孔乙己175-语文版

Chapter10InterpersonalAttraction:FromFirstImpressionstoCloseRelationshipsAronsonSocialPsychology,5/eChapter10InterpersonalAttrac1PowerPointPresentationPreparedByFredW.WhitfordMontanaStateUniversityAronsonSocialPsychology,5/ePowerPointPresentationAronson2

ChapterOutlineI.WhatCausesAttraction?ChapterOutline3

WhatCausesAttraction? Friendshipsandcloserelationshipsareatornearthetopofthelistofwhatpeoplesaymakesthemhappy;peopledesiretobelikedbyeventhemostcasualofacquaintances. WhatCausesAttraction? F4

WhatCausesAttraction?ThePersonNextDoor:ThePropinquityEffectThefindingthatthemoreweseeandinteractwithpeople,themorelikelytheyaretobecomeourfriendsisknownasthepropinquityeffect. WhatCausesAttraction?TheP5

WhatCausesAttraction?ThePersonNextDoor:ThePropinquityEffectThepropinquityeffectworksbecauseofthemereexposureeffect,thefindingthatthemoreexposurewehavetoastimulus,themoreaptwearetolikeit. WhatCausesAttraction?TheP6

WhatCausesAttraction?ThePersonNextDoor:ThePropinquityEffect WhatCausesAttraction?TheP7

WhatCausesAttraction?ThePersonNextDoor:ThePropinquityEffect WhatCausesAttraction?TheP8

WhatCausesAttraction?SimilarityAswegettoknoweachotherbetter,otherfactorsbesidespropinquityandattractivenesscomeintoplayindeterminingliking.Keyamongtheseissimilaritytoourselves. WhatCausesAttraction?Simil9

WhatCausesAttraction?SimilarityPeoplewhoaresimilarareattractivebecausetheyvalidateourownself-worthandweassumethatpeoplewhodisagreewithushavenegativepersonalitytraits. WhatCausesAttraction?Simil10

WhatCausesAttraction?ReciprocalLikingOneofthemostpotentdeterminantsofourlikingsomeoneisifwebelievethatthatpersonlikesus.

WhatCausesAttraction?Recipr11

WhatCausesAttraction?ReciprocalLikingIfwebelievesomebodyelselikesus,wewillbeamorelikablepersonintheirpresence;thiswillleadthemtoactuallylikeusmore,whichleadstoaself-fulfillingprophecy.

WhatCausesAttraction?Recip12

WhatCausesAttraction?ReciprocalLikingAperson’slevelofself-esteemmoderateshowweareaffectedbyotherpeoplelikingus.Swannandcolleagues(1992)haveshownthatpeoplewithhighself-esteemlikeandinteractwiththosewholikethem,butpeoplewithlowself-esteemprefertointeractwithsomebodywhocriticizedthem. WhatCausesAttraction?Recip13

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingPhysicalattractivenessisamajordeterminantoflikinginstudiesoffirstimpressions. WhatCausesAttraction?Physi14

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingDebatehasexistedonsexdifferencesintheimportanceofphysicalattractiveness.Feingold(1990)reportsthatbothsexesvalueattractiveness,althoughmenvalueitsomewhatmorethanwomen;howeverthisdifferenceislargerforstatedattitudesandvaluesthanforactualbehavior.

WhatCausesAttraction?Physi15

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingRecentresearchsupportstheideathatphysicalattractivenessisequallyimportanttomenandwomen.

WhatCausesAttraction?Physi16

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingThemediabombardsuswithastandardofbeauty;andalsoassociatesbeautifulcharacterswithhighmoralstandards;becauseofthemedia,wedevelopsharedstandardsofbeauty. WhatCausesAttraction?Physi17

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingForbothsexes,thisstandardincludeslargeeyes,prominentcheekbones,andabigsmile.Forwomen,asmallnoseandchin,narrowcheeksandhigheyebrowsareconsideredattractive;formen,alargechinisconsideredattractive. WhatCausesAttraction?Physi18

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingPeopleassumethatphysicalattractivenessishighlycorrelatedwithotherdesirabletraits;thisisknownasthe“whatisbeautifulisgood”stereotype. WhatCausesAttraction?Physi19

WhatCausesAttraction?PhysicalAttractivenessonLikingThereisasometruthtotheassociationbetweenphysicalattractivenessandsociability;thismaybeduetoaself-fulfillingprophecy. WhatCausesAttraction?Physi20

WhatCausesAttraction?RecollectionsofInitialAttractionAronetal.(1989)foundthatforlove,peoplereportedreciprocallikingandattractivenessimportant.Similarityandpropinquitywerementionedwithlowtomoderatefrequency.Forfriendship,reciprocalliking,attractiveness,similarity,andpropinquitywereallmentionedasimportant. WhatCausesAttraction?Recol21

WhatCausesAttraction?TheoriesofInterpersonalAttraction:SocialExchangeandEquitySocialexchangetheoryisthetheoryholdingthathowpeoplefeelaboutarelationshipdependsontheirperceptionsoftherewardsandcostsoftherelationship,thekindofrelationshiptheybelievetheydeserve(comparisonlevel),andtheirchancesforhavingabetterrelationshipwithsomeoneelse(comparisonlevelforalternatives). WhatCausesAttraction?Theor22

WhatCausesAttraction?TheoriesofInterpersonalAttraction:SocialExchangeandEquityEquitytheoryisthetheoryholdingthatpeoplearehappiestwithrelationshipsinwhichtherewardsandcostsapersonexperiencesandthecontributionsheorshemakestotherelationshipareroughlyequaltotherewards,costs,andcontributionsoftheotherperson. WhatCausesAttraction?Theor23

ChapterOutlineII.CloseRelationshipsChapterOutline24

CloseRelationships Untilrecently,therewaslittleresearchinsocialpsychologyonenduringrelationships,becausetheyaremoredifficulttostudyscientifically:randomassignmentisimpossible,andfeelingscanbehardtomeasure.CloseRelationships Until25

CloseRelationshipsDefiningLoveThereseemtobemultiplekindsoflove;differentscalestomeasurethesehavebeendevelopedinthepastdecade.CloseRelationshipsDefinin26

CloseRelationshipsDefiningLoveCompanionateloveisthefeelingsofintimacyandaffectionwefeelforanotherpersonwhenwecaredeeplyfortheperson,butdonotnecessarilyexperiencepassionorarousalinhisorherpresence.CloseRelationshipsDefinin27

CloseRelationshipsDefiningLovePassionateloveisthefeelingsofintenselonging,accompaniedbyphysiologicalarousal,wefeelforanotherperson;whenourloveisreciprocated,wefeelgreatfulfillmentandecstasy,butwhenitisnot,wefeelsadnessanddespair.CloseRelationshipsDefinin28

CloseRelationshipsDefiningLoveSternbergdevelopedthetriangulartheoryoflove.Thisistheideathatdifferentkindsofloveconsistofvaryingdegreesofthreecomponents:intimacy,passion,andcommitment.CloseRelationshipsDefinin29

CloseRelationshipsDefiningLoveCloseRelationshipsDefinin30

CloseRelationshipsCultureandLoveCultureplaysaroleinhowpeoplelabeltheirexperiencesandwhattheyexpectfromthem.DionandDion(1993)suggestthatromanticloveisanimportantbasisformarriageinindividualisticsocietiesbutislessvaluedincollectivistones.CloseRelationshipsCulture31

CloseRelationshipsCultureandLoveRecentresearchhasnotedthatculturaldifferencesinthevalueplacedonromanticlovearedecreasing.Youngpeopleinsomecollectivistculturesarebecomingmoreindividualisticintheirapproachtoromanticlove.

CloseRelationshipsCulture32

ChapterOutlineIII.LoveandRelationshipsChapterOutline33LoveandRelationships Thissectionexamineshowthefactorsexaminedinrelationshipformationplayoutovertime.LoveandRelationships Thiss34LoveandRelationshipsEvolutionaryExplanationsofLoveEvolutionarybiologyjudgesananimal’s“fitness”intermsofitsreproductivesuccess;theevolutionaryapproachtolovestatesthatmenandwomenareattractedtodifferentcharacteristicsineachotherbecausethisfostersreproductivesuccess.LoveandRelationshipsEvoluti35LoveandRelationshipsEvolutionaryExplanationsofLoveBuss(1985)suggeststhatthisapproachexplainsthedifferentstrategiesofmenandwomeninromanticrelationships.LoveandRelationshipsEvoluti36LoveandRelationshipsEvolutionaryExplanationsofLoveRecentresearchhasfoundthatwomenwithmoreeconomicpoweraremoreinterestedinphysicallyattractivementhanarewomenwithlittleeconomicpower.

LoveandRelationshipsEvoluti37LoveandRelationshipsAttachmentStylesandIntimateRelationshipsTheattachmentstylesapproachtocloserelationshipsfocusesontheexpectationspeopledevelopaboutrelationshipsbasedontherelationshiptheyhadwiththeirprimarycaregiverwhentheywereinfants.LoveandRelationshipsAttachm38LoveandRelationshipsAttachmentStylesandIntimateRelationshipsThesecureattachmentstylemaydevelopinthosewhohaveresponsivecaregiversasinfantsandischaracterizedbytrust,alackofconcernwithbeingabandoned,andtheviewthatoneisworthyandwell-liked.Securelyattachedindividualshavethemostenduring,long-termromanticrelationships.

LoveandRelationshipsAttachm39LoveandRelationshipsAttachmentStylesandIntimateRelationshipsTheavoidantattachmentstylemaydevelopinthosewhohavealoofanddistantcaregiversasinfantsandischaracterizedbyasuppressionofattachmentneeds,becauseattemptstobeintimatehavebeenrebuffed.Peoplewiththisstylefinditdifficulttodevelopintimaterelationships.

LoveandRelationshipsAttachm40LoveandRelationshipsAttachmentStylesandIntimateRelationshipsTheanxious/ambivalentattachmentstylemaydevelopinthosewhohadinconsistentandoverbearingcaregiversasinfantsandischaracterizedbyaconcernthatotherswillnotreciprocateone’sdesireforintimacy,resultinginhighlevelsofanxiety.Individualswiththisattachmentstylehavethemostshort-livedromanticrelationships.LoveandRelationshipsAttachm41LoveandRelationshipsAttachmentStylesandIntimateRelationshipsAlthoughrelationshipsinwhichbothpartnersaresecurelyattachedarethemostsuccessfulandsatisfying,anxiouswoman-avoidantmanrelationshipscanworkduetotheeaseofattributingproblemsintherelationshiptogenderstereotypes.

LoveandRelationshipsAttachm42LoveandRelationshipsSocialExchangeinLong-TermRelationshipsResearchhasshownamplesupportforsocialexchangetheoryinintimaterelationships.Rusbult(1980)findsthatrewardsarealwaysimportantindeterminingtheoutcomeofrelationships,whilecostsbecomeincreasinglyimportantovertime.LoveandRelationshipsSocial43LoveandRelationshipsSocialExchangeinLong-TermRelationshipsHerinvestmentmodelofrelationshipsholdsthatpeople’scommitmenttoarelationshipdependsontheirsatisfactionintermsofrewards,costs,andcomparisonlevel,theircomparisonlevelforalternatives,andhowmuchtheyhaveinvestedintherelationshipthatwouldbelostbyleavingit.LoveandRelationshipsSocial44LoveandRelationshipsSocialExchangeinLong-TermRelationshipsLoveandRelationshipsSocial45LoveandRelationshipsSocialExchangeinLong-TermRelationshipsLoveandRelationshipsSocial46LoveandRelationshipsEquityinLong-TermRelationshipsInneworcasualrelationships,peopletradebenefits“inkind”;inintimaterelationships,peopletradeverydifferentresourcesandarelooseraboutit.LoveandRelationshipsEquity47LoveandRelationshipsEquityinLong-TermRelationshipsExchangerelationshipsarerelationshipsgovernedbytheneedforequity;whilecommunalrelationshipsarerelationshipsinwhichpeople’sprimaryconcernisbeingresponsivetotheotherperson’sneeds.LoveandRelationshipsEquity48LoveandRelationshipsEquityinLong-TermRelationshipsPeopleincommunalrelationshipsarenotcompletelyunconcernedwithequity--iftherelationshipisinequitable,overtimetheywillbecomedissatisfied.LoveandRelationshipsEquity49LoveandRelationshipsEquityinLong-TermRelationshipsLoveandRelationshipsEquity50

ChapterOutlineIV.EndingIntimateRelationshipsChapterOutline51EndingIntimateRelationshipsTheProcessofBreakingUpRecently,researchershavestartedtolookatwhatdrivespeopletoendrelationshipsandtheprocessesinvolvedinbreakinguparelationship.EndingIntimateRelationshipsT52EndingIntimateRelationshipsTheProcessofBreakingUpEndingIntimateRelationshipsT53EndingIntimateRelationshipsTheProcessofBreakingUpDuck(1982)theorizesthattherearefourstagesinvolvedinthedissolutionofarelationship:intrapersonal(focusingondissatisfaction),dyadic(revealingthesetothepartner),social(announcingthebreakuptoothers),andbacktointrapersonal(devisingaccountsofthebreakupaswerecoverfromit).EndingIntimateRelationshipsT54EndingIntimateRelationshipsTheExperienceofBreakingUpAkert(1998)andothersfindthattherolepeopleplayinabreakupisakeydeterminantofhowtheyfeelaboutit:breakeesweremostupset,breakersleast,andmutualsinthemiddle.Womenexperiencedsomewhatmorenegativeemotionsthanmen.Whenthebreakupismutual,partnersaremorelikelytoremainfriendsaftertherelationshipshasended.

EndingIntimateRelationshipsT55

StudyQuestionsWhatistherelationshipbetweenpropinquityandattraction?Whatisthemereexposureeffect?StudyQuestions56

StudyQuestionsWhyissimilaritysuchanimportantfactorinattraction?StudyQuestions57

StudyQuestionsWhyisreciprocallikingimportantinattraction?Whatroledoesself-esteemplayinreciprocalliking?StudyQuestions58

StudyQuestionsWhataretheeffectsofphysicalattractivenessonliking?Whichfacialfeaturesareassociatedwithhighattractivenessinfemalesandmalesacrosscultures?StudyQuestions59

StudyQuestionsWhichstereotypesareassociatedwithphysicalattractiveness?Whatroledoestheself-fulfillingprophecyplayintheperpetuationoftheseassumptions?StudyQuestions60

StudyQuestionsWhatarethemainpredictorsofinitialattraction?Whichfactorshavebeenmentionedmostofteninpeople’sfalling-in-loveaccounts?Whataregenderandculturaldifferencesinpredictorsofattraction?StudyQuestionsWhatareth61

StudyQuestionsHowdoesthesocialexchangetheoryexplainhowpeoplefeelabouttheirrelationships?Whatarecomparisonsthatpeoplemakeaccordingtothistheory?StudyQuestions62

StudyQuestionsWhataccountsforhappy