学术英语conclusion结论的写作

学术英语conclusion结论的写作学术英语conclusion结论的写作学术英语conclusion结论的写作commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.书籍能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进学术英语conclusion结论的写作学术英语conclus1commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.commonprobleminwritingaco23.Failuretocommentonlarger,moresignificantissues.Whereasintheintroductionyourtaskwastomovefromgeneral(yourfield)tospecific(yourresearch),intheconcludingsectionyourtaskistomovefromspecific(yourresearch)backtogeneral(yourfield,howyourresearchwillaffecttheworld).Inotherwords,intheconclusionyoushouldputyourresearchincontext.4.Failuretorevealthecomplexitiesofaconclusionorsituation.Negativeaspectsofyourresearchshouldnotbeignored.Problems,drawbacksetc.canbeincludedinsummaryinyourconclusionsectionasawayofqualifyingyourconclusions(i.e.pointingoutthenegativeaspects,eveniftheyareoutweighedbythepositiveaspects).commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh3.Failuretocommentonlarge3commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh5.Lackofaconcisesummaryofwhatwaslearned.Inordertobeabletodiscusshowyourresearchfitsbackintoyourfieldofstudy(andtheworldatlarge)youneedtosummarizeitverybriefly.Oftenthesummaryisonlyafewsentences.6.Failuretomatchtheobjectivesoftheresearch.Oftenresearchobjectiveschangewhiletheresearchisbeingcarriedout.Thisisnotaproblemunlessyouforgettogobackandrewriteyouroriginalobjectivesinyourintroductionsothattheyaccuratelyreflectwhatyouweretryingtoaccomplishinyourresearch(notwhatyouthoughtyoumightaccomplishwhenyoubegan).commonprobleminwritingaco4exerciseHereisanexampleofanobjectiveandconclusionthatdonotmatch:Objective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheimpactofroadbuildingonvillagesonruralcommunities.Conclusion:Themodelproducedinthisstudycanaccuratelypredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonvillagesinsouthwestChina.Ifwerewritetheobjectivetomatchwhatweactuallydid(wedevelopedamodel),itwillfittheconclusion:Rewrittenobjective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopamodeltopredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonruralcommunities.exerciseHereisanexampleof5warning1.Don'tdependonyourconclusiontosumupthebodyparagraphs.Yourparagraphsshouldflownaturallyintooneanotherandconnectionsshouldbemadeamongthem.Summarycanbeanimportantfunctionofconclusionsbutkeepthispartbrief;avoidrepeating,word-for-word,astatementyouhavemadeearlierinthepaper.2.Don'tsimplyrepeatyourintroduction.Trytotalkaboutyourtopicinanewway.Thetoneofyourconclusionisdifferentbecausethereaderhasfinishedyourpaper.3.Don'tendyourconclusionwithaquotationorwithastatementthatcouldverywellbethesubjectofanotherpaper.Theformerdeflectsattentionawayfromyouaswriterandthinker;thelatterdeflectsattentionfromwhatyou'resayinginyourpaper.Itisoktoquote,butitisbettertoaddacommentofyourowntoendon.Thisshowsthatyouareincontroltotheveryend.warning1.Don'tdependonyour6warning4.Don’tuseclichésoranoverlysentimentalorobviousstatement.Theformersoundgoodbutmeannothing;thelatterwillweakenratherthanstrengthenyouressay.5.Don’tintroducenewarguments,evidence,ordetailsinyourconcludingparagraph.Itisnotplacetointroduceideasyouforgottomentioninthebodyofthepaper.Nevermakeaclaiminyourconclusionthatisunsubstantiatedorevenunmentionedanywhereelse.Newmaterialmayenteraconclusionoccasionally,butitmustbecloselyrelatedtoeverythingelseyouhavesaid.6.Don’tapologizefordoingapoorjobofresentingthematerial.Thiswillruinyoureffort.Strategiesforwritingaconclusionwarning7Suggestions1.Answerquestions.Striveforanswerstothequestionsreaderslogicallyraise--"Whyareyoutellingmethis?WhydoyouthinkIneedtounderstandyourmainpoint?"Showyourreaderswhythispaperwasimportant.Showthemthatyourpaperwasmeaningfulanduseful.Pointouttheimportanceortheimplicationsofwhatyou'vejustsaidonanareaofsocietalconcernisperhapsabitmoredramatic.2.Synthesize,don'tsummarize.Don'tsimplyrepeatthingsthatwereinyourpaper.Theyhavereadit.Showthemhowthepointsyourmadeandthesupportandexamplesyouusedwerenotrandom,butfittogether.Suggestions8Suggestions3.Redirectyourreaders.Giveyourreadersomethingtothinkabout,perhapsawaytouseyourpaperinthe"real"world.Placethepaperinalargercontext.Ifyourintroductionwentfromgeneraltospecific,makeyourconclusiongofromspecifictogeneral.Thinkglobally.Foranalyticalpapersinparticular,youcouldmentionthelackofconclusioninthefield.Thisdemonstratesthatyouunderstandthecomplexityofthesubjectmatter.4.Createanewmeaning.Youdon'thavetogivenewinformationtocreateanewmeaning.Bydemonstratinghowyourideasworktogether,youcancreateanewpicture.Oftenthesumofthepaperisworthmorethanitsparts.Suggestions9Strategies1.Echoingtheintroduction:Echoingyourintroductioncanbeagoodstrategyifitismeanttobringthereaderfull-circle.Ifyoubeginbydescribingascenario,youcanendwiththesamescenarioasproofthatyouressaywashelpfulincreatinganewunderstanding.ExampleIntroductionFromtheparkinglot,IcouldseethetowersofthecastleoftheMagicKingdomstandingstatelyagainstthebluesky.Totheright,thetallpeakofTheMatterhornroseevenhigher.Fromtheleft,IcouldhearthejunglesoundsofAdventureland.AsIenteredthegate,MainStreetstretchedbeforemewithitsquaintshopsevokinganold-fashionedsmalltownsocharmingitcouldneverhaveexisted.Iwasentranced.Disneylandmayhavebeenbuiltforchildren,butitbringsoutthechildinadults.ConclusionIthoughtIwouldspendafewhoursatDisneyland,buthereIwasat1:00A.M.,closingtime,leavingthefrontgateswiththenowdarktowersoftheMagicKingdombehindme.Icouldseetiredchildren,toddlingalongandstrugglingtokeeptheireyesopenasbesttheycould.Otherssleptintheirparents'armsaswewaitedfortheparkinglottramthatwouldtakeustoourcars.Myforty-year-oldfeetached,andIfeltabitsadtothinkthatinacoupleofdaysIwouldbeleavingCalifornia,myvacationover,togobacktomydesk.ButthenIsmiledtothinkthatforatleastadayIfelttenyearsoldagain.Strategies10Strategies2.Challengingthereaderandcallforaction:Byissuingachallengetoyourreaders,youarehelpingthemtoredirecttheinformationinthepaper,andtheymayapplyittotheirownlives.ExampleThoughservingonajuryisnotonlyacivicresponsibilitybutalsoaninterestingexperience,manypeoplestillviewjurydutyasachorethatinterruptstheirjobsandtheroutineoftheirdailylives.However,juriesarepartofAmerica'sattempttobeafreeandjustsociety.Thus,jurydutychallengesustobeinterestedandresponsiblecitizens.Strategies2.Challengingther11Strategies3.LookingtothefutureortoawidercontextLookingtothefuturecanemphasizetheimportanceofyourpaperorredirectthereaders'thoughtprocess.Itmayhelpthemapplythenewinformationtotheirlivesorseethingsmoreglobally.ExampleWithoutwell-qualifiedteachers,schoolsarelittlemorethanbuildingsandequipment.Ifhigher-payingcareerscontinuetoattractthebestandthebrighteststudents,therewillnotonlybeashortageofteachers,buttheteachersavailablemaynothavethebestqualifications.Ouryouthwillsuffer.Andwhenyouthsuffers,thefuturesuffers.Strategies3.Lookingtothefu12Strategies4.Posingquestions:Posingquestions,eithertoyourreadersoringeneral,mayhelpyourreadersgainanewperspectiveonthetopic,whichtheymaynothaveheldbeforereadingyourconclusion.Itmayalsobringyourmainideastogethertocreateanewmeaning.Example:Campaignadvertisementsshouldhelpusunderstandthecandidate'squalificationsandpositionsontheissues.Instead,mosttelluswhatabooborknavetheopposingcandidateis,ortheypresentgeneralimagesofthecandidateasafamilypersonorGod-fearingAmerican.Dosuchadvertisementscontributetocreatinganinformedelectorateorapeoplewhochoosepoliticalleadersthesamewaytheychoosesoftdrinksandsoap?Strategies4.Posingquestions:13ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblemConclusionInyourconclusions,14论文的结论部分1结论的内容2写作要点3写作要求4写作时态论文的结论部分1结论的内容15

结论又称结束语、结语。是最终的总体的概括，也可写建议、对策、设想，或提出研究中发现的尚待解决的问题。它是在理论分析和实验验证的基础上，通过严密的逻辑推理而得出的富有创造性、指导性、经验性的结果描述。它又以自身的条理性、明确性、客观性反映了论文或研究成果的价值。结论与引言相呼应，同摘要一样，其作用是便于读者阅读和为二次文献作者提供依据。结论又称结束语、结语。是最终的总体的概括，也可写建16一般来说可以归纳为以下几点：1、归纳性说明研究结果或发现2、结论性说明结果的可能原因、机理或意义3、前瞻性说明未解决的问题一般来说可以归纳为以下几点：17

有总结和小结之分。小结文稿篇幅短，内容少、简单，多用于原著论文或短文的正文之后，它只用较少的文字将全文报告的主要内容写出来。内容包括主要的结果、结论、数据，目的在于阐明本文的成果和理论。

总结的内容和篇幅较小结为多，多用于综述或讨论类文稿之后，起着概括主题的作用。从内容上说需将全文已论述的问题再扼要概括一遍，作者还可以发表自己的见解和观点。有总结和小结之分。18学术英语conclusion结论的写作19通常情况下，有关结论的内容都包括在“结果与讨论”或“讨论”中，但有时也可将“结论”单独列为一节。在“结论”中作者应清楚、简洁地叙述自己研究的主要认识或论点，其中包括最重要的结果、结果的重要蕴含、对结果的说明或认识等。通常情况下，有关结论的内容都包括在“结果与讨论”或“讨论”中20应注意的是，撰写结论时不应涉及前文不曾指出的新事实，也不能在结论中重复论文中其他章节中的句子，或者叙述其他不重要或与自己研究没有密切联系的内容，以故意把结论拉长。应注意的是，撰写结论时不应涉及前文不曾指出的新事实，也不能在21

结论不是研究结果的简单重复，而是对研究结果更深入一步的认识，是从正文部分的全部内容出发，并涉及引言的部分内容，经过判断、归纳、推理等过程，将研究结果升华成新的总观点。其内容要点如下：

1）本研究结果说明了什么问题，得出了什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题；

2）对前人有关本问题的看法作了哪些检验，哪些与本研究结果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定；

1结论的内容结论不是研究结果的简单重复，而是对研究结果更深223）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。

对于某一篇论文的“结论”，上述要点1）是必需的，而2）和3）视论文的具体内容可以有，也可以没有；如果不可能导出结论，也可以没有结论而进行必要的讨论。

结论段的格式安排可作如下考虑：

如果结论段的内容较多，可以分条来写，并给以编号，如1），2），3）等，每条成一段，包括几句话或1句话；如果结论段内容较少，可以不分条写，整个为一段，几句话。

结论里应包括必要的数据，但主要是用文字表达，一般不再用插图和表格。3）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。2316.ConclusionThispaperpresentedtheresultsofinitialresearchintothedevelopmentofmoreeffectiveminesafetyrulesandregulations.Responsesfromalmost500mineworkerswereanalyzedandsomesimpleguidelinesestablished,inparticular,regardingrulecontent.Theycanbesummarizedas:

16.Conclusion24(a)Managementandregulatorsshouldnotcontinuetoproducemoreandmorerulesandregulationstocovereveryaspectofmining.Minerswillnotreadnorcomprehendtothislevelofdetail.(a)Managementandregulators25(b)Detailedprescriptiveregulations,detailedsafeworkprocedures,andvoluminoussafetymanagementplanswillnotconnectwithaminer.Theaimshouldbetooperatewithaframeworkoffewerrulesbutofthehighestquality.(c)Ofcourse,achievingmoreeffectiverulesandregulationsisnottheonlyanswertoasaferworkplace.Possiblylessemphasisshouldbeoncontentandmoreabouttheprocess.(b)Detailedprescriptiveregu26(d)Inparticular,ensuringthatapositivesafetycultureexistsandthatcommunicationchannelsareopenandworkingwell.Thiswasconfirmedinthesurveywhentheexpressionssimplybadrulesorpoorruleswererarelyblamedforaccidentsandincidents,risktakingorerror-making.(e)Itwasmoretheproblemsofimplementation,communication,andlearningthatwerethemaincausalfactors.(d)Inparticular,ensuringt272写作要点

写作的要点：内容精炼，观点严谨；正面阐述观点，说明与他人不同之处，不反驳、不指责（指正）、更不攻击。（1）对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚。为有效地回答研究问题，可适当简要地回顾研究目的并概括主要结果，但不能简单地罗列结果，因为这种结果的概括是为讨论服务的。2写作要点写作的要点：内容精炼，观点严谨；正面阐述观点，28（2）推论要符合逻辑，避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论。根据结果进行推理时要适度，论证时一定要注意结论和推论的逻辑性。在探讨实验结果或观察事实的相互关系和科学意义时，无需得出试图去解释一切的巨大结论。如果把数据外推到一个更大的、不恰当的结论，不仅无益于提高作者的科学贡献，甚至现有数据所支持的结论也受到怀疑。（2）推论要符合逻辑，避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论。根29（3）观点或结论的表述要清楚、明确。尽可能清楚地指出作者的观点或结论，并解释其支持还是反对早先的工作。结束讨论时，避免使用诸如“Futurestudiesareneeded.”之类苍白无力的句子。（3）观点或结论的表述要清楚、明确。尽可能清楚地指出作者的观30（4）对结果科学意义和实际应用效果的表达要实事求是，适当留有余地。避免使用“Forthefirsttime”等类似的优先权声明。在讨论中应选择适当的词汇来区分推测与事实。例如，可选用“prove”，“demonstrate”等表示作者坚信观点的真实性；选用“show”，“indicate”，“found”等表示作者对问题的答案有某些不确定性；选用“imply”，“suggest”等表示推测；或者选用情态动词“can”，“will”，“should”，“probably”，“may”，“could”，“possibly”等来表示论点的确定性程度。（4）对结果科学意义和实际应用效果的表达要实事求是，适当留有313写作的要求

撰写的结论应达到如下要求：

1）概括准确：措词严谨。结论是论文最终的、总体的总结，对论文创新内容的概括应当准确、完整，不要轻易放弃，更不要漏掉一条有价值的结论，但也不能凭空杜撰。措词要严谨，语句要像法律条文那样，不能模棱两可，含糊其词。肯定和否定要明确，一般不用“大概”、“也许”、“可能是”这类词语。3写作的要求撰写的结论应达到如下要求：322）明确具体，简短精练。结论段有相对的独立性，专业读者和情报人员可以只看摘要和（或）结论而能大致了解论文反映的成果和成果的价值，所以结论段应提供明确、具体的定性和定量的信息。对要点要具体表述，不能用抽象和笼统的语言。可读性要强，如一般不单用量符号，而宜用量名称，比如，说“T与ρ呈正比关系”不如说“××温度与××压力呈正比关系”易读。语言要锤炼，删去可有可无的词语。2）明确具体，简短精练。结论段有相对的独立性，专业读者和情报333）不作自我评价。论文的真正价值是通过具体“结论”来体现的，不宜用如“本研究具有国际先进水平”、“本研究结果属国内首创”、“本研究结果填补了国内空白”一类语句来作自我评价。3）不作自我评价。论文的真正价值是通过具体“结论”来体现的，344写作时态根据具体内容而定。论述所做的研究工作通常用一般过去时；论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时有时也用一般过去时Conclusions简述研究内容强调实验结果，跟Abstract可能有部分重复。与Abstract的区别是Abstract也要强调研究内容以叙事为主的风格4写作时态根据具体内容而定。论述所做的研究工作通常用一般过351．过去时

（1）涉及本研究的内容

（2）涉及他人研究过程的内容

（3）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和条件的结论1．过去时

（1）涉及本研究的内容

（2）涉及他人研究过程的362．现在时

（1）指示性说明

（2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论

（3）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意义

（4）前瞻性说明2．现在时

（1）指示性说明

（2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结37结论部分常用句型1．结果提示…：Theseresultssuggestthat…

举例：ThesedataconfirmthepresenceofatleasttwomajorHCVgenotypesinNigeria.结论部分常用句型382．结果支持或反对某种观点：Theseresultssupporttheideathat…；Theseresultsfailtosupporttheideathat…举例：Theseresultsdonotsupporttheideathattreatmenttolowercholesterolconcentrationcausemooddisturbance.2．结果支持或反对某种观点：393．表示观点的确定或不确定性：Thereisnoevidencethat…；Itislikely/unlikelythat…举例：ThereisnoevidencethatNIDDMproduceanychangeinbonemetabolismormass.3．表示观点的确定或不确定性：404．具有…意义：Beofgreat(some/little/no)clinicalsignificancein…to…举例：Thedetectionofp53geneisofgreatclinicalsignificanceintumordiagnosis.4．具有…意义：415．前瞻性说明：…remaintobefurtherstudied；Itisremainstobeprovedthat…举例：However,therelationofinsulinresistancetohypertensionremainstobefurtherstudied.5．前瞻性说明：426．插入语：

Thisisthefirstcaseofpancreasdivisum.

举例：Thisisthefirstcase,toourknowledge,ofpancreasdivisum.6．插入语：43

Thisworkrepresentsoneofthefewavailablestudiesonsmolderignition.Theresultsshowastrictrequirementforignitingaself-sustainingforwardsmolderingreactionofaporouscombustiblesuchasopen-cell,unrewardedpolyurethane.Theignitionbehaviorisprimarilydeterminedbytheigniterpower,timeofpowerinput,andfuel-igniterinterfacetemperature.Themagnitudeoftheseparameterscanbemodeledbythesolutionoftheenergyequationdescribingthesmolderprocess.Thisworkrepresentsoneof44Theexperimentalresultsshowaminimumenergyandtemperaturerequirementforagiveninputheatfluxtoinitiateaself-sustainingsmolderfront.Asmolderignitiondiagramwithawelldefinedboundarybetweentheignitionandno-ignitionregimeshasbeendevelopedwiththeresultsoftheseexperiments.Withinputpowersrangingfrom30to100W,self-sustainingsmolderreactionswereignitedontheorderof1000s.Theexperimentalresultssho45Thesmoldercharacteristicsoftemperature,velocity,andmasslossarestronglycorrelated