01阅读理解（细节理解题）-2025年高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括

阅读理解细节理解题[设题特点]新高考阅读理解的4种命题形式中，细节理解题所占相对比例最高，但相对容易，重在考查对文章的某一细节或事实的理解，都是对文中具体信息进行提问，如who,when,where,which,why,what,howmany/much等。[选项特征]正确选项特征1.同义替换：指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换；有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换；2.信息归纳：用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案；3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项；4.原文原词：利用原文原词作为正确选项。干扰选项特征1.张冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；2.无中生有：符合常识，但不是文章的内容；3.曲解文意：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动；4.颠倒是非：在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；5.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。考法一直接细节题[设题特点]直接细节题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子。只需要弄清题干问的是什么,找到题干中的关键信息，然后根据信息在文中寻找相关内容(有时需跨段落寻找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。常涉及考查直接细节题的一般为应用文，涉及人与社会这一主题的：①旅游广告；②活动介绍/通知/启事；③演出信息；④飞机/火车等交通工具出行问题。[设问方式]特殊疑问句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑问词开头引出问题。[技法点拨]典例1【江苏省百校联考20222023学年高三上学期第一次考试】Eventreeplantingcanincreasehealthriskstolocalhumanpopulationsifitfocusestoonarrowlyonasmallnumberofspecies,asisoftenthecaseinmercialforests.Outbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesaremorelikelyinareasofmonocultureplantations,accordingtoanewstudy.Theresearchersofthestudysaidthiswasbecausediseasesarefiltered(过滤)andblockedbyarangeofpredators(食肉动物)andhabitatsinahealthy,biodiverseforest.Whenthisisreplacedbyapalmoilplantationorsoyfields,thespecialistspeciesdieoff,leavinggeneralistssuchasratsandmosquitoestothrive(繁殖)andspreadpathogensacrosshumanandnonhumanhabitats.Thenetresultisalossofnaturaldiseaseregulation.Theresearchersexaminedthecorrelationbetweentrendsforforestcover,plantations,populationanddiseasearoundtheglobeusingstatisticsfrominternationalinstitutionssuchastheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheFoodandAgriculturalOrganization.Overtheperiodofstudyfrom1990to2016,thiscovered3,884outbreaksof116diseasesthatcrossedthespeciesbarrierand1,996outbreaksof69vectorborneinfectiousdiseases,mostlycarriedbymosquitoes,ticksorflies.Thenewstudyaddstoagrowingbodyofevidencethatvirusesaremorelikelytotransfertohumansoranimalsiftheyliveinornearhumandisturbedecosystems.Thisisshapedbytradepatternsandconsumerbehaviour.Aquarterofglobalforestlossisdrivenbytheproductionofmoditiessuchasbeef,soy,palmoilandwoodfibre.Morand,leadauthorofthestudy,saidhisstudyshowedthatdiseaserisksneedtobeaddedtoriskbenefitanalysisofnewprojects.“Weshouldtakethecostsofpublichealthintoaccountwhenconsideringnewplantations.Therisksarefirsttolocalpeople,butthenworldwidebecausewehaveseenwithCovidhowquicklydiseasescanspread.”Morandisnowworkingonamoredetailedstudythatwillusesatelliteanalysisofforestcovertoexaminelinkswithdisease.Withmoreinformation,hebelievesitmaybepossibletopredictfutureoutbreaksandtoworkwithlocalmunitiestobuildecologicallydiverseandeconomicallyproductivelandscapesthatreducetherisks.12．Whyareoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesmorelikelyinareasofmonocultureplantations?A．Thespecialistspeciesarewipedoutbytheirpredators.B．Biodiversitydeclinedestroysnaturaldiseaseregulation.C．Localhumanpopulationshavenoknowledgeofhealthrisks.D．mercialforestsprovidefoodfordiseasecarryinginsects.13．Howdidtheresearchersgettheirfindings?A．Byconductingdataanalysis. B．Byreferringtoanotherstudy.C．Bymakingfieldinvestigation. D．Byconsultingauthoritativeagencies.【答案】12．B

13．A

12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Whenthisisreplacedbyapalmoilplantationorsoyfields,thespecialistspeciesdieoff,leavinggeneralistssuchasratsandmosquitoestothrive(繁殖)andspreadpathogensacrosshumanandnonhumanhabitats.Thenetresultisalossofnaturaldiseaseregulation.(当这些地方被棕榈油种植园或大豆田取代时，专门的物种就会灭绝，只留下老鼠和蚊子等多面手，并在人类和非人类的栖息地传播病原体。最终的结果是自然疾病调控的丧失。)”可知，物种多样化的下降会破坏大自然对疾病的调节控制。故选B。13．细节理解题。根据第三段“Overtheperiodofstudyfrom1990to2016,thiscovered3,884outbreaksof116diseasesthatcrossedthespeciesbarrierand1,996outbreaksof69vectorborneinfectiousdiseases,mostlycarriedbymosquitoes,ticksorflies.(在1990年至2016年的研究期间，涉及跨越物种障碍的116种疾病的3,884次爆发，以及69种病媒传染病的1,996次爆发，主要由蚊子、蜱虫或苍蝇传播。)”可知，研究人员是通过分析数据的方式得出研究结论的。故选A。考法二综合细节题[设题特点]1.综合细节题相比直接细节题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常考类型：①同义转述类：为了增加迷惑性，出题人有时会利用同义词、近义词甚至反义词等对题干或正确答案进行“包装”,这就要求考生能够仔细分析辨别出关键信息再作答。②数字计算类：此类题要求考生对表示时间、数量等的数字信息进行加工，考查考生对具体细节信息的处理能力，故试题涉及的计算相对简单。③综合细节类：此类试题涉及一段内的多个信息点或多段内容且各个细节信息都能在文章中找到。考生要具备一定的概括或归纳能力才能正确作答。2.考查综合细节题的体裁常为记叙文、说明文或议论文，会涉及人与社会、人与自我和人与自然三大主题语境。[设问方式]①特殊疑问句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑问词开头引出问题。②Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?③Howdoesthewriterremend...toreaders?[技法点拨]典例2【南京市第一中学20222023学年高三上学期入学考试】Thereisan“environmentalsilverlining”asaresultofthecoronavirus(冠状病毒)—carbonemissionshavebeenreducedbymorethan4%,manywildlifemarketsaroundtheworldhavebeenclosedandairqualityinsomeplaceshasslightlyimproved,DaveFord,founderoftheenvironmentalliteracyorganizationSoulBuffalo,says.However,becauseofanincreaseinpandemicrelated,nonrecyclablematerialssuchastakeoutplasticcontainersandmasks,30%morewastehasenteredouroceans,henotes.“There's129billionfacemasksbeingmadeeverymonth—enoughthatyoucouldcovertheentirecountryofSwitzerlandwithfacemasksattheendofthisyeariftrendscontinue,”hesays.“Andalotofthesemasksareendingupinthewater.”Themaskslooklikejellyfish—inotherwords,food—toturtlesandotherwildlifecreatures,thus,attractivetothoseanimalsandthenendangeringthem,hesays.Verylittleoftheplasticweuseisactuallyrecyclable.SharonLernerofTheIntercepttoldHere&Nowlastyearthat"thevastmajorityofplasticthathaseverbeenproduced—79%—hasactuallyendedupinlandfillsorburned,butnotremadeintonewproducts."Eveniftheplasticswehavecanbereused,Fordsaysrecyclingprogramsacrosstheglobearefacingseverebudgetcuts.“We'restartingtoseerecyclingprogramsstopped,wastepickingmunitiesoperatingat50%oractuallyshuttingdown.Theyarethelastlineofdefensebetweenplasticandtheenvironment,”hesays.Lastyear,Unileverplannedtocutitsuseofnonrecycledplasticsinhalfby2025.InaninterviewwithHere&Now,RichardSlater,Unilever'schiefresearchanddevelopmentofficer,drewontheindustryargumentthatplasticpackagingislighter,whichmeanslessshippingandthereforefewerdangerousemissionsthatcauseclimatechange.Yes,plasticsarelightweightandcancutdownonfuelspending.Butontheotherhand,plasticwasteisbeingfoundineveryaspectoflife—eveninthedeepestocean.29．Whyarefacemasksattractivetosomeseacreatures?A．Thereisacontinuousshortageoffoodintheocean.B．Theycontaincertainuniquechemicals.C．Manyseacreaturesliketochaseplasticbynature.D．Theylookliketheseacreatures'food.30．Whatcanwelearnabouttheplasticwaste?A．Themajorityofitisburiedorburned.B．Mostofitisrecycledintonewproducts.C．129billionfacemasksendupintheocean.D．Thereisenoughbudgetforplasticrecycling.【答案】

29．D

30．A

29．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Themaskslooklikejellyfish—inotherwords,food—toturtlesandotherwildlifecreatures,thus,attractivetothoseanimalsandthenendangeringthem,hesays.(很多这样的口罩最后都掉进水里了。”他说,这种口罩看起来像水母——换句话说,是乌龟和其他野生动物的食物——因此,吸引了这些动物,然后又危及了它们。)”可知,有些海洋生物喜欢口罩,是因为它们很像海洋生物的食物。故选D。30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“SharonLernerofTheIntercepttoldHere&Nowlastyearthat"thevastmajorityofplasticthathaseverbeenproduced—79%—hasactuallyendedupinlandfillsorburned,butnotrefashionedintonewproducts."(去年,Intercept网站的SharonLerner在接受《Here&Now》采访时表示：“绝大多数已经生产出来的塑料——79%——最终都被扔进了垃圾填埋场或被焚烧,但没有被改造成新产品。”)”可知,大部分塑料废品都被埋了或者烧掉了。故选A。巩固提高A【江苏省百校联考20222023学年高三上学期第一次考试】FromatreehousecampinFrancetoanorganicfarminPortugal,TheGreenTravellerpicksfourresorts(景点)tostayduringtheingsummervacation.IlPaluffo,ItalyIt’sacollectionofluxurioussmallvillas(别墅)withinarestored15thcenturybuilding,poweredbyrenewableenergy,amidtherollingChiantiHills.Fromthenaturalpoolyoucanbebathedinthesunshinewhileadmiringviews.Themainvillahasfourelegantdoublerooms,whilefourapartmentseachsleepfourtosixpeopleandewiththeirownprivategardens.LeCamp,FranceItisasafaritentcamp,overlookingthegreenvalleyoftheAveyroninsouthwestFrance.Largehandmadebeds,softsolarlighting,andanoutdoorwoodlandspaarearrangedinabacktonaturesetting.Theownerscanhelpplanyourjourneybytrainandofferafreetransfer(接送)toandfromlocalrailwaystations.LeMasdeSaribou,FranceSwinginthehammock(吊床)bythesplendidnaturalpoolwithviewsofmountainpeaksatthisfourroomecovillainsoutheasternFrance.Thekidswillloveexploringthegardenswhereyousearchforvegetables,fruit,andflowersforyourdinner.Solarpanelssupplytheelectricityandagrassroofandthickwallskeepyoucoolinsidefromthesummerheat.Muxima,PortugalIt’sanAfricaninspiredretreat.ThesolarpoweredsevenguestroomshereareclosetosomespectacularsandyandsurffriendlybeachesalongtheVicentinacoast.Youcanjoinanearlymorningyogaclassbythenaturalpoolandthentakeaseattoenjoyavegetarianbreakfast,madeupofmostlyorganic,homegrownandlocalproduce.1．WhatcanavisitordoinIlPaluffoandLeMasdeSaribou?A．Restoreoldbuildings. B．Dogardeningwork.C．Swinginthehammock. D．Enjoymountainviews.2．Whichofthefollowingofferspersonalizedservices?A．IlPaluffo. B．LeCamp.C．LeMasdeSaribou. D．Muxima.3．Whatdothefourresortshaveinmon?A．Theyofferorganicbreakfast.B．Theysponsorswimmingraces.C．Theyarepoweredbygreenenergy.D．Theyaresurroundedbymountains.【答案】1．D

2．B

3．C【导语】本篇是应用文。介绍了四个夏季休闲度假的好去处。1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“amidtherollingChiantiHills.Fromthenaturalpoolyoucanbebathedinthesunshinewhileadmiringviews(在起伏的基安蒂山中。从天然泳池，您可以沐浴在阳光下，欣赏美景)”和第四段的“Swinginthehammock(吊床)bythesplendidnaturalpoolwithviewsofmountainpeaksatthisfourroomecovillainsoutheasternFrance(在这座位于法国东南部的四房生态别墅中，在壮丽的天然泳池旁的吊床上荡秋千，可以看到山峰)”可知，游客在IlPaluffo和LeMasdeSaribou都可以欣赏山景。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Theownerscanhelpplanyourjourneybytrainandofferafreetransfer(接送)toandfromlocalrailwaystations(车主可以帮助您计划火车旅行，并提供往返当地火车站的免费接送服务)”可知，在LeCamp游客可以享受到定制服务。故选B。3．细节理解题。根据第二段的“poweredbyrenewableenergy(由可再生能源提供动力)”，第三段的“softsolarlighting(软太阳能照明)”，第四段的“Solarpanelssupplytheelectricity(太阳能电池板提供电力)”和最后一段的“Thesolarpoweredsevenguestrooms(太阳能发电的七间客房)”可知，这四个度假村的共同之处是它们由绿色能源提供动力。故选C。B【江苏省百校联考20222023学年高三上学期第一次考试】Allowingwomentogivebirthinhospitalwiththeirpetdogbytheirsidecouldmakethemlessanxious,oneofthefirstwomentousea“birthdog”hassaid.CharlotteBeard,24,whosuffersfromnonepilepticseizures,wassupportedthroughher50hourlabourbyheraidpetFlump,whoistrainedtodetectseizuresbeforetheyhappen.Flumpwaspreparedforthebirthbybeingplayedaudiotracksofbabiescryingathomeandbeingintroducedtostaffatthematernityward(产房)inPoolehospital.Beardjoked.“Hewasvisitingthematernityhospitalonaveryregularbasis,gettingtoknowstaff,gettingtoknowthedifferentroomsandthesetups.”Itisalegalrequirementthatassistancedogsareallowedintohospitals,butBeardsaidalotofhospitalswerenotawareofthis.“ItwouldhavecausedhighlevelsofanxietyifFlumpwasnotthere,”shesaid.“Iwouldhavecertainlybeenmoreconcernedaboutmysafety.”“IamnotsuggestingthatifIweretohaveaseizure,staffwouldnothavebeenabletolookafterme.Butnostaffmembercandetectbeforehandwhetheryouaregoingtohaveaseizureornot.ThatissomethingthatFlumpcandothatnobodyelsecan,anditgivesthemsuchvaluabletimetomakesurethatIamsafeandhavetherightsupportinplacebeforeithappens.Preventionisalwaysmuchbetterthantreatment.”BeardgotFlumpat10weeksandhastrainedhimsincethen.“FromahumanstandpointIcannothelpbutthinkhowlovelyitisthatFlumpwasthere.HewasoneofthefirsttoseeAlfie,”Beardsaid.“BeingpresenttherefromthebirthandmeetingAlfiewithinmomentsofhimbeingborn,whetherithasincreasedthebondornot,itwassuchalovelyexperienceforeveryone.Flumpwasabsolutelybesotted(痴恋)withAlfiefromthemomenthefirstsawhim.”8．WhydidBeardhaveanassistancepetpresentduringbirth?A．Tocureherdisease. B．Tomonitorthedoctors.C．Toeaseheranxiety. D．Tokeepthedoor.9．Whatwastheassistancedogtrainedtodobeforedoingthejob?A．Understandhumanvoices. B．Getfamiliarizedwiththehospital.C．Playmusicforbabies. D．Learnaboutmedicaldevices.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph6referto?A．Detectingthedisease. B．Medicaltreatment.C．Lookingafterthepatient. D．Aseizure.11．WhatdoesBeardthinkoffuture