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Unit1InterculturalCommunicationintheGlobalContext1/62Warmup

AsavisitingprofessorinanAmericanuniversity,ChunghwawasinvitedtogivealecturetoagroupofAmericanstudents;hetalkedaboutuniversitystudentsinChina.Duringthequestion-and–answerperiodafterthelecture,onefemalestudentaskedaquestionthatsurprisedChunghwa“whenyoutalkedaboutfemalestudents,youreferredtothemasgirls.Why?”

2/62“Becausetheyaregirls.That’swhattheyarecalled,”Chunghwatriedtoanswer,butheknewhedidnotreallyunderstandtheintentionofthequestion.“Idon’tquiteunderstandyourquestion,I’mafraid.”“IntheStates,wecallourselves‘women’ifwe’reoldenoughtogototheuniversity,callingus‘girls’isinsulting.”3/62Chineseperspective

Inchina,“girl”meanssomeonewhoisyoungandsingle.Inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople,“woman”meanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.Infact,mostsingleChinesefemales,suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalled“women”.4/62Americanperspective

Whattocallfemalesisasensitiveandsometimesconfusingissueinthewest.Informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpuberty

awoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybecamewidespreadduringthewomen’sliberationmovementinthe1960s.Theterm“girl”issometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.5/62

一位大学女生对一位30多岁售货员说：“小姐，把这给我看看。”“小姐”回答说:“你没看我多大了，小姐不是随便能够叫。”Question:Whywastheshopassistantangrywiththeuniversitystudent?6/62Case1

Agenerationagoyoungpeopleaspiredtobecomelawyersanddoctors.NowtheyyearntobethenextOscarwinnerorcelebritypopstar.BurDr.CarloStrenger,auniversitypsychologistwarnedthatthisisweakeninghavoc(大破坏，浩劫)withourself-imageandunderminingoursenseofself-worth.7/62Hebegananinterdisciplinaryprojectonthephenomenontenyearsago.Byusingawide-rangingframeworkhethinksthathehaspinpointed（准确找到）thecause.“Theimpactoftheglobalinfotainment（资讯娱乐）networkintheindividualistoblame.”8/62“Anewspeciesisborn;homoglobalis—globalman—andwearedefinedbyourintimateconnectiontotheglobalinfotainmentnetwork,whichhasturnedrankingandratingpeopleonscalesofwealthandcelebrityintoanobsession.”Hewroteinhisbook,TheFearofInsignificance:SearchingforMeaningintheTwenty-firstCentury.“Andthiscreateshighlyunstableself-esteemandunstablesociety.”9/62Dr.Strengeradvises,“Stablemeaningcannotbefoundincheappaperbacks.Peopleshouldinvesttimeandthoughttotheirworldviewsandself-understandinginthesamewaytheyinvestinmedicalstudiesandlawschool.”10/621.Whatdoyouthinkarethereasonsforyoungpeople’syearningtobeacelebritytoday?2.Howcantoday’speoplefindtheirownself-worthandrealmeaningoflife?11/62AnalysisJustasDrStrengernoticesthatovertherecentyearspeoplearoundtheworldhavebeensufferingfromanincreasingfearoftheirown“insignificance”.Ashumanswenaturallymeasureourselvestothosearoundus,butnowweliveinaglobalvillagewearecomparingourselveswiththemostsignificantpeopleintheworld—andfindingourselveswanting.Inthepastbeingalawyerordoctorwasaveryreputableprofession.Buttoday,evenhighachieversconstantlyfearthattheyareinsignificantwhentheycomparethemselvestosuccessstoriesinthemedia.12/62Theremedy,accordingtoDr.Strenger,isaprocessthathecalls“activeself-acceptance”throughasustainedquestforself-knowledgethroughlife.Thefearforinsignificancecanonlybeovercomethroughstrongindividualandculturalidentityoverandabovemeasurableachievement.Hebelievesthatpeopleneedtoinvestasmuchtimeindevelopingtheirworldviewastheircareers.13/62Case2AmultinationalDutchfirmthatoutsourced（外包）thedevelopmentofanewglobalinformationtechnologyserviceplatformtoanIndiancompany.WhentheDutchheadoftheITgroupmetwiththeprogrammingteaminBangaloretodiscussthecoreplatformonwhichtobuildtheapplication,hecasuallysuggestedthattheIndiansuseawell-known,commerciallyavailableplatform.Thiswasonlyoneofmanyplatformsthatcouldbeusedbutonewithwhichthemanagerwasfamiliar.HeaskedtheleadontheIndianteamiftheycouldbuildtheapplicationonthatplatform.14/62“Yes,”theteamleaderreplied,“wecandoit.”Aftersixmonthsofdelayandcostoverruns（超支）inexcessof$10million,thejobwasfinished.TheITmanageroftheDutchfirmaskedtheIndianteamwhyithadcostsomuchmoreandhadtakensomuchlongerthantheyhadoriginallyestimated.15/62“Youaskedustobuilditonaveryunfriendlyplatformforthisapplication,”wasthereply.“Itwouldhavebeenbetterdoingitinadifferentway.”TheDutchtechnologymanagerwasastonished.16/621.WhywastheDutchtechnologymanagersoshocked?2.Howcouldsuchmisunderstandingsinthiscasebeavoided?17/62AnalysisTheDutchmanagerwasshockedbecausehethoughthehadn’ttoldtheteamtobuilditinacertainway,hesimplyhadaskedifitcouldbedone!Hehadneverquestionedthewayinwhichhecommunicatedtotheheadofhistechnologygroup.18/62Infact,hethoughthehadbeenaskingsimplequestions,almostmakingidleconversation,andneverconsideredthatbecausehewastheboss,hisIndianemployeewoulddoasheasked.Heexpectedthatthetechnologydesignteamwouldcounterwithanotherrecommendationifhisideawasinappropriate.HeneverrealizedthatintheIndianculturesuchachallengerarelyisforthcoming.19/62Themisunderstandingstookplacebecauseculturalbarriersgotintheway.Totakefulladvantageoftheopportunitiesthattheglobalenvironmentoffered,boththeDutchandtheIndianteamsneededtohaveabetterunderstandingoftheculturallybasedexpectationsofeachgroup.20/62Inthiscase,theDutchmanagerwouldhavebeenmoresuccessfulifhehadasked,“Whatkindofplatformdoyousuggest?”RatherthanriskingthathisIndianemployeewoulddisagreewiththesuggestionhemade,thisapproachwouldhaveallowedforarespectfuldialogue.21/62TheDutchmanagershouldhaveknownthatIndiansrarelydisagreeorsaynobecausetheircommunicationstyleisindirect,andriskingdisharmonyisconsideredunpleasantandunseemly.TheycouldhavesavedmillionsofdollarsandpreventedmonthsoffrustrationiftheDutchmanagerhadbeenculturallyastuteenoughtomanagethemultinationaltalentpoolavailabletohim.22/62Bythesametoken,iftheIndianseniormanagerhadunderstoodthatamanagerinanegalitarianculturesuchastheDutch(unlikeIndia’smorehierarchalone)expectsacollaborativeeffortfromhisemployees,evenifitrequiresdisagreement,hewouldhaveavoidedtheproblemaswell.23/62Case3Thankstocloudcomputing,robotics（机器人学）,3Gwirelessconnectivity,Skype,Facebook,Google,LinkedIn,Twitter,theiPad,andcheapInternet-enabledsmartphones,theworldhasgonefromconnectedtohyper-connected.Facebook,forinstance,hasover800millionactivesubscribers,ofwhich70percentareoutsidetheUnitedStates,andthesiteoffersinexcessof70languagestranslations.24/62ThisbroadITtechnologyisbeingusedtofacilitatecohesion（凝聚力，结合）amongpreviouslydisparate（不一样）groupsandindividuals,creatingsocietalchanges,andinsomeinstancesbringingaboutthepolarizationofdifferentgroups.25/62InArabSpring,peopleintheMiddleEastusedFacebook,Twitter,andothermediatoorganizeandriseupagainstrepressive,authoritariangovernmentalrule.InIndia,followersofthesocialactivistAnnaHazareusedFacebookandTwittertomobilizelargesectionsofthepopulationinanationwideanti-corruptioncontactforpoliticalactivism,socialinteraction,andculturalpreservation.26/621.Whathasmoderntechnologybroughtabouttopeopletoday?2.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofmoderntechnology?27/62AnalysisAdvancesininformationtechnologyarebringingaboutchangesincontemporarysocietythatposenewsituationsrequiringinterculturalcommunicationexpertise.Technologyhasenabledordinaryindividualstocheaplyandquicklyorganizethemselvesaroundacommoninterest,ideology,orsocialcause.28/62Ratherthanmovingtheglobalcommunitytowardthesingle,homogenizedculturedecriedbymanyglobalizationopponents,technologyisactuallyprovidingameanstoreaffirmandextendculturalawareness,identity,andpractices.Mediatechnologyplaysanimportantroleinmodernsocietywhetheritispolitical,economicorcultural.29/62Case4Mrs.AnnieNimosrecountedherexperienceinJapanatadinnerwithseveralChinesestudentsworkingondoctoraldegreesintheUnitedStates,seekinganotherAsianperspective.30/62TheplanefinallylandedinTokyo,afterthelongflightfromtheWestCostoftheUnitedStates.AnnieNimoshadchangedintofreshbusinessclothesbeforearrival,becauseshewouldbemetbytheownerofthefirmwithwhomshehadcorrespondedforayearforherimportbusiness.Shehadplacedseveralordersbycorrespondence,andbusinesshadgonesmoothly,butthiswouldbethefirsttimesheandtheownerwouldmeet.31/62Afterfinallygettingthroughcustoms,shesawagentlemanwithasigninhishandthatsaid“Mrs.Nimos”andmadeherwaytowardhim.Tanaka-San,theownerofthefirm,aswellasanothermanandwomanwhowereemployees,hadcometomeether.TherewerebowsandBerros,andtheyoungermansteppedforwardtooffertocarryherlaptopcomputer.Shestartledslightlywhenhegreetedher:“Hello.WelcometoTokyo.Howoldareyou?”32/62AlthoughMrs.NimoshadhadcontactwithdiverseculturesinSouthAmericaandinEurope,thiswasherfirsttriptoJapan.Thepersonalquestionastoheragecaughtheroffguard,becauseintheWestsuchaquestionwouldbeconsideredintrusiveandoffensive.Aftermomentaryhesitationshetoldtheyoungmanherage.Henoddedandseemedsatisfied.33/621.WhydidMrs.NimoshesitatewhentheJapaneseyoungmanaskedaboutherage?2.WhatistheChineseperspectiveconcerningpeople’sage?34/62AnalysisWhatMrs.Nimossurprisedistheyoungman’squestionof“howoldareyou”.Inwesterncountrieswhereprivacyisgreatlyvalued,ageissomethingthatisconsideredratherprivate.Askingabouttheothers’age,especiallyinthiscaseontheirfirstmeeting,isratherimpolite.35/62However,inJapanwherehierarchyisstrictlyfollowed,ageisanimportantfactorinsituatingapersonintheJapaneseculturalhierarchy.ForherJapanesebusinesscounterpartstofeelcomfortablethattheyknewtheproperwaytoaddressandtorelatetoher,theyneededtoknowherage.36/62InChina,ageisimportantforthesamereason.However,whencommunicatingwithfamilymembersgenerationbecomesanimportantfactorthatoverridesage.Eveniftheyhavethesameage,theonebelongingtotheyoungergenerationmustaddresstheotherwiththerespectaccordedtotheoldergenerationinthefamily.Iftheyarethesamegeneration,theycancommunicateaspeers.37/62Case5MrWong,abusinesspersonlivinginHongKong,andMrRichardson,abusinesspersonvisitingfromtheUnitedStates,havebeenhavingaconversation.Mr.RichardsonhasenjoyedthisconversationandwhentheyarereadytoparthesaystoMr.Wongthattheyreallyshouldgettogethertohavelunchsometime.Mr.Wongsaysthathewouldenjoythat.38/62AfterafewweeksMr.WongbeginstofeelthatMr.Richardsonhasbeenratherinsincerebecausehewasnotfolloweduphisinvitationtolunchwithaspecifictimeandplace.39/621.WhydidMr.RichardsonleaveanimpressionofinsincerityonMr.Wong?2.Dopeoplealwaysmeanwhattheysay?GiveExamples.40/62AnalysisTheproblemhereisthatMrRichardsondoesn’tmeanwhathesays,whichisratherdifferentfrombeinginsincereordishonest.Toputitanotherway,whatMr.Richardsonmeansisdifferentfromwhatthesentencesthathehasutteredmeans.“Wemustgettogetherandhavelunchsometimes”isquiteacommonexpressionpeopleuseneartheendofbusinessinteractionsinNorthAmerica,andforNorthAmericansitmeansseveraldifferentthings.41/62Firstofall,itsignalsthatthepersonwhosaysitthinksthattheencounterwill(orshould)beendingsoon.Soitcanfunctionaswhatconversationanalystscalla“pre-closing.”Itisalsoawayofcreatingafeelingof“involvement”,awaytotellsomeonethatyouhaveenjoyedspendingtimewiththemandyouwouldnotminddoingitagain.Whileitdoescontainthevagueideathatasubsequentmeetingwouldbedesirable,itdoesnotinanywaycommitthespeakerorthehearertosuchanarrangement.However,toMr.Wong,itsoundslikeaninvitation.42/62Similarly,“Seeyoulater”doesnotcommitsomeonetoalatermeeting.Itwouldbeveryoddif,inresponsetothisutterance,thehearerweretotakeouthisorherdiaryandattempttosetadate.Otherexamplesare“Howareyou”inEnglishand“Haveyoueaten?”inChinese,bothofthemaretypicalgreetings,whichdonotrequirethehearertogivespecificanswers.Allofthemjustserveaslubricantstomovetheconversationforward.43/62Case6“It’snotthatIwanttoreturntoAustralia,it’sjustthatIfeelexhaustedhereinAmerica.”FionaElliotwassharingherexperiencesinane-mailtoanoldhighschoolfriendinBrisbane,Queensland.FionahadgraduatedfromtheUniversityofSydneywithanadvanceddegreeinbiology.Seekingtoexpandherworkexperience,sheacceptedajobwithabiotechnologyfirminBoston,Massachusetts.Shehopedtobecomeinvolvedinthedevelopmentofimproveddrugsforadultonsetdiabetes.44/62GiventhathernativelanguagewasEnglish,FionaexpectedfewadjustmentdifficultiestolifeintheUnitedStates.However,shefoundherselfdealingwithanumberofsmallfrustrations.PeopleinBostonfoundherAustralianaccentdifficulttounderstandandseemedtoputnoeffortintolisteningmorecarefully.45/62ShediscoveredthatsheknewmoreaboutcurrenteventsinAmericathananyfivepeopleknewabouteventsinAustralia.ShetriedtokeepupwithworldeventsbywatchingAmericantelevisionshowswiththetitle,“InternationalNews”.However,shefeltthesetelevisionshowscoveredasmallnumberofnewsstoriesanddidsofromanAmericanperspective.46/62Shefoundthatsimilaractivitieshaveverydifferentconnotations.Shewouldgotoapubtohaveabeerandtochatwithpeople.InBoston,shelearnedthatmenandwomendon’tsimplysocializeinapleasantmanner.InsharpcontrasttoAustralia,barsinAmericaare“meetmarkets”wherepeoplehavegoalsotherthanpleasantconversation.47/62Shewouldtrytobehumorousinadroll,sometimessarcasticmannerthatshelearnedinAustralia.Butinsteadoffindinghumorinherstatements,Americanswouldbecomeattentiveandsay,“Oh,really!”Shecommentedthatshehadtoexpendenergychoosingamongbreakfastcereals,typesofbreadwhensheorderedasandwich,andhowshewantedhercoffeebeansground.48/62AnalysisEvenpeoplespeakthesamelanguage,Englishinthiscase,theymighthavequitealotofdifferences,eveninsmallthingssuchashowtoorderamealandspeakinghumorously.TheseexperiencesdescribedbyFionashouldcausedifficultiesadjustingtolifeinanewculture.Dealingwithmanysmalldifferencescancauseexhaustion.49/62Whenpeoplecomeintoanewculture,inthiscase,fromAustraliatoAmerica,theyhavetomakemanysmalladjustmentsinashortperiodoftime.Eachadjustmentcausesalittlebitofdifficulty,butthestressaddsuptoapointwherepeoplebecomefrustratedandbegintocomplainabouttheirlifeintheotherculture.Fromherdescription,itcanbeseenthatherstressisaddingupsomuchthatsheeventhinksofgoingbacktoAustralia.50/62However,sheshouldknowthatthisisonlyanecessaryperiodofcultureshock,requiringhertomakesomeadjustment.Thecultureshockisexacerbatedbecausefewornoculturaldifferenceswereexpectedgiventhatpeoplethoughttheywouldbeusingthesamelanguage.Athispointsheislikelytohaveexperiencedsomeculturaldifferencesandwillbemorewillingtotakethemseriously.51/62CaseAnalysis:CulturalMisinterpretation

Mr.Wang,theChairmanofBoardofDirectorsofaChinesefirm,toldastoryonCCTVprogram"Dialogue"ofhowheoncealmostlostavaluableCanadianemployeeworkingforhiminVancouver.HeemailedeverydaytotheCanadian,inquiringfortheindexnumberhewasmostconcernedabout.Tohisgreatastonishment,hisCanadianemployeeturnedinhisresignationafteraweek.52/62

CaseAnalysis:CulturalMisinterpretation

Mr.Wangwaspuzzledhowhecoulddothattohimashegavesuchgreatattentiontohisjob.AChineseemployeewouldhavebeenmorethanhappyifhisorherbosshadshowedsuchgreatconcernforhimorher.Hethenfoundoutthat,unlikeChineseemployees,theCanadiantookwhatmeantgreatconcerntoChineseasdistrust.ButMr.WangassumedunconsciouslythattheCanadianwasmoresimilartohisChineseemployeesthanheactuallywasandtreatedhimjustashetreatedanyChineseemployee.53/62CaseAnalysis:CulturalMisinterpretation

In1997,aDanishwomanlefther14-month-oldbabygirlinastroller（婴儿车）outsideaManhattanrestaurantwhileshewasinside.OtherdinersattherestaurantbecameconcernedandcalledNewYorkCityPolice.Thewomanwaschargedwithendangeringachildandwasjailedfortwonights.Herchildwasplacedinfostercare.54/62CaseAnalysis:CulturalMisinterpretation

ThewomanandtheDanishconsulate（领事）,explainedthatleavingchildrenunattendedoutsidecafésiscommoninDenmarkwhileparentswereeatinginside.TheDanishwomanhadassumedthatCopenhagen（哥本哈根）issimilartoNewYork,sothatwhatiscommonlydoneinCopenhagenisalsocommonlydoneinNewYork.55/62Interculturalcommunicationcanbesimplydefinedascommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentcultures.Theneedforinterculturalunderstandingdoesnotbeginorendwithnationalboundaries.Onedoesnotnecessarilyneedtocrossanoceantohaveacross-culturalexperience,forvirtuallyeverycountryaroundtheworldisundergoingincreaseddiversitywithinitsownborders.Evenwithinourowncountry,communicationcanoftenbesomewhatintercultural.56/62Abroaddefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationcanbesaidtobecommunicationsbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Tohaveaninterculturalcommunication,itisnotnecessarytocrossanationalborder.Withinyourownculture,thereareinterculturalcommunicationsgoingeveryday.Forexample,sincemalesandfemaleshavedifferentcultures,wecansaythecommunicationbetweendifferentgendersisintercultural,nomatterwhethertheyarefromdifferentcountries.Similarly,communicationsbetweendifferentprofessions,betweendifferentages,anddifferentgenerationsareallinterculturalalthoughtheymaydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.However,whenpeoplesayinterculturalcommunication,theyusuallyuseitinthenarrowersense,thatisthecommunicationbetw