与“超级细菌”赛跑人类会赢吗

名师精讲外刊与“超级细菌”赛跑，人类会赢吗？Whyhumansarelosingtheraceagainstsuperbugs?名师精讲外刊“超级细菌”泛指对抗生素具有耐药性的细菌。这类细菌能对抗生素有强大的抵抗作用，能逃避被杀灭的危险。研究表明，近几年超级细菌的种类、数量在全球范围内快速增长，并且危及到许多中低收入国家的卫生健康安全。这是为什么呢？让我们走进今天的外刊，学习一些疾病、健康方面的表达。课前问题1.为什么超级细菌的问题在中低收入国家更为严重？2.全球疫情为什么加剧了这种困境？导读名师精讲外刊Whyhumansarelosingtheraceagainstsuperbugs?【基础解析】(win/lose)theraceagainst与……的赛跑【例】Wearedestinedtolosetheraceagainsttime.我们注定要输掉与时间的战争。【拓展延伸】raceagainst与……赛跑Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基础解析】behitthehardest(by)………的问题最严重，受到的冲击最大【释】Thehungryandpoorarehitthehardest.饥饿的穷人受到的冲击最大。【拓展延伸】表示“首当其冲”的短语：bethefirsttobeaffected;bearthebruntofsth精讲试听结束Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基础解析】resistantadj.抵抗的，有抵抗力的【释】notaffectedbysth;abletoresiststh【例】Itistheeasiestofcropstogrowandisseeminglyresistanttoanydisease.它是最容易种植的作物，似乎对任何疾病都有抵抗力。精讲试听结束Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【拓展延伸】1)-resistantsuffix耐……的，抗……的【释】notdamagedbythethingmentioned【例】disease-resistant抗病的；antibiotic-resistant耐抗生素的；fire-resistant耐火的2)resistv.①抵制，阻挡【例】Theyaredeterminedtoresistpressuretochangethelaw.他们决心顶住要求改革法律的压力。②反抗，回击【例】Hetriedtopinmedown,butIresisted.他试图制伏我，但我奋力反抗。Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基础解析】malarian.疟疾【释】adiseasethatcausesfeverandshiveringcausedbythebiteofsometypesofmosquito【例】Malariaisendemicinmanyhotcountries.疟疾是许多气候炎热国家的流行病。Drug-resistantbacteria-alsoknownassuperbugs-areontheriseglobally,killingmorepeopleeachyearthaneitherHIV/AIDSormalaria.Low-andmiddle-incomecountriesarebeinghitthehardestbytheriseinantibioticresistantinfections.【基础解析】antibioticn.抗生素，如青霉素（通常复数）【释】asubstance,forexamplepenicillin,thatcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections【例】Thedoctorputheronantibiotics(=toldhertotakethem).医生要她服用抗生素。adj.抗生素的，与抗菌有关的【释】relatedtotheantibioticthatcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections【例】TheyexpecttheantibioticproductstobeexportedtoSoutheastAsiaandAfrica.他们期望抗生素产品出口到东南亚和非洲。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【拓展延伸】straineverynerve/sinew(todosth)竭力做某事【例】Hestrainedeverysinewtohelpus,butdidn'tsucceed.他竭尽全力想帮助我们，但没有成功。【基础解析】sepsisn.脓毒症；败血症【释】aninfectionofpartofthebodyinwhichpusisproducedStudiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基础解析】pneumonian.肺炎【释】aseriousillnessaffectingoneorbothlungsthatmakesbreathingdifficult【基础解析】gangrenousn.坏疽的【释】Gangrenousisusedtodescribeapartofaperson'sbodythathasbeenaffectedbygangrene.Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基础解析】mutatev.1)变异，突变【释】todevelopormakesthdevelopanewformorstructure,becauseofageneticchange【例】Thevirusmutatesinthecarrier'sbody.该病毒在携带者体内发生突变。2)转变，转换【释】tochangeintoanewform【例】Rhythmandbluesmutatedintorockandroll.节奏布鲁斯演变成为摇滚乐。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基础解析】evadev.逃脱；躲开；躲避【释】toescapefromsb/sthoravoidmeetingsb【例1】Hemanagedtoevadecapture.他设法逃脱了抓捕。【例2】evadethequestion回避问题；evadethetax逃税；evadeschool逃学Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【拓展延伸】elude/ɪˈluːd/v.①（尤指机敏地）避开，逃避，躲避【释】tomanagetoavoidorescapefromsb/sth,especiallyinacleverway【例】Thetwomenmanagedtoeludethepoliceforsixweeks.这两个男人想方设法逃避警方追捕达六个星期。②使达不到；使不记得；使不理解【释】Ifstheludesyou,youarenotabletoachieveit,ornotabletorememberorunderstandit.【例】Hewasextremelytiredbutsleepeludedhim.他累极了，却睡不着。Studiesshowthatbacteriaaremutatingtoevadeantibioticsatapacefarfasterthanmanyresearchershadpreviouslyforecast.Thesedeadlynewstrainsofbacteriaarecausinguntreatablebloodinfections,fatalpneumonia,gangrenouswoundsandterminalcasesofsepsis,amongotherconditions.【基础解析】forecastv.预测；预报【释】astatementaboutwhatwillhappeninthefuture,basedoninformationthatisavailablenow【例】Theforecastsaidtherewouldbesunnyintervalsandshowers.天气预报说，晴间阵雨。Theconventionalwisdomusedtobethatthefailureofantibioticswasaso-called"FirstWorld"problem.Butanewstudyshowsithappeningallovertheworld.InPeru,forexample,antibioticresistanceisaffectingeverylevelofhealth,andherearethereasons:First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基础解析】readilyadv.1)快捷地，轻而易举地【释】quicklyandwithoutdifficulty【例】Allingredientsarereadilyavailablefromyourlocalstore.所有的原料都可以方便地从你当地的商店买到。2)欣然地，乐意地【释】inawaythatshowsyoudonotobjecttosth【例】Mostpeoplereadilyaccepttheneedforlaws.大多数人都毫不迟疑地认为法律是必要的。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基础解析】prescriptionn.1)处方，药方【释】anofficialpieceofpaperonwhichadoctorwritesthetypeofmedicineyoushouldhave,andwhichenablesyoutogetitfromachemist'sshop/drugstore【例】Antibioticsareonlyavailablebyprescription.抗生素只能凭处方购买。2)计划；建议；秘诀【释】prescription(forsth)aplanorasuggestionformakingsthhappenorforimprovingit【例】Ihaveaprescriptionforhappiness.我有一个增进幸福的秘诀。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基础解析】overusev./n.使用过度，滥用【释】touse/usingsthtoomuchortoooften【例】Suppliesareunderincreasingthreatfromoveruseandpollution.供应正受到日益增长的过度使用和污染的威胁。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【拓展延伸】overdose/ˈəʊvədəʊs/v./n.（一次用药）过量【释】toomuchofadrugtakenatonetime【例】Shetookamassiveoverdoseofsleepingpills.她服用了过量的安眠药。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基础解析】fuelv.1)给……提供燃料【例1】Uraniumisusedtofuelnuclearplants.铀用作核电厂的燃料。【例2】tofuelspeculation/rumours/fears引起猜测/谣传/恐惧2)增加；加强；刺激【例】Highersalarieshelpedtofuelinflation.工资提高刺激通货膨胀。n.1)燃料2)刺激性言行【例】Hisremarkssimplyaddedfueltothefire/flamesofherrage.他的话只是给她的愤怒火上浇油。First,antibioticsareoftenreadilyavailabletoanyonewithoutaprescription.Misuseandoveruseofthesefuelmutationsinbacteria,leadingtomoreresistance.Second,thesystemstoflagandtestforpotentiallydrugresistantinfectionsarenotasrobustasinsomewealthiercountries.【基础解析】robustadj.1)强健的；强壮的【释】strongandhealthy【例】Shewasalmost90,butstillveryrobust.她将近90岁了，但身体仍然十分强健。2)（体制，机构，人）强劲的；富有活力的，有信心的【释】strongandnotlikelytofailorbecomeweak,fullofdetermination【例】ItwasatypicallyrobustperformancebytheForeignSecretary.这是外交大臣典型的有信心的表现。Third,low-andmiddle-incomecountriesingeneralreporthigherratesofinfectionsinhospitalsthanhigh-incomecountriesandthoseinfectionsaremorelikelytobedrugresistant.Lastly,whilesomenewmorepowerfulantibioticsarebeingdeveloped,lower-incomecountriesarestilldependentonolder,cheaper,lesseffectivedrugs.TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【基础解析】exacerbatev.使恶化；使加剧；使加重【释】tomakesthworse,especiallyadiseaseorproblem【例】Thesymptomsmaybeexacerbatedbycertaindrugs.这些症状可能会因为某些药物而加重。TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【拓展延伸】近义词：aggravatev.①使严重；使恶化【释】tomakeanillnessorabadorunpleasantsituationworse【例】Militaryinterventionwillonlyaggravatetheconflictevenfurther.军事介入只会使冲突加剧。②（非正式）尤指故意地激怒，惹恼【释】toannoysb,especiallydeliberately【例】Thatmeansnoyellingorwhining,nomatterhowmuchtheyaggravateyou.这就意味着不管多么恼怒不满，都不要随意乱叫，大发牢骚。TheCOVIDcrisisexacerbatedalloftheseproblems.First,therewasalotofantibioticuseduringthepandemic.AstheCOVIDcrisispoundedPeru,manypeoplewhocontractedthevirusdidnotwanttogoanywhereneartheovercrowdedhospitals.【基础解析】contractv.1)感染（疾病）2)收缩，变小【例】Theexerciseconsistsofstretchingandcontractingthelegmuscles.此项训练包括伸展和收缩腿部肌肉。3)与……订立合同、契约、婚约、联盟【例】Shehascontractedtowork20hoursaweek.她已签订每周工作20小时的合同。n.合同，契约【例】Theyweresuedforbreachofcontract(=notkeepingtoacontract).他们被指控违约。Instead,theyself-medicatedathome.Morethan70,80%ofCOVIDpatientsthatarrivedatthehospitalwerealreadyusingantibioticsathome.Theybelievedthedrugswouldaidintheirrecovery.However,antibioticstargetbacteriaandwouldn'tbeofmuchhelpagainstacoronavirus.【基础解析】(not)beof(much)helpto/against对……有/无帮助【例】Thelibraryreferencesectionpersonnelcanbeofhelp.图书馆文献部人员可能对你有所帮助。ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基础解析】stormn.暴风雨（引申为雪上加霜）【例】Hewasalreadyindebtandwithoutajob,soitbecameaperfectstormwhenhiswifelefthim.背着债务，又丢了工作，他的妻子也离开了他，真是给他雪上加霜！ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基础解析】inundatev.1)使不胜负荷；使应接不暇【释】(beinundatedwith)togiveorsendsbsomanythingsthattheycannotdealwiththemall【例】Wehavebeeninundatedwithoffersofhelp.主动援助多得使我们应接不暇。2)淹没；泛滥【释】tocoveranareaoflandwithalargeamountofwater【例】Ifthedambreaks,itwillinundatelargepartsofthetown.如果水坝坍塌，该城的大部分将被淹没。ThisscenariomaybeoneofthereasonsthatPeruhashadhighestpercapitadeathrateintheworldfromCOVID.Attimes,hospitalsandclinicswerebarelyabletofunctionastheywereinundatedwithpatients.Thatwasjusttheperfectstormtohaveaveryhightransmissionofdrug-resistantpathogens.【基础解析】transmission1)传送；传递；传达；传播；传染【释】theactorprocessofpassingsthfromoneperson,placeorthingtoanother【例】Weknowfidelityisanessentialprincipleofgenetictransmission.我们知道，准确性是基因传递中的一个必要原则。2)（电台或电视）信息，广播【释】aradioortelevisionmessageorbroadca