时间心理学探究简介

时间心理学研究简介

(ThePsychologyofTime:AnIntroduction)张志杰西南师范大学心理学院“时间究竟是什么？谁能轻易概括地说明它？谁对此有明确的概念，能用言语表达出来？可是在谈话之中，有什么比时间更常见，更熟悉呢？我们谈到时间，当然了解，听别人谈到时间，我们也领会。那么时间究竟是什么？没有人问我，我倒清楚，有人问我，我想说明，便茫然不解了。”

-----奥古斯丁《忏悔录》“中国和西方所特有的时间概念和历史概念的差别（若有的话），与近代科学技术仅仅产生于西方文明的事实，这两者之间，是否存在某种联系呢？由许多哲学家所提出的论点，是由两部分组成的：第一，试图论证基督教文化比任何其他文化更加重视历史；第二，这种对于历史的重视在意识形态上有利于文艺复兴和科学革命时期近代自然科学的发展”---李约瑟“中国与西方的时间观和历史观”载《李约瑟文集》Outline

TemporalCognitionTemporalPerspectiveTime-relatedIndividualDifferenceTemporalCognitionBehavioralresearchMacro-levelNeuralBasesofTemporalBehavior

Micro-levelTemporalCognition:Macro-levelResearchparadigm-prospectivevs.retrospective

ModelsofExperiencedDuration-ProspectiveTiming

1.InternalClock2.Resourceallocationmodel3.TemporalInformationProcessing4.AttentionalGateModelsofRememberedDuration-RetrospectiveTiming1.Memory-BasedModels:

-StorageSizeHypothesis-CognitiveChangeHypothesis2.ShortcomingsandLimitationsRrange-SyntheticModel

nextreturnreturnreturnreturnTemporalcognition:Macro-levelFactorsinfluencingtemporalcognition1.Age-relateddifferenceBlock,R.A.,Zakay,D.,&Hancock,P.A.(1998).Humanaginganddurationjudgments:Ameta-analyticreview.Psychology&Aging,13,584-596.Block,R.A.,Zakay,D.,&Hancock,P.A.(1999).Developmentalchangesinhumandurationjudgments:Ameta-annalisticreview.DevelopmentalReview,19,183-2112.Gender

Block,R.A.,Hancock,P.A.,&Zakay,D.(2000).Sexdifferenceindurationjudgments:Ameta-analyticreview.Memory&Cognition,28,1333-1346.

TemporalCognition:Macro-levelFactorsinfluencingtemporalcognition

3.PersonalityRammsayer,T.H.(1997).Ontherelationshipbetweenpersonalityandtimeestimation.Personalityandindividualdifferences,

23,739-7444.MentalillnessADHD,Parkinson'sdisease,Amnesia,Alzheimer'sdisease,Schizophrenia,Stutter,Emotion5.NotemporaltaskModalityeffect

notemporaltaskBehaviouralProcessing,1998,2000.HelgaLejeune

Prospectivetiming,attentionandtheswitch:Aresponseto‘Gatingorswitching?gatingisabettermodelofprospectivetiming’byZakay

Switchingorgating?Theatttentialchallengeincognitivemodelsofpsychologicaltime.DanZakay

Gatingorswitching?Gatingisabetter:modelofprospectivetiming(aresponseto‘switchingorgating?’byLejeune)NeuralBasesofTemporalBehavior:

Micro-levelRammsayer,T.H.(1993).Ondopaminergicmodulationoftemporalinformationprocessing.BiologicalPsychology,36,209-222.Meck,W.H.(1996).Neuropharmacologyoftimingandtimeperception.

CognitiveBrainResearch,3,227-242.Rammsayer,T.H.(1999).NeuropharmacologicalEvidenceforDifferentTimingMechanismsinHumans.TheQuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology,52B(3),273-286Rammsayer,T.H.et.al(2001).EffectsofnoradrenergicactivityontemporalinformationprocessinginhumansTheQuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology,54B(3),247-258RonaldP.Gruber,R.P.(2003).Effectofcaffeineonprospectiveandretrospectivedurationjudgements.HumanPsychopharmacology,18:351–359.AnintroductiontoContigentNegativeVariation(CNV)?1.s1(warningsignal)----s2(targetsignal)CNVreflectanticipatoryprocessingandmotorpreparationprocessingofS22.Themonophasicwaveform(1-3s)andbiphaiscwaveformofCNV(exceeding3-4s)3.Electrophysiologicalcorrelatesoftimeestimation

(ortemporalperception)

Contigentnegativevariationandaccuracyoftimeestimation:Astudyoncats(Macar,etal,1979)CNVandtimeestimation(Ladanyi,etal,1985)TheprocessingoftemproalintervalsreflectedbyCNV-likebrainpotentials(Elbert,etal,1991)AtypicalCNVwaveformTheDifferencebetweenNontemporalandTemporalInformationProcessingbyERPResearchERPsandPETAnalysisofTimePerception:SpatialandTemporalBrainMappingDuringVisualDiscriminationTasks,HumanBrainMapping,2000HemisphericLateralizationofTemporalInformationProcessingbyERPresearchFornontemporalinformationprocessingLefthemisphereforencodingRighthemisphereforretrievingMonfort,etal(2000)Roleoffrontalcortexinmemoryforduration:anevent-relatedpotentionalstudyinhumans.NeuroscienceLettersLevelofperformanceintemporalinformationprocessingreflectedbyERPResultsfromPETshowbrainactivitychangesafterpractice,fewerstructuresareactive,andgloballevelofactivityislower.Theamplitudeofbrainwavesdecreasesaftertrainingintemporaltask.GrandaverageCNVsrecordedovertheprefrontalcortex(Fz)inadurationreproductiontask(Casini,L.,&Macar,F.,1996)Casini&Macar(1996)Canthelevelofprefrontalactivityprovideanindexofperformanceinhumans.NeuroscienceLetters.Age-relateddifferenceintemporalinformationprocessingbyERPresearchredfor0.6sandbluefor3s,withareasofoverlapshowingingreen.Brainactivationpatternsduringmeasurementofsub-andsupra-secondintervals,Neuropsychologia41(2003)1583–1592Brainareasresponsiblefortimekeeping.ChangesinrCBFthatcovariedsignificantlywiththedurationsofthetargetbeingperceivedbysubjectswerefoundinthedorsolateralprefrontalcortex(DLPFC),theposteriorpartoftheinferiorparietalcortex(IPPC),basalgangliaandposteriorcingulatecortex.TheresultsindicatethataneuralnetworkcomposedoftheposteriorinferiorparietalcortextotheDLPFCplaysacrucialroleinthetemporalmonitoringprocessintimeperception.TemporalPerspectiveComponentsofexperientialtimewithintheselfThemultidimensionalnatureandmeasurementoftemporalperspectiveCorrelatesoffuture-orientationChangesacrossthelife-spanDisturbancesoftemporalperspectivedueto:1.hypnosis2.delinquency3.mentalillnessRoleofTimeinAutobiographicalMemory

AutobiographicalmemoryanditsrelationshiptoothermemorysystemsThetemporalorganizationofpersonalmemories:1.Theuseoftemporalreferenceframesinremembering2.ChildhoodamnesiaEventdating:1.Factorsinfluencingtheaccuracyofeventdating

2.Reconstructiveprocessesthroughtemporalschemasandlandmarks3.PublicmemoriesofnewseventsProspectivememoryTime-relatedIndividualDifference

DimensionBriefdefinitionTimeorientation

Preferenceforfocusingonthepast,thepresentorthefutureTimeurgency