国际商法-全套课件(英文)

国际商法全套课件(英文)2024/4/22STANDARDSOFASSESSMENT

FORTHISCOURSEAttendance10%Homework10%Presentation30%Finalexam50%2024/4/231.1Whatislaw?Thelawiscomprisedofasetofrulescreatedoveraperiodoftimewhichattemptstoregulatethebehaviourofindividuals,businessesandsociety.

relevantconcepts:Law&commerciallaw&commerciallawinternationalChapteroneIntroductiontotheLegalSystemofWesternCountries2024/4/24ChapteroneIntroductiontotheLegalSystemofWesternCountriescommerciallaw:Meansbusinesslawwhichlaysdowntherights,dutiesandobligationsowedbythepersonsinbusiness.therearemanytypesofbusiness,primarilyasfollows:Salesofgoodsandservices;Agency;Employments;Mortgageofland;Insuranceofpropertyandetc.commerciallawinternational:Itlaysdowntherights,dutiesandobligationsowedbythepersonsinbusinesswithinternationalelements.2024/4/25ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountrieswhydoweneedlaw???KEEPORDERPROTECTRIGHTSSETTLEDISPUTEPUNISHWRONGDOINGETC.2024/4/26ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountries1.2Whatarethemajorsourcesoflaw?twomajorsources:Commonlaw(普通法)andstatuelaw(成文法)

1.3JusticeandthelawJustice(正义):ithasbeendescribedas‘aproductofthespirit’.Law(法律):itembodieswhatsocietybelievesisrightorfair.2024/4/27ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountries1.4Whatisruleoflaw（法制的规则）?Ruleoflawinvolvesthreepropositions(主张)basedontheideathatlawshouldconformtoaminimumstandardoffairnessinbothcontentandprocedure:Nopersonmustbepunishedexceptforabreachofthelaw.Allpersonsareequalbeforethelawirrespectiveofstatueorposition.Therightsorfreedomsofcitizensareenforceableinthecourts.2024/4/28ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountries1.4Whatisruleoflaw（法制的规则）?Legalrule/NonLegalruletobedistinguishedAlegalruleisalawthatmustbeobeyedbyallcitizens.Anon-legalruleisarulethatismadebyaspecificinstitutionandaffectsonlythoseinvolvedwiththatspecificinstitution.Eg.Schools,Sportingclubs2024/4/29ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountries1.5Classificationoflaws?Theclassificationoflawscouldbegeneralizedasfollows:1.5.1civillawandcriminallaw（民法/刑法）1.5.2internationallawanddomesticlaw(国际法/国内法)1.5.3caselawandstatutelaw（判例法/成文法）1.5.4commonlawandequity（普通法/衡平法）2024/4/210CivilLaw

Involvestheregulationoftheactionsofindividualsintheirdealingswitheachother(EGsuccession继承,divorce)theaimistocompensatetheinjuredparty1.5.1CivilLawv.CriminalLaw2024/4/211CriminalLawInvolvestheenforcementbythestateoflawsdesignedtoprotecttheindividualandthecommunityTheaimofcriminallawistopunishthecrime1.5.1CivilLawv.CriminalLaw2024/4/212Internationallawregulatesconductsbetweennations.Therearetwomainsourcesofinternationallaw-Customaryrulesofinternationallaw-Treatiesandconventions(GATT,CISG)

Domesticlawregulatesrelationsorconductsbetweenindividuals&organizationswithinastate.1.5.2InternationalLawv.DomesticLaw2024/4/2131.5.3CaseLawvStatuteLawSourcesofLawParliamentStatuteLaw(Acts)TheCourtsCaseLaw(Precedent)2024/4/2141.5.4CommonlawvEquityLawCommonlaw

wasbasedoncustomandwasdeclaredbythecourtsfromcasetocase.Thelaweventuallybecamecommonknowledgetoall,thustheCOMMONLAW.OnemajorfeatureoftheCommonLawSystemisFOLLOWTHEPRECEDENT（遵循先例)Damages（损害赔偿）:mainremedy(救济)ofCommonLaw2024/4/2151.5.4CommonlawvEquityLawlawofequity(equityorequitylaw)

Wherepeoplewereunabletoobtainaremedyfortheirgrievancesincommonlaw,theyturnedtotheKingforhelpsincetheKingwasregardedasthe“fountainofjustice”.King’schancelloronbehalfoftheKingadministeredthelawintheprincipleoffairnessandjusticeratherthancommonlaw,Consequentlylawofequityemerged.

2024/4/2161.5.4CommonlawvEquityLawlawofequityshouldnotbeviewedasacomprehensivesystemaswascommonlaw,itnever,forinstance,hadacriminaljurisdiction.Thelawofequitywasnotseenasarivalsystemtothecommonlawbutassupplementsitbyprovidingremediesthatthecommonlawcourtscouldnotprovide.2024/4/217ChapteroneIntroductionto

theLegalSystemofWesternCountries1.6SeparationofPowers

legislationbody(立法机关如：国会)-toenactormakethelaw

judiciarybody（司法机关如:法院/公安/检察机关）-tointerpret/applyandenforcethelawthroughcourtsystem

administrationexecutivebody

（行政机关如：政府）

-toformulatethepolicyandadministratethroughstategovernment

Thebasicnecessityofseparationofpowers:

-topreventmisuseandabuseofpowers-toraisetheworkingefficiencyofbranchesofpowers

2024/4/218-END-2024/4/219ReflectionandRevisionQuestions??????????????1.1ifyouwereaskedtoprovideadefinitionof“law”,howwouldyoudefineit?1.2wouldyouexplainthenon-legalrulesinwhichSIFTorourclassadopts?1.3explaintherelationshipbetweenjusticeandlaw2024/4/220ReflectionandRevisionTrueorfalse:1.Commonlawemphasisesrights,civillawemphasisesremedies.2.Internationaltreatiesandconventionsautomaticallybecomepartofdomesticlaw.3.Lawsmadebyparliamentsarecalledstatutelaw.4.Commonlawisacode-basedlegalsystem.2024/4/221ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.1TheroleofthepoliceandthecourtsRoleofpolice:-enforcesthelawcreatedbyotherauthority,thatis,topreventcrimes;toapprehendlaw-breakers;tosecuresafetyofthepublic.Roleofcourt:-administrationofthelaw2024/4/222ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.2Originalandappellatejurisdictionofacourt

(第一审和上诉审法院的管辖权)courtoffirstinstance(第一审法院)：originaljurisdiction=authoritytohearthecasewhenthecaseisfirstbroughttoacourt

appealcourt(上诉法院):appellatejurisdiction=authoritytoheartheappealsfromdecisionsofcourtofalowerlevelinthesamecourtsystem.

2024/4/223ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.3

ThecourtsystemtakethecourtsystemofChinaforexampleThesupremecourt(最高法院)|thehighcourt(高级法院)|theintermediatecourt(中级法院)|thedistrictcourt(基层法院)

besides,thespecialcourtssuchas:railwaycourt(铁路法院),maritimecourt(海事法院)andetc.2024/4/224ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.4FeaturesofthecourthierarchyAcourthierarchyprovidesasystemofappealsfromlowertohighercourtsforaggrievedparties;Itallowsfordifferentformsofhearingaccordingtothegravityofthecase;Itisinstrumentalinbuildingupprecedent,afundamentalpartofcommonlawandequity.2024/4/225ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.5Thepersonnelincourta.inthecivilcase(民事案件)theplaintiff（原告）v.Thedefendant（被告）

b.inthecriminalcase(刑事案件)thepublicprocurator(公诉人)v.theaccused(嫌疑犯)

c.inthetrialonappeal(eitheracivilorcriminalcase)theappellant（上诉人）v.therespondent（被上诉人）

2024/4/226ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.6Legalprofession（律师）

2.6.1thesolicitor（文书律师）:mostoftheirworkisofanon-litigiousnature,thatis,mostofitdoesnotinvolveappearingincourt.Itincludesconveyancing,thepreparationofwillsandotherdocuments,commercialandfamilylawmatters,andpreparationofcourtdocuments.2.6.2thebarrister（出庭律师）:theirmainroleistopreparelegalopinionsandputtheseforwardincourt.

2024/4/227ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.7Judges

anofficialsappointedbythegovernment.themainfunctionsjudgesinclude:1.toensuretherulesofevidenceand procedureareadheredto;2.toensurethateachpartyisfairlytreatedaccordingtothelaw; 3.todecidequestionsoflaw;4.todischargethejuryifajuryhasbeenused. 5.toclarifypointsoflaw. 6.toreachaverdict. 7.todecideapenaltyorremedy.2024/4/228ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.8Thejurythejurior（陪审员）vjurypanelorjury（陪审团）2.8.1Juryinciviltrials(1)theuseisdecliningforitshighcosts;(2)theburdenofproofrestwiththeplaintiffevidencebasedonbalanceofprobability;(3)amajorityverdictisrequired.“balanceofprobability”-theevidencewillbeacceptableifitismorereasonablethantheevidencepresentedbytheotherparty.2024/4/229ChaptertwoLegalSystems2.8.2Juryincriminaltrials

“beyondreasonabledoubt”-theevidencewillnotbeacceptediftherestillleavesanyreasonabledoubtontheevidencepresented.Bycomparingthetwoevidencerules,itisobviousthatthestandardof“beyondreasonabledoubt”isstricterthan“balanceofprobability”2024/4/230-END-2024/4/231Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelaw3.1Judicialprecedent

(先例)3.1.1originaldevelopmentofthecommonlaw.

isbasedonprecedentPrecedent:

isjudge-madelawdevelopedthroughcourtshearingofdispute.itisalwaysreferredascaselaw.Theprecedentisacasecreatedtobindthelatercasesofsimilarfacts.2024/4/232Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelaw3.1.2Thedoctrineofprecedent

thedoctrineofprecedentprovidesthattheprecedentwillapplytolaternewcaseifthefactsofthenewcasearesufficientlysimilartothefactsoftheprecedent.

question:towhatextentshouldthefactsofanewcasesimilartothefactsoftheprecedent?

precedent:DonoghuevStevenson[1932]thecasetofollowtheprecedent:GrantvAustralianKnittingMillsLtd[1936]

2024/4/233DONOGHUEVSTEVENSON[1932]AC562FACTS:WhileMs.Donoghuewasinthecourseofdrinkingthecontentsofabottleofgingerbeer,shenoticedtheremainsofadecomposedsnail(腐烂的蜗牛).Asaresultshebecamesickandsufferedshock.Shedidnotsuetheshopbutmanufacturerofthegingerbeer,(Stevenson)arguingthathehadbeencarelessincreatinghisproductbyallowingasnailtobepartofitscontents.2024/4/234DONOGHUEVSTEVENSON[1932]-DECISIONDICISION:isinfavourofDonoghueindespiteofdefenceofprivityofcontract(合同关联性)

theplaintiffwasentitledtorecoverdamagesagainstthemanufacturerinnegligence“Allmanufacturersoweadutyofcaretoconsumers”(neighbourprinciple)2024/4/235GRANTVAUSTRALIANKNITTINGMILLS[1936]ACFACTS:Grant,adoctor,gotaskindiseaseasaresultofchemicalscontainedinwoollenunderwearhewaswearing.Grantsuedthemanufactureroftheunderwear.DECISION:InfavourofGrant.ThecourtappliedtheneighbourprincipleestablishedinDonoghuevStevensonie.Themanufacturerowedadutyofcaretoconsumers.2024/4/236COMPARE

THETWOCASES

PRECEDENTCASETOFOLLOWPLAINTIFF:Ms.DonoghueGrantadoctor,DAMAGE:sickshock.skindiseaseCAUSEOFACTION:torttortDEFENDANT:manufacturermanufacturerDECISION:Thecourthastofollowtheruleestablishedintheprecedent.Themanufacturerowedadutyofcaretocustomers2024/4/237Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelaw

thetypesofprecedents:A.bindingprecedent(具有约束力的先例)

B.persuasiveprecedent（参考性先例）

2024/4/238BINDINGPRECEDENTLowercourtsareboundbydecisionsmadebyhighercourtsinthesamehierarchywherethefactsaresimilar.2024/4/239PERSUASIVEPRECEDENTPersuasiveprecedentdoesnothavetobefollowedbutcanbeinfluentialinfuturecourtdecisions.Thesedecisionsarereferredtobycourtstohelpthemreachaconclusioninthecaseathand.

persuasiveprecedentsmayariseinthefollowingsituations:

Decisionsoflowercourts(referredtobyhighercourts)Decisionsreferredtobycourtsindifferenthierarchies(includingdecisionsfromothercountries)Courtsofequalstandinginthesamehierarchymayrefertoeachothersdecisions2024/4/240Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelaw3.2/3.3Whatisinvolvedinprecedentanditscommonterms?RatioDecidendi(判决理由“reasonfordeciding”)

-isbindingpartofprecedent.ObiterDictum（附带意见‘statementsmadealongtheway’ieopinions,observationsgeneralcomments）theseareonly‘persuasivenotbinding’,maybeinfluentialinthedeterminationofadecision2024/4/241Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelawhowtofindtheratiodecidendiTofindtheratioofaprecedentrequirescarefulanalysisofcourt'sjudgmentandthereisnoacceptedformulaforidentifyingtheratioofacase.However,thefollowingquestionmayprovideuswithratiodecidendi,thatis:whatarethemainreasonswherebytheissuesindispute

decidedinfavorofsuccessfulparty?

2024/4/242Chapterthreeprecedent/statuelaw3.4somejudicialtechniquesonceaprecedenthasbeenincludedinthelawreport,itcouldnotberemovedandchangedincontents,however,inthefollowingsituationsitcouldbeceasedtobelawanditsapplicationmaybemodifiedtoapplytoanewsituation.A.distinguishingB.reversing

C.overruling

D.disapproving2024/4/243HOWDOESCASELAWCHANGE?A.distinguishing（在审案与判例事实不符，拒绝适用判例）

therelevantfactsofprecedentarenotsimilartothenewcase,sothecourtrefusetoapplytheprecedent;2024/4/244HOWDOESCASELAWCHANGE?B.Reversing

(因下级法院适用先例错误而改判)ifadecisionisappealedtoahighercourtthehighercourtmaysetasidetheprincipleestablishedbythelowercourt,thusreversingitsamecase,onappeal,highercourtreachesadifferentdecisionfromthelowercourt2024/4/245EXAMPLEOFREVERSING

TanvJones(1997)VictorianCourtofAppealFACTS:TanislostandentersJones’spropertybymistakebutwithoutpermission.JonesshootsTaninthearm.TansuesJonesfordamagestocoverhismedicalexpenses.DECSION:InfavourofJones“nodutyofcareowedtotrespassers”2024/4/246EXAMPLEOFREVERSING

TanvJones(1998)FullHighCourtofAustraliaTanappealsthedecisionfromtheVictorianCourtofAppealOUTCOME:InfavourofTan.Previousdecisionisreversed-newprinciple“Apropertyownerowesacertaindutyofcaretoanyonewhoenterstheirproperties”2024/4/247HOWDOESCASELAWCHANGE?C.

Overruling（因下级法院所适用的先例不再符合事宜而改判并废弃该先例）highercourtdecidesthatprincipleoflawmadeinalowercourtiswrongandoverrulesthepreviousdecisionoverrulinginvolves2separatecases-appellatecourtinthelatercaseappliesadifferentlegalprincipleandtheearlierdecisionofthelowercourtisnolongerconsideredtobegoodlaw.2024/4/248EXAMPLEOFOVERRULINGRaftervPhillopousisTennisClub(1996)VictorianCourtofAppealFACTS:RaftersuesPhillopousis’sTennisClubduetoanaccidentwhichoccurredintheclubandcauseshimtosustaininjuriesDECISION:infavourofPhillopousis-“acustomerisresponsiblefortheirownactions”2024/4/249EXAMPLEOFOVERRULING

FACTS:WoodbridgevWoodfordeTennisRackets(1998)FullHighCourtWoodbridgesuesWoodfordeaftersustaininginjuriesduetoafallinWoodforde’sshopDECISION:InfavourofWoodbridge-thedecisionintheRaftervPhillopousiscaseisoverruledandanewprincipleisestablished“Abusinessownerowesadutyofcaretoanyonewhoenterstheirpremises”2024/4/250HOWDOESCASELAWCHANGE?D.Disapproving

（议会立法废弃不适宜的判例）

-acourtexpressesanunfavourableopinion(suggestingthattheearlierdecisionisnotgoodlaw)aboutaprinciplesetinanearliercasewithoutoverrulingit.2024/4/251rulesofstatutoryinterpretation3.9Commonlawrulesofstatutoryinterpretation-Theliteralorplainmeaningapproach(通常词意解释规则)；-Thegoldenruleapproach（理性解释规则。指如果通常词意解释将导致荒唐、不公正、有违立法意图时，则应避免按通常词意解释，而忽略该词意或另寻新意）；

Case：LeevKnapp[1967]-Themischiefapproach（立法解释规则。词意不清时应按立法意图解释）SeeSmithvHughes[1969]1WLR830-Nosciturasociis(词义按前后文相关解释规则);-ejusdemgeneris

（同类解释规则。对位于类举后面的概括词语应按前述同类解释）。2024/4/252rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

3.9.1Theliteralorplainmeaningapproach(通常词意解释规则)；3.9.2Thegoldenruleapproach

（理性解释规则)Case：LeevKnapp[1967]RoadTrafficActrequireddriversofvehicleinvolvedto“stop”afteranaccident.thedefendantarguedthatthisrequirementwassatisfiedifadriverstoppedaftertheaccident.2024/4/253rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

-TheThegoldenruleapproach

Courtheld:literalapproachwouldbeabsurdas“stop”shouldbeconstruedtomeanthatthedrivershouldhavestoppedforsuchtimeasitisnecessarytospeaktoallrelevantpersonsandprovidethemwithnecessaryinformation.2024/4/254rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

-Themischiefapproach3.9.3Themischiefapproach（立法解释规则)lawsometimesneedtobeinterpretedforanumberofreasons:wordsofthestatutemaybevagueandunclearParliament’sintentionisnotclearParliamentisunabletoclarifyallfutureapplicationsThePurposeorMischiefApproach:-Thecourtinterpretsthewordsofthestatuteinthewayintendedbyparliament.See:SmithvHughes[1969]2024/4/255rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

-ThemischiefapproachSmithvHughes[1969]1WLR830“solicitingforprostitutioninthestreetwasprohibited“byTheStreetOffencesAct1959UK.

TheCourthadtoconsiderwhether“street”includedactivitiesofprostitutesonbalconiesandwindows?Courtbelievedthattheactwastryingtostopprostitutesfrombotheringpeopleinthestreet.Thereforetheprostituteswhotriedtoattractbusinessfromwindowsandbalconieswerecreatingthesameproblemasthoseactuallyonthestreet.2024/4/256rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

3.9.4Nosciturasociis(词义按前后文相关解释规则);

Seecase:PriorvSherwood(1906)3.9.5ejusdemgeneris（同类解释规则)whenageneralwordorphrasefollowsalistofspecificpersonsorthings,theywillbeinterpretedtoincludeonlypersonsorthingsofthesametypeaslisted.(example:nextslides)2024/4/257rulesofstatutoryinterpretation

3.9.5ejusdemgeneris（同类解释规则)exampleofruleejusdemgeneris:inthephrase:“horse,cattle,sheep,pigs,goatsoranyotherbarnyardanimals(圈养动物)”:Accordingtoruleofejusdemgeneris,thegeneralphrase“anyotherbarnyardanimals”wouldprobablybeheldtoinclude:

Onlyfour-legged,hoofedmammals

(四角四蹄兩皙动物)Thuswouldinclude:

donkey

2024/4/258Caseofconstruction

givewhatyouwanttoher

Jim,fatherofathreechildrenandfaithfulhusbandforover40years,diedoneday.Hislawyer,PeterJim’sbestfriendsincechildhood,informshiswidowthathewillbetheexecutorofthewillofoveramilliondollars’worthofJim’sproperty.InfrontofJim’sfamily,Peterreadsthewill,“Peter,ifyouarereadingthiswill,thenImusthavebeendead.Wehavebeensuchagoodfriendsforsolong,howcanIignoreyouinthiswill?Ontheotherhand,therearemybelovedwifeandmychildrentobelookedafter.Peter,Iknowyoucanmakesurethatmyfamilywillbetakencareofproperly,soPeter,givewhatyouwanttoherandtaketherestforyourself”.2024/4/259Peterthenlooksatthesupervisorsandtellsthemthat:”InaccordancewithJim’swillIwillgive50,000dollarstoJim’swifeandIwilltaketherest.”thefamilyisangry,“itisimpossible!40yearsofmarriageandthenthis?!Itcan’tbe”sothefamilysues.

Constructionofthewords2024/4/260Theirdayincourtarrives,andaftertestimonyfrombothsides,thejudgegiveshisjudgment:”ToPeterIawardyou50,000dollarsofthecontestedmoneytheremaindershallgotoSophieandherchildren.”needlesstosaythefamilyishappy,Peterisangry.“yourhonor,howcanyoudothis?ThewillmadeJim’swishquiteclear:TOGIVEWHATYOUWANTTOHERANDTAKETHERESTFORYOURSELF!Iwantthelion’sshare‘!Whatgives?”

Constructionofthewords2024/4/261Thejudgeanswerback:“Jimknewyouinhiswholelife,hewantedtogiveyousomethingingratitude,healsowantedtoseehisfamilybeingtakencareof.sohedrewuphiswillaccordingly.ButyoumisreadhisinstructionsYousee,Jimknewwhatkindofpersonyouaresowithhisfamily’sinterestinmind,hiswilldidnotmean:TOGIVETHESHARETHATYOUWANTTOGIVETOHERtoher,butmeant“togiveWHATYOUWANTtoherandtherestforyourself,WHATYOUWANTislion’ssharesothisshareshouldbelongtotheJim’sfamily.”

Constructionofthewords2024/4/262TOGIVEWHATYOUWANTTOHERANDTAKETHERESTFORYOURSELF可有两种解释：1把你想给她的那份给她；2把你想要的那份给她。

Constructionofthewords2024/4/263GetpreparedforthequestionsinReflectionandRevision-END-2024/4/264

INTRODUCTIONTOCONTRACTLAWAmIlumberedwithadodgycontract?2024/4/265Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction6.1DefinitionofContract(tbp187)

Anagreementmadebetweentwoormorepersons,withtheintentionofcreatingcertainlegalrightsandduties,whichisenforceableatlaw.2024/4/266

Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction

Contract(合同)&agreement（协议）tobedistinguished(tbp188)-strictlyspeaking,contractisacombinationofagreementsandothercompulsoryrequirementsbycontractlaw.

-noteveryagreementleadstoalegalcontract,butacontractmustcontainalegallyenforceableagreement.2024/4/267Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction

6.2

Elementsofanapparentsimplecontract(tbp189)typeofcontractcontractelementsTypeofcontractapparentsimplecontract(相当于合同的成立)(1)Intention(订约意图)(2)agreement(协议)(3)consideration(对价)Validsimplecontract(相当于合同的生效)(4)capacity(订约能力)(5)consent(意思表示真实)(6)legality(订约目的合法)(7)form(合同形式合法)2024/4/268Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction6.3ClassificationofContracts6.3.1formalcontractandsimplecontract

FormalContracts

（正式合同)Formalcontractsaredrawninaspecialwayandtheyoftenlackconsideration.(对价)whichisthemostoutstandingfeaturedifferentfromsimplecontract.e.g.-ContractsofjudicialRecord:settlementindivorceproceedings-ContractsunderSeal(签字腊封合同)

2024/4/269Chapter6-Contractlaw-IntroductionContractsUnderSeal-alsoknownasDeeds,

mustbecompletedinaparticularway(form)inordertobevalid,i.einwriting;signedbybothparties;Witnessed;Sealed.2024/4/270Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction

SimpleContracts(简式合同）

Notrequiredtobeinanyparticularformbutarerequiredtohaveconsideration（对价）.simplecontractcouldbemadeeitherexpresslyorimpliedly,orallyorwritingform.

Therearestatuteswhichrequiresomesimplecontractstobeinwriting,eg.contractofrealestatesorevidencedinwritingeg.billoflading(提单).2024/4/271Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction

6.3.2Avoidablecontract/Unenforceablecontract/Voidcontract/Illegalcontract

Avoidablecontract（可撤销合同）:-remainsvaliduntilrepudiatedbyplaintiff

Unenforceablecontract（不可强制执行的合同）:

-validonitsfacebutnolegalactioncanbebroughtonit.eg.Contractneedstobeevidencedinwriting,butnoevidencecouldbepresented.

2024/4/272Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction

Voidcontract（无效合同）:-nolegalrightsandduties.-VoidcontractisofcivilnaturerelatingtoextremeunfairnessIllegalcontract（非法合同）:-itcontravenesastatuteandthentreatedasbeingvoidsotherearenolegalrightsandduties.-Illegalcontractisofcriminalnaturesuchasrobbingabankwithafriend.2024/4/273Chapter6-Contractlaw-Introduction6.3.3ExpressContractandImpliedContractExpressContract(明示合同)

Termsofthecontractexpresslyagreeduponinwriting,orallyorcombinationofboth.

ImpliedContract(默示合同)

contractreachedthroughactsorconductsofbothparties,notthroughwritingorwords.2024/4/274

essentialelementsofavalidcontract

Intentiontocreatelegalrelations.（订约意图）OfferandAcceptance-anagreement.（协议）Consideration.（合同须有对价）Capacityoftheparties.（合同当事人须有订约能力）GenuineconsentbythepartiesorCertaintyofterms.(当事人订约意图真实或合同条款真实）Legalityofobject(purpose).(合同标的或目的合法)Inordertocreateavalidsimplecontract,certainessentialelementsmustbepresent:2024/4/275

Contractlaw-Intention(step1)2024/4/276intentionofthepartiestocreatelegalrelations

Thepartiesmusthaveintendedtoenterintoa legallybindingagreement.2typesofagreements - Family/domesticorsocialagreements. - Businessorcommercialagreements.2024/4/277Chapt