哈佛大学公开课-幸福学(积极心理学)

Psychology1504PositivePsychology2021/10/10星期日1HousekeepingFeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergency……we’lltakeaPP-breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote-takingOverlapwith1508?2021/10/10星期日2TheRoadtoPositivePsychologyHumanisticPsychology(50’s)

TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorismReactiontopsychoanalysisLackedrigorousmethodology2021/10/10星期日3AbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)KarenHorney(1885-1952)MeettheGrandparents2021/10/10星期日4MeettheParentsMartinSeligmanEllenLangerPhilipStone2021/10/10星期日5Meet15042021/10/10星期日6ItisnotmerelyaboutinformationItisalsoabouttransformationCoveringless;uncoveringmore2021/10/10星期日7“Inpursuitofknowledge,everydaysomethingisacquired;inpursuitofwisdom,everydaysomethingisdropped.” LaoTzu“Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction,notaddition.” Thoreau2021/10/10星期日8Informationisnotenough“Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscience—informationisalwaysbetterthanignorance,nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance.Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation,thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld.Itwon’t.”

ArchibaldMaCleish2021/10/10星期日9Informationisnotenough“Humanisticphilosophy[offers]anewconceptionoflearning,ofteaching,andofeducation.Statedsimply,suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation,thegoalofeducation—thehumangoal,thehumanisticgoal,thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcerned—isultimatelythe‘self-actualization’ofaperson,thebecomingfullyhuman,thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo.Inalesstechnicalway,itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome.”

AbrahamMaslow2021/10/10星期日10ItisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlifeItisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions“Childrenenterschoolasquestionmarksandleaveasperiods.” NeilPostman

Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation,andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion.2021/10/10星期日112021/10/10星期日12“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.” BishopCreighton2021/10/10星期日13TheQuestionofQuestionsHowcanwehelpourselvesandothers—individuals,communities,andsociety—becomehappier?2021/10/10星期日14ItisnotasurveyofpositivepsychologyItisaselectiveexplorationofthe‘questionofquestions.’CrossculturalpsychologyEclecticStudyingothersandourselves2021/10/10星期日15ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55Itisaboutrigorousfun“Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity,butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity.”

OliverWendellHolmesAdifferentkindofeffortChangeishardRigorousfun???2021/10/10星期日16FinalProject20-30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext(10-15pagesdoublespaced)Slides(wordorpowerpoints)Include:ReferencetoresearchOptional:stories,filmclips,exercises,etcWhyapresentation?TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness…2021/10/10星期日172021/10/10星期日18WhyPositivePsychology?2021/10/10星期日19Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040PsychologicalAbstracts(1967-2000)Joy:415Happiness:1,710Lifesatisfaction:2,582Ratio:21/12021/10/10星期日20FocusingontheNegative“Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside;ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman’sshortcomings,hisillnesses,hissins,butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,hisachievableaspirations,orhispsychologicalheight.Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction,andthatthedarker,meanerhalf.”

AbrahamMaslow2021/10/10星期日21AccentuatingthePositive“TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife.”

MartinSeligman2021/10/10星期日22PsychologyNeedsHelp21/1ratioisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)2021/10/10星期日232021/10/10星期日24DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?21/1ratioofstudiesisunhealthy……butitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)80%ofHarvardstudentsdepressedatleastoncelastyear45%ofcollegestudentsnationwidedepressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005)2021/10/10星期日25WhyMore“Positive”Research?PsychologyascreativeratherthanmerelyreactiveHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingthepositive2021/10/10星期日26“Negative”ResearchNegativeExperiencesUnhappinessSpiral2021/10/10星期日27“Positive”ResearchPositiveExperiencesHappinessSpiralHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple2021/10/10星期日28“Humansystemsgrowinthedirectionofwhattheypersistentlyaskquestionsabout.”

CooperriderandWhitney2021/10/10星期日29Happinessisn’ttheNegationofUnhappinessDiseaseModel HealthModelFocusonweaknesses FocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficiencies BuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpain SeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappiness PursuinghappinessNeutralstate(0)asceiling NoceilingTensionlessasideal Creativetensionasideal_______________________0____________________+neurosis,anger,anxiety, wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosis excitement,happiness2021/10/10星期日30PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslow2021/10/10星期日31“Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonalskill,faith,workethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,thecapacityforflowandinsight,tonameseveral...Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults,roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears...Similarly,Ibelieve,thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk,thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial.Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave.”

MartinSeligman2021/10/10星期日32PreventionthroughcultivatingpositiveIllnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness)“It[neurosis]isafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.” AbrahamMaslowStronger“psychologicalimmunesystem”MentalhealthatHarvard2021/10/10星期日33ThePowerofPositivePsychology:

StudyingAt-RiskPopulationTraditionalpsychology(Post-WWII)“Whydotheseindividualsfail?”Positivepsychologicalapproach(1980s-)“Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances?”2021/10/10星期日34Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupport2021/10/10星期日352021/10/10星期日36Resilience“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.” Masten&ReedSuperkids?Ordinarycharacteristics,extraordinaryresultsSocialsupportOptimismandself-esteemFaithandasenseofmeaningProsocialbehaviorFocusingonstrengthsSetgoalsArolemodel2021/10/10星期日372021/10/10星期日38RolemodelsOptimismandfaithBlametoresponsibilityDeficienciesfocustostrengthsfocus2021/10/10星期日39PassiveVictimVs.ActiveAgentselfpityblamefrustrationanger___________________________________________confidenceresponsibilityhopeandoptimismforgive/forget2021/10/10星期日40“ThemessageofthePositivePsychologymovementistoremindourfieldthatithasbeendeformed.Psychologyisnotjustthestudyofdisease,weakness,anddamage;italsoisthestudyofstrengthandvirtue.Treatmentisnotjustfixingwhatiswrong;italsoisbuildingwhatisright.Psychologyisnotjustaboutillnessorhealth;itisaboutwork,education,insight,love,growth,andplay.Andinthisquestforwhatisbest,PositivePsychologydoesnotrelyonwishfulthinking,self-deceptionorhand-waving;instead