英语词汇学课件1-6章

EnglishVocabularyCoursewareChapters1-6目录IntroductionBasicConceptsofEnglishVocabularyTheMathematicalStructureofEnglishVocabularyThesemanticrelationshipofEnglishvocabulary目录TheCulturalAnnotationofEnglishVocabularyLearningStrategiesforEnglishVocabulary01IntroductionTocattoawiderangeoflearners,frombeginnerstoadvancedlevelsToincorporatevariousteachingmethodsandtechniquesToprovideacomprehensiveandstructuredapproachtolearningEnglishvocabularyPurposeandbackgroundUnderstandingwordrelationshipsandassociationsEnhancinglanguagecomprehensionandproductionFacilitatingmoreeffectiveandeffectivevocallearningEnablinglearnerstouselanguagemoreaccuratelyandappropriately01020304TheImportanceofLexicology02BasicConceptsofEnglishVocabularyAwordisthesmallestunitoflanguagethathasmeantandcanbeusedindependentlyDefinitionWordscanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedontheirmeaning,function,andform.Commonclassificationsincludenouns,verbs,objections,advertisements,positions,connections,andinterferencesClassificationofwordsDefinitionandclassificationofwordsMorphemesThesmallmeaningfulunitoflanguagethatcannotbefurtherdividedwithoutchangingthemeaningMorphemescanbefreeorbound,andtheycombinetoformwordsRootsThecorepartofawordthatcarriesthemostsignificantaspectofitsmeaningRootscanbecombinedwithaffixestocreatenewwordsorwordformsMorphemesandRootsAffixesLanguageelementsthatareaddedtothebeginningorendofawordtomodifyitsmeaningorfunctionCommonaffixesincludeprefixes,suffixes,andinfixesDerivativesNewwordsthatareformedbyaddingaffixestorootsorcombiningrootswithotherelementsDerivativesoftenhavearelatedmeaningtotheoriginalwordbutwithadifferentfunctionornuanceAffixesandderivatives03TheMathematicalStructureofEnglishVocabularyVocabularyinflationTheprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtobasewordstocreatenewwordswithrelatedbutdistinctmeaningsTypesofconflictingaffixessuffixes,prefixes,andcirclesthatattachtothebeginning,end,orbothendsofabaseword,respectivelyExamplesofconflictingaffixes"-s"forliteralnouns,"-ed"forpasttenseverbs,"-ing"forpresentparticleverbs,"-er"forcomparativeobjectives,etcTheconflictingchangesofwordsVocabularyderivationTheprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtobasewordstocreatenewwordswithrelatedbutdistinctmeaningsTypesofderivativeaffixessuffixesandprefixesthatattachtothebeginningorendofabasewordExamplesofderivativeaffixes"-ness"fornounsformedfromobjectives,"-able"forobjectivesformedfromverbs,"-ize"forverbsformedfromnounsorobjectives,etcTheDerivativeChangesofWordswordsthatareformedbycombiningtwoormorebasewordsorwordelementsCompoundwordsnonecompounds(e.g.,"bookcase"),verbcompounds(e.g.,"backpack"),advisorycompounds(e.g.,"snowwhite"),andadvisorycompounds(e.g.,"upsidedown")Typesofcompoundwordsverbphrasesthatconsistencyofaverbandoneormoreparticles(positionsoradvertisements)thatmodifythemeaningoftheverbPhrasalverbsseparatephrasalverbs(e.g.,"turnon")andinseparablephrasalverbs(e.g.,"giveup")TypesofphrasalverbsCompoundwordsandphrasalverbs04ThesemanticrelationshipofEnglishvocabulary

SynonymsandantonymsSynonymsarewordsthathavesimilaroridenticalmeanings,suchas"happy"and"joyful."Antonymsarewordsthathaveoppositemeanings,suchas"happy"and"sad."UnderstandingsynonymsandantonymscanhelpimprovevocabularyandenhancelanguagecomprehensionSynonymscanbedividedintodifferentpartsofspeech,suchasnouns,verbs,advertisements,andadvertisementsForexample,thenoun"joy"hassynonymslike"delight"and"please,"whiletheverb"torejoice"hassynonymslike"tocelebrate"and"tobeglass."KnowingthedifferentpartsofspeechforsynonymscanaidinmoreprecisionandvariedlanguageuseSynonymsandwholepartsofwordsManyEnglishwordshavemultiplemeanings,dependingonthecontextinwhichtheyareusedForinstance,theword"run"canmean"tomovequickly"or"tomanageordirect"dependingonthepresenceAdditionally,somewordsmaybefamilytoalearnerbuthaveunfamiliarmeansincertaincontextsForexample,theword"table"typicallyreferstoapieceoffurniture,butinthephrase"totableamotion,"itmeans"toposterorshelf."Learningthesemultiplemeansandunfriendlyusesoffamilywordscanenhancevocabularydepthandimprovelanguageproficiency010203Onewordwithmultiplemeansandfamilywordswithunfriendlymeans05TheCulturalAnnotationofEnglishVocabularyTheculturalbackgroundofvocabularyThehistoricalandculturaloriginsofEnglishvocabulary:ManyEnglishwordshavetheirrootsinthehistoryandcultureoftheEnglishspeakingworldUnderstandingtheseoriginscanhelplearnersapplythedepthandwealthofthelanguageTheinfluenceofGreekandLatinonEnglishvocabulary:AsignificantpromotionofEnglishwordsarederivedfromGreekandLatin,reflectingtheinfluenceoftheseambientlanguagesonthedevelopmentofEnglishCulturalreferencesandallocationsinEnglishvocabulary:ManyEnglishwordsandphrasescontainculturalreferencesandallocationsthatmaybeunfamiliartolearnersfromotherculturesFamiliaritywiththesereferencescanenhancelanguagecomprehensionandculturalawarenessColorsofcarrydifferentculturalannotationsindifferentlanguagesForexample,while"red"maysymbolizeluckandexpertiseinChineseculture,itmaybenotedasangerorangerinEnglishspeakingculturesAnimalsareoftenusedmetaphoricallyinvariouslanguages,butthesameanimalmaycarrydifferentannotationsindifferentculturesForinstance,"dog"isgenerallyseenasaroyalcompanyinWesternculturesbutmayhavenegativeannotationsinsomeEasternculturesFoodrelatedvocabularycanalsoreflectculturaldifferencesCertainfoodsordishesmaybeassociatedwithspecificcancellationsorcustomsinoneculturebutnotinanotherColortermsAnimaltermsFoodtermsDifferencesinculturalannotationsofvocabularyLiterarytranslationwithexplanationWhenaculturalloadedwordhasnodirectequivalentinthetargetlanguage,literarytranslationcombinedwithanexplanationcanhelpconveyitsmeaningandculturalsignificanceSubstitutionSubstitutingaculturalloadedwordwithasimilarconceptorimagefromthetargetculturecanaidcomprehensionforlearnerswhomaynotbefamilywiththeoriginalculturalreferenceAdaptationInsomecases,itmaybenecessarytoadaptaculturallyloadedwordtofitthecontextofthetargetlanguageandculture,ensuringthatitmeansandintentareaccuratelyconveyedTranslationstrategiesforculturalloadedwords06LearningStrategiesforEnglishVocabularyRepetitionandpracticeRepeatedlyaccountingandusingnewwordsincontexttoreviewmemoryFlashcardsandquizzesCreatingflashcardswithworddefinitionsandexamplesentences,andquizzingyourselfregularlytotestyourknowledgeMnemonicdevicesUsingmemoryaidssuchasacronyms,rhymes,andvisualassociationstoremembernewwordsVocabularymemorymet