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BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions
Dwivedi,AshutoshDhar;Singh,Rajani;Kaushik,Keshav;Mukkamala,RaghavaRao;Alnumay,WaleedS.
Publishedin:
TransactionsonEmergingTelecommunicationsTechnologies(Online)
Linktoarticle,DOI:
10.1002/ett.4329
Publicationdate:
2024
DocumentVersion
Peerreviewedversion
LinkbacktoDTUOrbit
Citation(APA):
Dwivedi,A.D.,Singh,R.,Kaushik,K.,Mukkamala,R.R.,&Alnumay,W.S.(inpress).BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions.TransactionsonEmergingTelecommunicationsTechnologies(Online),Articlee4329.
/10.1002/ett.4329
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ARTICLETYPE
BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions
AshutoshDharDwivedi*1|RajaniSingh2|KeshavKaushik3|RaghavaRaoMukkamala2|WaleedSAlnumay4
1DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandComputerScience,
TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Denmark2CentreforBusinessDataAnalytics,DepartmentofDigitalization,CopenhagenBusinessSchool,Denmark.
3SchoolofComputerScience,
UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudiesDehradun,Uttarakhand,India
4ComputerScienceDepartment,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SA
Correspondence
*AshutoshDharDwivediEmail:
adhdw@dtu.dk,
ashudhar7@
InternetofThings(IoT)hasrevolutionizedthedigitalworldbyconnectingbillionsofelectronicdevicesovertheinternet.IoTdevicesplayanessentialroleinthemod-ernerawhenconventionaldevicesbecomemoreautonomousandsmart.Ontheonehand,high-speeddatatransferisamajorissuewherethe5G-enabledenviron-mentplaysanimportantrole.Ontheotherhand,theseIoTdevicestransferthedatabyusingprotocolsbasedoncentralizedarchitectureandmaycauseseveralsecu-rityissuesforthedata.MergingArtificialIntelligenceto5Gwirelesssystemssolvesseveralissuessuchasautonomousrobots,self-drivingvehicles,virtualreality,andengendersecurityproblems.Buildingtrustamongthenetworkuserswithouttrust-ingthirdpartyauthoritiesisthesystem’sprimaryconcern.Blockchainemergedasakeytechnologybasedonadistributedledgertomaintainthenetwork’seventlogs.Blockchainprovidesasecure,decentralizedandtrustlessenvironmentforIoTdevices.However,integratingIoTandblockchainalsohasseveralchallenges;e.g.majorchallengeislowthroughput.Currently,theethereumblockchainnetworkcanprocessapproximately12-15transactionspersecond,whileIoTdevicesrequirerelativelyhigherthroughput.Therefore,blockchainsareincapableofprovidingfunc-tionalityfora5G-enabledIoTbasednetwork.Thelimitingfactorofthroughputintheblockchainistheirnetwork.TheslowpropagationoftransactionsandblocksintheP2Pnetworkdoesnotallowminersandverifierstofastlymineandverifynewblocks,respectively.ThereforenetworkscalabilityisthemajorissueofIoTbasedblockchains.Inthiswork,wesolvedthenetworkscalabilityissueusingBlockchainDistributedNetworkwhiletoincreasethethroughputofblockchain,thispaperusestheRaftconsensusalgorithm.AnothermostimportantissuewithIoTnetworksisprivacy.Unfortunately,theblockchaindistributedledgersarepublicandsensitiveinformationisavailableonthenetworkforeveryoneareprivate,butinsuchcases,thirdpartyeditingisnotpossiblewithoutrevealingtheoriginalcontents.Tosolveprivacyissues,weusedzkLedgerasasolutionthatisbasedonzero-knowledgebasedcryptography.
KEYWORDS:
Blockchain,ArtificialIntelligence,InternetofThings,5GNetwork,Scalability
PAGE
10
AshutoshDharDwivediETAL.
AshutoshDharDwivediETAL.
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11
INTRODUCTION
Communicationnetworkplaysanimportantroleandbecomesthenervoussystemoftoday’sdigitalera.Thenetworkneedstotransferalargeamountofdataatamuchhigherspeed.InternetofThings(IoT)devicesanditsusageintheindustryaregrowingexponentially.MillionsofIoTdevicesareembeddedinvariousapplicationslikesmarthomes,smartcities,airspacedevices,etc.Fifth-generation(5G)willplayanimportantroleinfullyrealisingIoTthatconnectspeopleandcomputingresources,e.g.sensors,vehicles,wearabledevices,etc.Sixthgenerationnetworkplaysanimportantroleindevelopinganetworkwithalowlatencynetwork.MajorIoTsystemnowadaysusescentralizedserversandstoragedatabase,andthebiggestissuewiththecentralizedsystemisthelackoftrustbetweenentitiesinvolvedandsinglepointfailure.Toovercomesuchissues,decentralizedarchitecturecanbeusefulforpeertopeercommunicationamongnetworknodes.Nowadays,themostpopulardecentralizedsystemisablockchainthatplaysanimportantroleinimprovingthetrustbetweennodesinthenetwork.Tooperateadistributedledgercalledblockchain,networkpeersmustprovidethefollowingfunctionalities:walletservice,storage,routingandmining.Thekeysusedtoordertransactionsareprovidedbythewalletservice.Storageisusedtokeepthecopiesofthechaininthenode.Routingfunctionalityisusedforblockandtransactionpropagation,whileminingfunctionalityisresponsibleforcreatingnewblocksbysolvingthecryptographicpuzzleforProofofWorkminingschemes.Onceaminersolvesthiscomplexcryptographicproblem,itpublishesthenewblockinthenetwork.Peersofthenetworkverifiesthisnewblockbeforeaddingittotheblockchain.However,severalblockchainmodelsexistwithdifferentimplementationdesigns,andeachhassomeprosandcons.BlockchainhasmanypotentialintheseveralfieldlikeDronesystem
1
,ArtificialIntelligence
2
,FogComputing
3
,votingscheme
4
,supplychainmodel
5
,healthcare
6
,Fakenewsidentification
7
,ForestallingPandemics
8
,DigitalRightsManagementSystem
9
etc.However,themajorconcernwiththeintegrationofblockchainandIoTisscalabilityandthroughputissues.TheinitialblockchainusedfortheBitcoinnetworkusesaProofofWork-basedminingsystemwithverylowthroughputandveryhighenergyconsumptionandcannotbeusedforotherapplications.However,severalotherup-gradesofblockchainallowhighthroughputbutaremostlysuitableforasmallnetwork.Itishardtoscalethemforalargenetwork,andthereforeanetworkconsistofalargenumberofIoTdevicesishardtoimplement.Anotherissuewithblockchainisstoragecapacitythatisdeeplyquestioned.Thechainiscontinuouslygrowing,andinevery10minutes,thechaingrowsitsstoragewith1MBperblockinBitcoin.Thecopiesofthischainstoredindifferentnodesacrossthenetwork.Asthechaingrows,thesenetworksrequiremoreandmoreresources.Blockchainhasmainlyfourimportantcomponentsthatareasfollows:
DistributedLedger:Blockchainusesadistributeddatabaseandnodesinthenetworkusetheledger’sreplicatedcopy.Duetothisdistributedproperty,blockchainisimmutable,andthereforeinformationismuchsecured.Thenewblockscontaininginformationareonlyaddedinthenetworkwhenverifiedbythenetwork’smajorportion.
SmartContract:Blockchainalsousesthesmartcontractconcept,whichreferstoaprogramorprotocolthatallowsthecontracttobeautomaticallyexecutedusingsomepredefinedconditions.Majorblockchainsystemsnowuseasmartcontract,andthepioneerblockchainsystemthatusedthisconceptwasEthereum
10
.Hyperledger
11
,ablockchainprojectthatallowscompaniestoimplementtheirsystem,alsousessmartcontracts.
Security:Datablocksareconnectedbyusingsomehashfunction.Changingdataintoasingleblockwilldisturbthehashsequenceofthechain.Therefore,itispracticallyinfeasibletochangethestoreddata.
Consensus:Everyblockchainhassomeconsensusalgorithmthatallowsnodestoagreewithacertaindecision.Theseconsensusplaysanimportantroletoaddnewblocksinthenetworkundercertainrulesandagreements.
InternetofThingsrepresentsanetworkconsistofvariouselectricalandelectronicdevicesthatinteractwitheachotherbyusingsomechannelliketheinternet.Severaltechnologies,suchasradiofrequencyidentification(RFID),sensornetworks,andnearfieldcommunication(NFC),areusedtoconnectthenetwork.However,certainissuesorlimitationsareavailablewiththeseIoTdevicesandneedtobeaddressed,suchas:
Latency:TheIoTdevicesusednowadaysarelatencyissuesthatrefertodatatransferdelay.Insomecases,latencydoesnotmakemuchdifferencelikecommandgiventowashingmachineorthermostat,butinsomecases,likeanautomatic
carorsatellite,thishighervalueoflatencymaycauseseriousproblems.
Privacy:IoTdevicesproducealargeamountofdatatransmittedthroughachannelandstoredsomewhere.Tostoresuchdata,theuserhastobelieveinthirdpartyproviders,andtherefore,dataleaksatsomepointarepossible.
Security:IoTdevicesareresource-constrained,andtheyhaveverylowcomputationalpowerandmemory.SomewellstandardencryptionalgorithmslikeAESdonotfitwiththem,andthereforethesedevicesrequiredsomelightweightencryptionschemes.
Storage:MillionsofIoTdevicesproducesamassiveamountofdatainreal-timethatisnoteasytostoresomewhere.AsingleblockinaBlockchainonlystorestransactions,andthesizeofitisgenerally1-2MB,andthereforethisissueisthemainbottleneckintheintegrationofIoTdeviceswithblockchain.
Contribution
ThefirstpartofthepaperpresentsthemainchallengesofintegratingblockchainandAIwith5G-enabledIoTdevices.IoTdevicesproducebillionsofdatainasecond,whilemajorblockchainprotocolshaveslowthroughputandnotscalabletodealwiththesesmallIoTdevices.ThispapersolvesthenetworkscalabilityissuewiththehelpofBlockchainDistributedNetwork(BDN)andslowthroughputissuewiththeRaftConsensusalgorithm’shelp.Theotherissues,suchasprivacyandanonymity,canbesolvedusingZero-KnowledgeProof.WealsopresentedseveralapplicationsofsuchcombinedtechnologiesinHealthcare,SupplyChain,SmartHome,etc.
Outline
Section
2
describesthepreliminaryofblockchainwherewediscussedthearchitectureofblockchain,typesofblockchainandseveralconsensusalgorithms.Section
3
andsection
4
describestheapplicationofblockchainin5Genabledindustrialautoma-tionsuchasinHealthcare,SmartHome,SupplyChain,IndustryandE-Voting.Section
5
givesdetailedinformationaboutthechallengesofintegratingblockchainwithIoT.Thesechallengesarestorageandthroughputscalability,privacyandanonymity,networkscalabilityetc.Section
6
givesthesolutiontothesechallengesmentionedbefore.ThesesolutionsarebasedonusingBlockchainDistributionNetwork(BDN)thatimprovesthenetworkscalabilityissuesandusingRaftconsensusthatprovideshighthroughput.Toremoveprivacyandanonymityissues,ZeroKnowledgeProofisused.Finally,section
7
givestheconclusionofthiswholework.Table
3
showsthereviewofrelatedliterature.
PRELIMINARYOFBLOCKCHAIN
Blockchainisdistributedledgertechnologyinitiallyusedforcrypto-currencyBitcoin
22
.Ithasattractedthewholeworldinthepastfewyearsduetoitstransparentanddistributedbehaviour.VariousnodesofthepeermaintainaDistributedLedgerTechnologytopeernetwork.Theessentialfeaturesofblockchainaresecurity,scalabilityanddecentralization.Though,todate,onlytwoofthemcanbetrulyachievedbyblockchaintechnology.Theconceptofachievingtwooutofthreeiscalled“TheBlockchainTrilemma".Ontheonehand,“Decentralization"isthemostcommonwordthatisusedinblockchaintechnologyresearch,butontheotherhand,thisisalsoperhapsthemostpoorlydefinedword.Centralizationanddecentralizationaremostlyrelatedtothelevelsofcontrolofthesystem.Inacentralizedsystem,thesystemcontrolisgiventooneentity,whileinthedecentralizedsystemcontrolissharedamongvariousentities.Whenwetalkaboutdistribution,itreferstothelocationdifferences,i.e.allpartsofthesystemdonotexistinthesameplacebuthaveadifferentphysicallocation(Forallthreetypes,seeFigure
1).
Thebitcoinblockchainisdecentralizedaswellasdistributedledgertechnology.
Theblockchainisorganizedintoachainofblocksthatcontainsinformation.Severalblockscanbeaddedtoblockchainbutfollowanappend-onlystructure.OtherdatastructuresinablockchaindonotfollowchainrulesandrepresentedintheformofaDirectedAcyclicGraph(DAG);however,theyarenotverypopular.Nowadaysblockchainisverypopularinvarious
Author Description YearMerits
Skoubyetal.
12
Authorsproposeda4-layerframeworkthatcombinessmartcities,smarthomesandInternetofThingsdevices.
2014Theframeworkusessmarttechnologiessuchas5GandAI(ArtificialIntelligence).
Marcoetal.
13
Inthisdigitalera,mobilenetworksareconnectedwitheverythinglikecloudresources,sensors,vehiclesandevenrobotics.Theauthorspresentedusecasesandtechnologiesof5Gnetworks.
2019Authorsdiscussedtechnologiesthatevolvewirelessnetworkstowards5Gnetworks.Papersummarizestheusecases,potentialsandmainchallengesofenablingtechnologies.
Nguyenetal.
14
presentedastateofartsurveyaboutblockchainfor5Gandbeyondnetworks.Authorsexploredopportunitiesofblockchainin5Gnetworksandpresentedextensivediscussionsbasedonliteraturepapers.
2019PaperalsodiscussedseveralchallengesofintegratingIoTandblockchainandhighlightedthemotivationtointegratethe5Gnetworkwithblockchain.
Liuetal.
12
AuthorsproposedEthereumblockchain-basedsecuresharinganddatacollectionframework.
2019Thewholesystemcanprovidestrongresistanceagainstdatabaseattacks.Thesystemhashighsecurityduetotheuseofblockchainfunctionality.
Shenetal.
15
Authorsproposedaprivacy-preservingsecuresupportvectormachine(SVM)thatisbasedonblockchain.
2019TheproposedsystemtackledtheissuesofdataintegrityanddataprivacyusingsecureSVM.
WUetal.
16
AuthorsdevelopedanApplication-AwareConsensusManagementframeworktoenhancetheflexibilitybetweenInternetofThingsandBlockchain.
2020Currentstaticconsensusmanagementcannotprovideintelligentconfigurationcapabilities,andtheproposedsystemresolvethisissue.
Hewaetal.
17
Authorspresentedapaperabouttheroleofblockchainin6Gwhereauthorsbrieflydescribechallenges,oppor-tunities,andresearchdirectionsofintegrating6Genableddeviceswithblockchain.
20206Gwirelessnetworksdrivenbyheterogeneousandenormousdemandsofhyper-connectedexistenceofeverything.Thisarticlecanvassedandhighlightedtheblockchainroletomitigatesomeoftheissues.
Alsharifetal.
18
Authorspresentedanarticlethatdescribesthevision,challengesandpotentialsolutionsof6Gwirelessnet-works.Morespecifically,thepaperexploredthecriticalissuesandkeypotentialfeatures,includingresearchactivities,keyfeaturesandvision,challengesandspe-cificsolutions.
2020Thestudyshowskeyfeaturesandvisionsatfore-casting6Ginthefollowingdimensions:intelligence,energyefficiency,privacy,security,spectralefficiency,secrecy,affordability,andcustomization.
Mistryetal.
19
Inthispaper,authorspresentedasystematicreviewof5G-enabledIoTforindustrialautomation.Authorspresentedanapplicationofblockchainintheindustry,smartcity,healthcareandsupplychainetc.
2020Paperpresentsseveralissues,challengesandsolutionsof5G-enabledIoT.Acomparisonofexistingproposalsarealsopresentedalongwithvariousparameters.
Quetal.
20
Inthispaper,authorsdevelopedaD2CplatformthroughthecombineduseofblockchainandfederatedlearningforIndustry4.0.
2021Federatedlearningaddressesissuesofefficiencyandprivacy.Blockchainfacilitatespoisoning-attack-prooffunctionality.
Guptaetal.
21
Inthispaper,authorspresentedablockchain-basedsecuredronecommunication.
2021Theframeworkprovideefficientdronecommunicationsystemusingsmarttechnologiessuchas5GandAI.
TABLE1Comparisonofexistingliteraturewiththeproposedframework.
otherresearchareassuchas:electronicvoting
23
,supplychainmanagement
24
,Healthcare
25
,Digitalrightmanagementsystem
26
etc.Anotherimportantcomponentofablockchainissmartcontract.Smartcontractsareprogrammableapplicationsusedtoperformataskbasedonspecifictermsandconditionsautomatically.Thesesmartcontractsaresimilartotraditionalcontracts,butinsteadofrunningbycentralauthorities,theyareprogrammedtoperformthetaskitselfinadecentralizedframework.A
FIGURE1Centralized,DecentralizedandDistributed
generalarchitectureofthewholeblockchainsystemisdefinedinFigure
2.
Eachboxrepresentsseveraloptionstochoosebasedontherequirement.Theblockchainsystemcanbedividedintothreecategories(alsoseeTable
2):
SupplyChain
E-Voting
SmartHome
InternetofThings
Healthcare
DRM
ApplicationLayer
Ripple
Hyperledger
Ethereum
PlatformSoftwares
PoET
PoA
Ripple
PoW
PoS
pBFT
ConsensusLayer
Signature
Encryption
TimeStamp
Merkle
DataBlock
Hashing
DataLayer
Permissionless
Permissioned
BlockchainType
Mechanism
Verification
P2P
BloXroute
NetworkLayer
FIGURE2BlockchainArchitecture.
Publicblockchain:Publicblockchainaretreatedastrulydecentralizedblockchainswhereanynodecanmineorvalidatenewblocks.Publicblockchainstermedaspermissionlessasanynodecanjointhenetworkanddonotrequireanypermis-siontovalidatenewblocks.BitcoinandEthereumarefewexamplesofpublicblockchains.Thesetypesofblockchainsaredesignedtoallowalargenumberofparticipantsinthenetwork.Insuchatypeofblockchain,eachtransactionhasacertainprocessingfeeusedasanincentivetothenodeswhopublishtheblock.
Privateblockchain:Privateblockchainstermedaspermissionedandarenotlikepublicblockchainwhereanyonecanjointhenetworkandareallowedtominenewblocks.Theseblockchainsaresuitablesingleorganizationsorenterprisesolutionswhereblocksarepublishedbyonlyafewdelegatednodesfromthesamenetwork.Suchblockchaindoesnotrequireanytypeofprocessingfeeortokentopublishnewblocks.Organizationsmayrollbacktheblockchaintoanypointinthepast,andthereforetheseblockchainsarenotcompletelytreatedasdecentralized.Ripple
27
isacrypto-currencyandtreatedasaprivateblockchain.
Consortiumblockchain:Theconsortiumblockchainisakindofhybridblockchainwithsomeprivateandsomepublicblockchainproperty.Theseblockchainsarealsocalledthefederatedblockchain.Federatedblockchainsusepermis-sionednetworkbutinvolvemultipleorganizations.Theseblockchainsdonotposeanyprocessingfee.someexamplesofconsortiumblockchainsare:Hyperledger
28
,Quorum
29
etc.
Properties PublicBlockchainPrivateBlockchainConsortiumBlockchainAccess Public Restricted Restricted
Permissioned No Yes Yes
SystemThroughput Slow Fast Fast
Consensusparticipants Allnodes Anorganization MultipleOrganization
TABLE2Public,PrivateandConsortiumBlockchain.
Theotherimportantcomponentofablockchainisaconsensusmechanism.Thismechanismaimstoachieveconsensusinanyblockchainnetworkwherethenetworkparticipantsdonottrusteachother,andthenetworkdoesnothaveanycentralauthorities.Abriefintroduction(alsoseeTable
3)
ofafewimportantconsensusesareasfollows:
ProofofWorkThefirstconsensusprotocolwasProofofWork(PoW),aPermissionlessblockchain,seeninBitcoin.Inthebitcoinnetwork,anynodecanparticipatethenetworktopublishtheblock.Thenodeswhichcreateanewblockarecalledminers.Theseminerssolveacryptographicpuzzlethathascertaindifficulties.Tosolvesuchpuzzles,minersrequirealotofcomputationalpower
30
31
.Onceanodesolvesthepuzzle,itbroadcasttheirblocktothewholenetwork.Othernodesinthenetworkverifytheblock,andoncetheblockisaddedtotheblockchain,theminergetstherewardintermsofbitcoinandalsogetthetransactionfee.However,themajorissuewithPoWbasedconsensusisahighcomputa-tionalrequirementbythenodes,andthereforeenergyconsumptioninsuchcaseisalsoveryhigh.
ProofofStakeTheProofofStake(PoS)protocol
32
isalsoaPermissionlessblockchainwhereavalidatorreplacestheminers.Insteadofsolvingpuzzles,avalidatordirectlyaddsablocktothenetwork.Everyvalidatorshouldhaveastakeinthenetworkanddepositanamountintothesystem.Thevalidatorischoseninapseudorandomfashion.However,anodethathasmoreshareinthenetworkhasmoreprobabilityofbecomingavalidator.PoSprotocoldoesnotrequirehighcomputationalpowertomineanewblock,andthereforeenergyconsumptionisalsoverylow.ThereisnorewardinPoSbasedconsensus,butonlyatransactionfeeisgiventothevalidatorasanincentive.
PracticalByzantineFaultTolerance(pBFT)PracticalByzantineFaultTolerance
33
basedconsensusbelongstothepermissionedblockchainsystem.Therearealwayspossibilitiesofmaliciousnodesinthenetwork.Thenetwork’sabilitytoestablishconsensuswhenmaliciousnodessendthewronginformationtothenetworkiscalledByzantineFaultTol-erance(BFT).pBFTconsensusprovides33%ByzantineFaultTolerance,whichmeansiflessthan33%ofthenetworknodesaremalicious,insuchcase,thenetworkperformswell.
BlockchainSystem
Consensus
Permissionless
Smartcontractlanguage
Bitcoin
22
PoW
Yes
C++,Golang
Ethereum
10
PoS
Yes
Serpent,Solidity
Hyperledger
11
pBFT
No
Java,Golang
Ripple
34
Ripple
No
C++,Golang
IOTA
35
DAG
Yes
Java
ZCash
36
PoW
Yes
C++
Litecoin
37
PoW
Yes
C++,Golang
Quorum
29
QuorumChain
No
Golang
TABLE3Comparisonoffewknownblockchainsystems.
BLOCKCHAINUSAGEIN5G-ENABLEDSMARTINDUSTRIALAUTOMATION
Blockchainhasseveralindustrialapplicationsinthe5G-enablednetwork,whichincludesHealthcare5.0,Autonomousvehicles,Industry5.0,Supplychainmanagement,e-Voting,Smarthomeetc.Blockchainand5Gtogethercanbeusedtoimprovetheoverallperformanceandsecurityparametersdiscussedintheabovesections.Theapplicationofblockchainintheseindustrialnetworksisdiscussedasfollows.
Healthcare5.0
Thegrowthofthepopulationworldwidedemandsmoreenhancementinhealthcaretechnology.Remotehealthmonitoringbecomesmorepopularnowadays,whichuseswirelesshealthcareapplications.TheuseoftheArtificialIntelligence(AI)conceptandhigh-speeddatatransmissionandsmart,intelligentdevicessetabenchmarkintheHealthcareindustry.Nowadays,thehealthcaresectorisadoptingseveraladvancedInternetofThingsdevicestosupportremotepatientmonitoring.Thesedevicescanbedividedintofourtypes:
Wearablehealthmonitoringdevices,e.g.Fuelband,Fitbitetc.
Medicalwearabledevicesprescribedbydoctors,e.g.insulinpump.
Medicalembeddeddevicesthatcanbeimplantedinsidethebody,e.g.pacemakers
Stationarymedicaldevicescanbeusedanywhereatacertainphysicallocation,e.g.,chemotherapydispensingstationsforhome-basedhealthcare.
Electronichealthrecords(EHR)isacollectionofpatients’information,whilepersonalhealthrecord(PHR)isarecordofanindividualpatient.EHRallowsreal-timemonitoringofpatientsbyusingsharedpatientsmedicaldata.Dwivedietal.
38
,presentedapaperaboutdecentralizedprivacy-preservinghealthcaresystemfortheInternetofThingsdevicesthatusedblockchainasadistributedledgerforstoringhealthcareevents.Theauthorsproposedanoverlaynetworkbaseddistributednetworkthatusescloudserverstostorepatienthealthcarerecords,andthehashoftheclouddatawasstoredontheblockchain.Anychangesonclouddatacaneasilybedetectedasthehashofthedatawasstoredontheblockchain,andthereforechangingasinglebitinthecloudwillcauseadifferenthashvalueofthatdata.Theauthorsalsoproposedseverallightweightcryptographicalgorithmsforthefastimplementationofthenetwork.
SmartHome
InternetofThingsprivacyandsecurityisamajorchallengeduetothemassiveamountofdevicesusednowadays.Dorrietal.
39
presentedacasestudyofablockchainforIoTsecurityandprivacyusedinsmarthomes.Theauthorsproposedanoverlaybasednetworkandeliminatedtheproofofworkandconceptofcoins.Thenetworkconsistsofthreemaincomponents:smarthome,cloudstorageandoverlay.Anoverlaynetworkisalsoknownaspeertopeernetworkandusedfordistributednetworkarchitecture.Todecreasedatatransmissionandoverheaddelay,nodesaregroupedintoclusters,andeachclusterelectsaClusterHead(CH).Theideasinthepaperwerediscussedusingthesmarthomeasarepresentativecasestudy.Theauthorsalsopresented
theprivacyandsecurityanalysisofthesystem.ThesimulationresultshowsthatthemethodusedhaslessoverheadtothenetworkandmanageableforlowresourceIoTdevices.
SupplyChainManagement
Singhetal.
40
presentedasupplychainmanagementpaperbasedonthecombinationofblockchainandtheInternetofThingstopreventcounterfeitpharmaceuticalsandtomonitorthetemperatureofmedicin
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