大学英语digestive-system精编版

DigestivesystemDigestivesystemThefunctionofthedigestivesystemistopreparefoodforintakebybodycells.Nutrientsmustbebrokendownbymechanicalandchemicalmeansintomoleculesthataresmallenoughtobeabsorbedintothecirculation.Withincells,thenutrientsareusedforenergyandforrebuildingvitalcellcomponents.Digestiontakesplaceinthedigestivetract.ThefunctionoftheDigestivetractThehumandigestivesystemincludesmouth,pharynx,

esophagus,stomach,smallintestine(duodenum,jejunumandileum),largeintestine（cecum，appendix，colonandrectum）andanus.DigestivetractThehumandMouth,oralcavityOr/o:oralcavity,oraladministrationorallanguagestomat/o:stomatitis,stomatoscopysaliva:isthewaterysubstanceproducedinthemouths.Itisproducedinandsecretedfromthesalivaryglands.Humansalivaiscomposedmostlyofwater(99.5%),butalsoincludeselectrolytes,mucus,antibacterialcompounds,andvariousenzymes.Theenzymesinthesalivabreakdownsomeofthestarchandfatinthefoodatthemolecularlevelsalivaryamylase

Mouth,oralcavityOr/o:oralcToothDent/i:

Dentist:amedicalprofessionalwhospecializesinthecareofteethDentalgia:toothache

odont/o:Oligodontia:theconditionofnaturallyhavingfewerthantheregularnumberofteeth,itisalsocalledhypodontiaPeriodontitis:referstoanumberofinflammatorydiseasesaffectingthetissuesthatsurroundandsupporttheteethToothtongue

Lingu/oLinguisticSublingualtablet:Usuallyasmall,flattabletintendedtobeinsertedbeneaththetongue,wheretheactiveingredientisabsorbeddirectlythroughtheoralmucosaandintoblood;suchatabletdissolvesverypromptly.Nitroglyerinsublingualtablet:atypeofvasodilator.Itrelaxesbloodvessels,increasingthebloodandoxygensupplytoyourheart.Thismedicineisusedtorelievechestpaincausedbyangina.tongueesophagusesophagusisamusculartubewhosecontractionscanpropelfoodtothestomach.

eso-=inside,inward

phag/o=swallow

esogastritis:Inflammationofthemucousmembraneofthestomach

phagocyte:cellsthatprotectthebodybyingestingharmfulforeignparticles,bacteriaanddeadordyingcells

esophagusesophagusisamusculStomachThethreebasic/mainfunctionsofthestomacharetokillanybacteriaingested,breakdownthefoodintosmallerpiecestocreatealargersurfaceareaforeasierdigestion,andtoholdfoodandreleaseitataconstantrate.ThestomachisahighlyacidicenvironmentduetohydrochloricacidproductionandsecretionwhichproducesapHrangeusuallybetween1and2.Combinedwithdigestiveenzymes,suchanenvironmentisabletobreakdownlargemoleculestosmalleronessothattheycaneventuallybeabsorbedfromthesmallintestine.AzymogencalledpepsinogenissecretedandturnsintopepsinunderlowpHconditionsandisanecessityinproteindigestionStomachThethreebasic

gastr/o:stomachgastritisgastroscopygastralgiagastrectomygastrelcosisPept/i,peps/i:digestion

pepsin:anenzymeinthestomachandwhichdegradesfoodproteinsintopeptidespepticulcer:dyspepsia:hardordifficultdigestion

gastr/o:stomachSmallandlargeintestine

Thesmallintestineisthemajorsitefordigestionandabsorptionofnutrients.Theupperpart,theduodenum,isthemostactiveindigestion.Secretionsfromtheliverandpancreasareusedfordigestionintheduodenum.Thepancreassecretesdigestiveenzymesandstomachacidneutralizingbicarbonate.Protease(enzymessecretedfromthepancreas)continuethebreakdownofproteinintosmallpeptidefragmentsandsomeaminoacids.SmallandlargeintestineTheliverproducesbile,whichisstoredinthegallbladderbeforeenteringthebileductintotheduodenum.Bileemulsifiesfats,makingthemsusceptibletoenzymaticbreakdown.Bilecontainscholesterol,phospholipids,bilirubin,andamixofsalts.Thelargeintestineismadeupbythecolon,cecum,appendix,andrectum.Materialinthelargeintestineismostlyindigestibleresidueandliquid.Theliverproducesbi大学英语digestive-system精编版

enter/o:

dysentery

entericcoatedtablet:Anoraldosageforminwhichatabletiscoatedwithamaterialtopreventorminimizedissolutioninthestomachbutallowdissolutioninthesmallintestine.Thistypeofformulationeitherprotectsthestomachfromapotentiallyirritatingdrug(e.g.,aspirin)orprotectsthedrug(e.g.,erythromycin)frompartialdegradationintheacidicenvironmentofthestomach.

enter/o:

rect/o:rectum

rectaladministration:suchasbysuppository,itisinsertedintotherectumwhereitdissolvesandisabsorbedintobloodcirculation.

hepat/o:liver

hepatatrophia:Atrophyoftheliverhepatoma:livercancer

rect/o:rectum

bile:

bil/i:

bilirubin:theyellowbreakdownproductofnormalhemecatabolism.Hemeisformedfromhemoglobin,aprincipalcomponentofredbloodcells.Bilirubinisexcretedinbile,anditslevelsareelevatedincertaindiseases.injaundice,whichiscaused