【自考复习资料】00834英语经贸知识（考前笔记）

《英语经贸知识》重点资料Lesson1

1.Internationaltrade:canbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.

2.Internationalspecialization:onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremaindertoothercountries.

3.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage:holdsthatevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,i.e.ithasabsolutedisadvantageinproducingbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.

4.国际专业化：internationalspecialization绝对利益：absoluteadvantage

比较利益：comparativeadvantage

5.richinadvantageoverpointonacrossborders

6.Translation:

(1)在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.

(2)随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade,i.e.internationalspecialization.

(3)按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。

Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.

(4)比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。

Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept;acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownactions.

(5)比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。

Theideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecomethecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.

Lesson2

1.Economiesofscale:thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.

2.Tariffbarriers:arethemostcommonformoftraderestriction.

3.Atariff:isataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.

4.Acustomsunion:acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion.

5.Importduties:aretariffsleviedongoodsenteringanarea.

6.Exportduties:aretaxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea.7.Drawback:referstodutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.

8.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment:referstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.

9.Quotasorquantitativerestrictions:arethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.

10.需求结构：patternsofdemand生产能力：productioncapabilities

消费爱好：consumptionpreference规模经济：economiesofscale

成本优势：costadvantage大规模生产：large-scaleproduction

关税和配额：tariffsandquotas外汇：foreignexchange

革新或款式：innovationorstyle移民汇款：immigrantremittance

11.capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedon

takeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortsto

engagein

12.Translation:

(1)一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。

Thecostofproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.

(2)在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。

Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.

(3)配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。

Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.

(4)有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。

Thevisibletradeistheimportandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.

(5)国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。

Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.

Lesson3

1.Consignmenttransaction:thismeanstheexporterhastosendhisgoodsabroadandwillnotgetpaymentuntilthegoodsaresold.Ifnotsold,thegoodscanbeshippedback.

2.Thedraft:alsoreferredtoasthebillofexchange,isanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.

3.Sightdraft:callsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.

4.Usancedraft:ispayableatalaterdate,e.g.30,45,60or90daysaftersightordate.5.Documentarydraft:thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,theinvoice,theinsurancepolicyetc.

6.Documentsagainstpayment(D/P):documentswillnotbereleasedtotheimporteruntilpaymentiseffected.

7.D/Patsight:requiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.

8.D/Paftersight:givestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandise.

9.Documentsagainstacceptance(D/A):documentsarehandedovertotheimporteruponhisacceptanceofthebillofexchangedrawnbytheexporter.Paymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdate.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.

10.外汇管制：foreignexchangecontrol预付现金：cashinadvance

记帐贸易：openaccount破产：gobankrupt

11.addupto(amountto)have/gaincontroloverpartwith(分手)

enterintoondemand(立即)handoverto(交给)

pushthesale(促销)tieupmoney(占压资金)make/effectpayment

open/issue/establishL/Cwithbankinone"sfavor(以谁为受益人)

12.Translation:

(1)在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。

Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfilthecontract.

(2)为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。

Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade

(3)许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。

Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.

(4)即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。

Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.

(5)就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。

Sofarastheexporter"sinterestisconcernedD/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.

Lesson4

1.Theletterofcredit:isaletterissuedbyabankattherequestoftheimporterinwhichthebankpromisestopayuponpresentationoftherelevantdocuments.

2.Theconfirmingbank:thebankthataddsitsconfirmationtothecreditiscalledtheconfirmingbankwhichisundertakeneitherbytheadvisingbankoranotherprimebank.3.Negotiatingbank:ifabank,eithernominatedbytheopeningbankoratitsownchoice,buystheexporter"sdraftsubmittedtoitunderacredit,itiscalledanegotiatingbank.

4.支付方法：methodofpayment发货：dispatchthegoods

条款：termsandconditions保兑信用证：confirmedletterofcredit

分批可转船：partialshipmentsortransshipment运载船支：carryingvessel统一惯例：theuniformcustomsandpracticefordocumentarycredits

5.match…with(与…一致)attherequestofbeconcernedwith(关心)

(1)在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。

Ininternationaltradeitisalmostimpossibletomatchpaymentwiththephysicaldeliveryofthegoods.

(2)信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。

Themethodofpaymentbytheletterofcreditofferssecuritytoboththesellerandthebuyer.

(3)现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。

Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.

(4)要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。

Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireconfirmedletterofcredit.

(5)信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。

Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,languageandstipulations.

Lesson5

1.Cleandraft:draftnotaccompaniedwithshippingdocuments,forpaymentarecleancredit.

2.Documentarycredit:creditsthatrequireshippingdocumentstobepresentedtogetherwiththedraft.

3.Irrevocablecredits:arethosethatcannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofallthepartiesconcerned.

4.Revocablecredit:thecreditisarevocableoneifsuchcommitmentscanbealteredorevencanceledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.

5.Confirmedcredit:ifacreditisconfirmedbyabankotherthantheissuingbank,itbecomesaconfirmedcredit.

6.Sightcredit:isonebywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraftandimpeccabledocumentsbythebeneficiarytothebank,asightcreditcallsforasightdraft.

7.Usancecredit:isonebywhichpaymentcannotbemadeuntilaspecificdateoraspecifictimeafterthedateoraftersight,thistypeofcreditrequiresausancedraft.8.Transferablecredit:ifacreditcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties,itisatransferablecredit.

9.Non-draftcredit:thereisamoderntendencyforpaymenttobemadebypresentationofthedocumentswithouttheformalityofdrawingandpresentingadraft.

10.Revolvingcredit:ifacreditstipulatedthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.

11.Accompanywith/byconsultwith(和…协商)

(1)信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。

Lettersofcreditareclassifiedintodifferenttypesaccordingtotheirfunction,form,andmechanism.

(2)光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。

Cleanlettersofcreditaremainlyusedinnon-tradesettlement,whiledocumentarycreditsaregenerallyusedincommoditytrade.

(3)在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。

Inthecaseofsightcredits,paymentcanbemadepromptlyuponpresentationofdraftandimpeccableshippingdocuments.

(4)远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天，60天甚至可长达180天。

Ausancecreditobviouslycallsforatimedraft,andtheusancevariesfrom30,60,toaslongas180days.

(5)如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。

Aletterofcreditiscalledtransferableifitcanbetransferredbyitsoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledthefirstbeneficiary,andtheparty(orparties)thecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.

(6)对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。

Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractingpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.

Lesson6

1.Contract:isanagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.

2.Firmoffer:isapromisetosellgoodsatastatedprice.Inmakingafirmoffer,mentionshouldbemadeofthetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesirednadditiontoanexactdescriptionofthegoodsincludingthequantity,quality,specifications,packing,etc.Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer.

3.业务范围：businessline不可抗力：forcemajeur合同正文：contractproper通常作法：usualpractice

4.makecompensationgiverisetodisputes(引起争执)

bindinguponsend/make/mailanoffer(发盘)inrelationto(关于)

setup(结构)

5.Translation:

(1)合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。

Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.

(2)口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。

Oralbusinessnegotiationsrefertoface-to-facediscussionsorthoseconductedthroughinternationaltruckcalls.

(3)买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。

Inquiriesmadebythebuyeraretogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered,andarenotbindingontheinquirer.(2)这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。Themodesdifferintermsofoperationcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thefivemajormodesarewater,rail,truck,pipelineandair.

(3)过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。

Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinessfirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapability.

(4)作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。

Asasociety,weenjoyaricherandmoreleisurelylifethanwewouldbeinatotallyself-sufficientcommunity.

(5)最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。

Anotherfactorthathasthrusttransportationintothelimelightinrecentyearsisthegrowingutilizationofjust-in-timeinventorysystems,onthebasisofaproductionapproachinwhichthefirmmaintainsverysmallquantitiesofproductioninputs.

Lesson10

1.Insurance:isasocialdeviceinwhichagroupofindividualsandbusinessenterprisestransferriskandprovidesforpaymentoflossesfromfundscontributedbyallmemberswhotransferredrisk.

2.对外贸易：overseastrade时滞：timelag索赔：claimcompensation

3.carry/bear/runtherisks(承担风险)inassociationwith(与…联合)

referto+ntake…shareof(占…份额)aimatdoing(旨在做…)

placeupon(放在…)beexposedto(暴露)

fill/supply/stop/close/bridgethegap(填补空白)

4.Translation:

(1)保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。

Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusinessenterprisecanshiftsomeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.

(2)即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。

Evenunderthesecircumstances,mostofthefirmsprefertopayaknowncostorpremiumforthetransferofrisk,ratherthanfacetheuncertaintyofcarryingtheriskofloss.

(3)对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费用也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。

Inthecaseofbusinessenterprises,thevaluesexposedtolossareusuallymuchhigherandthepremiumchargedissubstantiallyhigherthanthatforahouseoracar.

(4)企业投保的主要刺激是他们可能腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。

Themainstimulustotheenterpriseisthereleaseoffundsforinvestmentintheproductionofotheritems.

(5)因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。Therefore,cargoinsuranceisanactivityaimingatmovingtheburdenofriskfromtheexportersandimporterstotheunderwriters.

Lesson11

1.Insurableinterest:holdsthatnoonemayinsureanythingunlesshehasaninterestinit,whichmeansthatifthethinginsuredispreservedhewillderiveabenefitfromitspreservation,butifitisinanywaydamagedorlosttheassuredwillbeadverselyaffected.

2.Indemnity:holdsthatacontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhosufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelossoccurred.

3.Contribution:isasub-principlewhichisassociatedwithindemnity.Itholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.

4.价格条件：termsofsale崭新的：brand-new占用的资金：thecapitaltiedup

货运代理行：freightforwarder平安险：F.P.A.(FreeParticularAverage)

水渍险:W.A./W.P.A.(WithParticularAverage)

5.takeout(制定)takeover(接管)insuresthwithsb(通过…投保)

payupfor(承担)besubstitutedfor(取代…)beentitledto+n/doing(有权力)

drawup/makeout(开出保险单)

6.Translation:

(1)没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。

Aninsurancecontractwithoutaninsurableinteresttosupportitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotbeentertained.

(2)尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。

Eventhoughthemis-statementisunintentional,theunderwriterwillstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.

(3)将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。

Acontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhohassufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelossoccurred.

(4)赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。

Thecompensationpayablegenerallyincludestheinvoicedcostplusfreight,theinsurancepremium,andanagreedpercentage,say10%.

(5)如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司不予赔偿。

Theinsurancecompanywillnotentertaintheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheproximatecauseoftheloss.

Lesson12

1.