英语写作要领及技巧

TheessentialsandskillsofEnglishwriting目录FundamentalsofWritingCommonwritingtypesandtechniquesWritingStepsandStrategiesCommonproblemsandsolutionsinwritingWaystoimproveEnglishwritingskills01FundamentalsofWritingChoosingappropriatewordsSelectwordsthatareprecise,consistent,andconsidertheintendedmeaninginthegivencontextAvoidingredundancyandrepetitionRefrainfromusingunnecessaryorrepetitivewordstoenhancereadabilityandclaimUsingavarietyofvocabularyEmployeeawiderangeofvocabularytoaddwealthanddepthtoyourwritingVocabularyselectionandapplicationSentencestructureandchangesEmployeetransitionalphrasestoconnectideasandsmoothlymovefromonethoughttothenextIncorporatingtransitionalphrasesMastertheuseofdifferentattentiontypestocreatevariedandinterestingproceduresConstructingsimple,complex,andcomplexattentionKnowwhentouseactiveorpassivevoicetoreceivethedesiredtoneandemphasisUtilizingactiveandpassivevoiceOrganizingideas01ArrangeyourthoughtsinalogicalordertoensurethatyourwritingflowssmoothlyandareeasytofollowDevelopingatopicpresence02CraftacleartopicpresencethatintroducesthemainideaofeachparagraphSupportingdetails03ProviderelevantandsufficientsupportingdetailstoelaborateonthetopicpresenceandstrengthofyourargumentParagraphconstructionandlogic02CommonwritingtypesandtechniquesNegativeWritingStoringNarrativewritingtellsastory,usuallyinchronologicalorder,withabeginning,middle,andendCharacterDevelopmentCharactersarecentraltonarrativewriting,andauthorsusevarianttechniquestomakethembelieveandengagingPlotTheplotisthesequenceofeventsinastory,includingconflicts,crises,andresolutionsSettingThesettingdescribesthetimeandplaceofthestory,creatingavividbacklogforthenarrativeInformativeObjectiveOrganizedClearLanguageInventorywritingAuthorsofrepositorywritingpresentationinformationinanunbiased,objectivemanagerInventorywritingistypicallystructuredinalogicalorder,suchasbecauseandeffectorcompareandcontrastUsingplainlanguageandavoidingjargonortechnicaltermshelpmakerepositorywritingaccessibletoawideaudienceExplorerywritingaidstoinformthereaderaboutasubject,advancingfacts,data,andexamplesArgumentativewritingPossible:ArgumentativewritingaidstosupervisethereadertoacceptacertainviewpointortakeaspecificactionReasoned:Authorsofargumentativewritingusinglogic,reason,andevidencetosupporttheirclaimsCounterarguments:Recognizingandaddressingcounterargumentsstrengththeauthor'spositionandenhancingthepermeabilityofthepieceStyleandTone:Adoptinganappropriatestyleandtoneiscriticalinargumentativewriting,asitcaninfluencethereader'sperceptionoftheauthor'scredibilityandtheeffectivenessoftheargumentPracticalAppliedwritingiswritingthatisusedtoachieveaspecificpurposeorgoal,suchasbusinesscommunication,technicalwriting,orgrantproposalsAudienceUsedInappliedwriting,it'sessentialtoconsidertheaudienceandtailofthelanguage,style,andformattotheirneedsandexpectationsConditionandClearAppliedwritingshouldbecondition,clear,andtothepoint,avoidingunnecessarydetailsorembellishmentsProfessionalToneMaintainingaprofessionaltoneisimportantinappliedwriting,asithelpsestablishcredibilityandtrustwiththereader01020304AppliedWriting03WritingStepsandStrategiesIdentifythemainideaormessageyouwanttoconfessinyourwritingDeterminethetargetaudienceandtailyourlanguageandtoneaccordinglyConsiderthepurposeofyourwriting(e.g.,toinform,supervise,retain)andchooseanappropriatestyleandformatClarifythethemeandpurposeOrganizeyourideasintoalogicalsequencebycreatinganoutlineIdentifythekeypointsyouwanttomakeandgrouprelatedideastogetherPlanthestructureofyourwriting,includingtheintroduction,body,andconclusionDevelopanoutlineandplan01DevelopthebodyofyourwritingbyexpandingonyourkeypointsandprovidingsupportingevidenceorexamplesIncludewithasummaryofyourmainideasandafinalthoughtorcalltoactionMakerevisionstoimproveclarity,flow,andcoherence,andreduceanyredundancyorirrelevantinformationStartwithastrongintroductionthatgrabsthereader'sattentionandsetsthecontextforyourwriting020304Writingtheinitialdraftandmakingrevisions010204ProofreadingandPolishingCheckforgrammar,punctation,andspellingerrorsEnsurethatyourwritingisclear,concise,andeasytounderstandPolishyourlanguagebyusingmoreprecisionandvividvocabularyReadyourwritingalreadytocatchanyawkwardphrasesorrunonsenses0304CommonproblemsandsolutionsinwritingSubjectverbagreementEnsurethatthesubjectandverbofasenseagreementinnumberForexample,"Sheeatsanapple"(correct)vs."Theyeatanapple"(incorrect)TenseusageUsethecorrecttense(present,past,orfuture)toacknowledgethetimeoftheactionorstatedescribedinthepresenceForinstance,"Iwillgotothestore"(futuretense)vs."Iwanttothestore"(pasttense)SentencestructureAveragerunonsentimentsorcommonsplicesbyusingappropriatepunchesandconnectionsForexample,"Ilikeapples,oranges,andbananas"(correct)vs."Ilikeapplesorangesandbananas"(incorrect)GrammarerrorsandcorrectionsBeawareofcommonmisspelledwordsandtheircorrectspeechesForinstance,"receive"(correct)vs."receive"(incorrect)CommonmisspellingsDistinguishbetweenwordsthatsoundlikebuthavedifferentmeaningsandspeeches,suchas"they,""there,"and"they're"HomophonesAlwaysdoublecheckyourspellingusingadictionaryorspellcheckertocatchanyerrorsyoumayhavemissedDoublecheckingSpellingerrorsandchecking010203CommasUsecommastoseparateitemsinalist,tosetoffnonessentialclauses,andinotherappropriateplacesForexample,"Ilikeapples,oranges,andbananas"(correctuseofcommon)PeriodsEnddeclarativesenseswithaperiodForinstance,"Ienjoyreadingbooks"(correctuseofaperiod)QuotationmarksUsequotationmarkstoclosedirectspeechorquotationsfromanothersourceForexample,"Shesaid,'Iamhappytohelp.'"(correctuseofquotamarks)ImproveandstandardizeduseofpunctationmarksAvoiddirectwordforwordtranslationfromChinesetoEnglish,asitoftenresultsinunnaturalorawkwardsoundingintentionsInstant,focusonconveyingthemeaninginawaythatsoundsnaturalinEnglishBemindfulofculturaldifferenceswhenwritinginEnglishCertainphrasesorreferencesthatmaybecommoninChinesemaynotbeunderstoodorrecommendedbyanEnglishspeakingaudienceFamiliarizeyourselfwithcommonidiomaticexpressionsinEnglishtomakeyourwritingmoreauthenticandfluentForinstance,"It'strainingcatsanddogs"(meaning"It'straininghealth")isanidiomaticexpressioninEnglishWordforwordtranslationCulturalreferencesIdiomaticexpressionsAvoidingChineseexpressions05WaystoimproveEnglishwritingskillsReadingclassicEnglishnovels,essays,andpointstounderstandthelanguagestyleandculturalbackgroundAnalyzingthelanguagefeatures,presencestructure,andwritingtechniquesofExcelEnglishworkstoimprovewritingskillsAccumulatingvocabularyandidiomaticexpressionsthroughextensivereadingtoenrichwritingReadingExcelEnglishworksPracticingwritingindifferentliterarygenrestomastertheskillsandtechniquesofeachUnderstandingthecharacteristicsandwritingtechniquesofdifferentliterarygenressuchasnovels,essays,andpointsStudyingandanalyzingthelanguagestyl