateintheinvestmentcountry(if)isassumedtobeconstantandcanbeexpressedasfollows:
投资评估方法5.2TheAssessmentofForeignDirect
Investments5.2.2NetPresentValueModelandtheAssessmentofForeignDirectInvestmentsTheNPVtothemothercompanycanthereforebedeterminedusingtherelevantuniformdiscountratesineitherthehomeortheforeigncurrency.Theaboveconsiderationassumes–asasimplification–thattheexchangeratechangesareconstantovertime.However,theargumentcanbealsotransferredtothecasesofperiod-specificexchangeratechangesandvaryinghomeandforeignuniformdiscountrates.
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