5G 物联网的区块链和人工智能：挑战、机遇 及解决方案

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BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions

Dwivedi,AshutoshDhar;Singh,Rajani;Kaushik,Keshav;Mukkamala,RaghavaRao;Alnumay,WaleedS.

Publishedin:

TransactionsonEmergingTelecommunicationsTechnologies(Online)

Linktoarticle,DOI:

10.1002/ett.4329

Publicationdate:

2024

DocumentVersion

Peerreviewedversion

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Citation(APA):

Dwivedi,A.D.,Singh,R.,Kaushik,K.,Mukkamala,R.R.,&Alnumay,W.S.(inpress).BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions.TransactionsonEmergingTelecommunicationsTechnologies(Online),Articlee4329.

/10.1002/ett.4329

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ARTICLETYPE

BlockchainandAIfor5G-enabledIoT:Challenges,OpportunitiesandSolutions

AshutoshDharDwivedi*1|RajaniSingh2|KeshavKaushik3|RaghavaRaoMukkamala2|WaleedSAlnumay4

1DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandComputerScience,

TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Denmark2CentreforBusinessDataAnalytics,DepartmentofDigitalization,CopenhagenBusinessSchool,Denmark.

3SchoolofComputerScience,

UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudiesDehradun,Uttarakhand,India

4ComputerScienceDepartment,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SA

Correspondence

*AshutoshDharDwivediEmail:

adhdw@dtu.dk,

ashudhar7@

InternetofThings(IoT)hasrevolutionizedthedigitalworldbyconnectingbillionsofelectronicdevicesovertheinternet.IoTdevicesplayanessentialroleinthemod-ernerawhenconventionaldevicesbecomemoreautonomousandsmart.Ontheonehand,high-speeddatatransferisamajorissuewherethe5G-enabledenviron-mentplaysanimportantrole.Ontheotherhand,theseIoTdevicestransferthedatabyusingprotocolsbasedoncentralizedarchitectureandmaycauseseveralsecu-rityissuesforthedata.MergingArtificialIntelligenceto5Gwirelesssystemssolvesseveralissuessuchasautonomousrobots,self-drivingvehicles,virtualreality,andengendersecurityproblems.Buildingtrustamongthenetworkuserswithouttrust-ingthirdpartyauthoritiesisthesystem’sprimaryconcern.Blockchainemergedasakeytechnologybasedonadistributedledgertomaintainthenetwork’seventlogs.Blockchainprovidesasecure,decentralizedandtrustlessenvironmentforIoTdevices.However,integratingIoTandblockchainalsohasseveralchallenges;e.g.majorchallengeislowthroughput.Currently,theethereumblockchainnetworkcanprocessapproximately12-15transactionspersecond,whileIoTdevicesrequirerelativelyhigherthroughput.Therefore,blockchainsareincapableofprovidingfunc-tionalityfora5G-enabledIoTbasednetwork.Thelimitingfactorofthroughputintheblockchainistheirnetwork.TheslowpropagationoftransactionsandblocksintheP2Pnetworkdoesnotallowminersandverifierstofastlymineandverifynewblocks,respectively.ThereforenetworkscalabilityisthemajorissueofIoTbasedblockchains.Inthiswork,wesolvedthenetworkscalabilityissueusingBlockchainDistributedNetworkwhiletoincreasethethroughputofblockchain,thispaperusestheRaftconsensusalgorithm.AnothermostimportantissuewithIoTnetworksisprivacy.Unfortunately,theblockchaindistributedledgersarepublicandsensitiveinformationisavailableonthenetworkforeveryoneareprivate,butinsuchcases,thirdpartyeditingisnotpossiblewithoutrevealingtheoriginalcontents.Tosolveprivacyissues,weusedzkLedgerasasolutionthatisbasedonzero-knowledgebasedcryptography.

KEYWORDS:

Blockchain,ArtificialIntelligence,InternetofThings,5GNetwork,Scalability

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AshutoshDharDwivediETAL.

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INTRODUCTION

Communicationnetworkplaysanimportantroleandbecomesthenervoussystemoftoday’sdigitalera.Thenetworkneedstotransferalargeamountofdataatamuchhigherspeed.InternetofThings(IoT)devicesanditsusageintheindustryaregrowingexponentially.MillionsofIoTdevicesareembeddedinvariousapplicationslikesmarthomes,smartcities,airspacedevices,etc.Fifth-generation(5G)willplayanimportantroleinfullyrealisingIoTthatconnectspeopleandcomputingresources,e.g.sensors,vehicles,wearabledevices,etc.Sixthgenerationnetworkplaysanimportantroleindevelopinganetworkwithalowlatencynetwork.MajorIoTsystemnowadaysusescentralizedserversandstoragedatabase,andthebiggestissuewiththecentralizedsystemisthelackoftrustbetweenentitiesinvolvedandsinglepointfailure.Toovercomesuchissues,decentralizedarchitecturecanbeusefulforpeertopeercommunicationamongnetworknodes.Nowadays,themostpopulardecentralizedsystemisablockchainthatplaysanimportantroleinimprovingthetrustbetweennodesinthenetwork.Tooperateadistributedledgercalledblockchain,networkpeersmustprovidethefollowingfunctionalities:walletservice,storage,routingandmining.Thekeysusedtoordertransactionsareprovidedbythewalletservice.Storageisusedtokeepthecopiesofthechaininthenode.Routingfunctionalityisusedforblockandtransactionpropagation,whileminingfunctionalityisresponsibleforcreatingnewblocksbysolvingthecryptographicpuzzleforProofofWorkminingschemes.Onceaminersolvesthiscomplexcryptographicproblem,itpublishesthenewblockinthenetwork.Peersofthenetworkverifiesthisnewblockbeforeaddingittotheblockchain.However,severalblockchainmodelsexistwithdifferentimplementationdesigns,andeachhassomeprosandcons.BlockchainhasmanypotentialintheseveralfieldlikeDronesystem

1

,ArtificialIntelligence

2

,FogComputing

3

,votingscheme

4

,supplychainmodel

5

,healthcare

6

,Fakenewsidentification

7

,ForestallingPandemics

8

,DigitalRightsManagementSystem

9

etc.However,themajorconcernwiththeintegrationofblockchainandIoTisscalabilityandthroughputissues.TheinitialblockchainusedfortheBitcoinnetworkusesaProofofWork-basedminingsystemwithverylowthroughputandveryhighenergyconsumptionandcannotbeusedforotherapplications.However,severalotherup-gradesofblockchainallowhighthroughputbutaremostlysuitableforasmallnetwork.Itishardtoscalethemforalargenetwork,andthereforeanetworkconsistofalargenumberofIoTdevicesishardtoimplement.Anotherissuewithblockchainisstoragecapacitythatisdeeplyquestioned.Thechainiscontinuouslygrowing,andinevery10minutes,thechaingrowsitsstoragewith1MBperblockinBitcoin.Thecopiesofthischainstoredindifferentnodesacrossthenetwork.Asthechaingrows,thesenetworksrequiremoreandmoreresources.Blockchainhasmainlyfourimportantcomponentsthatareasfollows:

DistributedLedger:Blockchainusesadistributeddatabaseandnodesinthenetworkusetheledger’sreplicatedcopy.Duetothisdistributedproperty,blockchainisimmutable,andthereforeinformationismuchsecured.Thenewblockscontaininginformationareonlyaddedinthenetworkwhenverifiedbythenetwork’smajorportion.

SmartContract:Blockchainalsousesthesmartcontractconcept,whichreferstoaprogramorprotocolthatallowsthecontracttobeautomaticallyexecutedusingsomepredefinedconditions.Majorblockchainsystemsnowuseasmartcontract,andthepioneerblockchainsystemthatusedthisconceptwasEthereum

10

.Hyperledger

11

,ablockchainprojectthatallowscompaniestoimplementtheirsystem,alsousessmartcontracts.

Security:Datablocksareconnectedbyusingsomehashfunction.Changingdataintoasingleblockwilldisturbthehashsequenceofthechain.Therefore,itispracticallyinfeasibletochangethestoreddata.

Consensus:Everyblockchainhassomeconsensusalgorithmthatallowsnodestoagreewithacertaindecision.Theseconsensusplaysanimportantroletoaddnewblocksinthenetworkundercertainrulesandagreements.

InternetofThingsrepresentsanetworkconsistofvariouselectricalandelectronicdevicesthatinteractwitheachotherbyusingsomechannelliketheinternet.Severaltechnologies,suchasradiofrequencyidentification(RFID),sensornetworks,andnearfieldcommunication(NFC),areusedtoconnectthenetwork.However,certainissuesorlimitationsareavailablewiththeseIoTdevicesandneedtobeaddressed,suchas:

Latency:TheIoTdevicesusednowadaysarelatencyissuesthatrefertodatatransferdelay.Insomecases,latencydoesnotmakemuchdifferencelikecommandgiventowashingmachineorthermostat,butinsomecases,likeanautomatic

carorsatellite,thishighervalueoflatencymaycauseseriousproblems.

Privacy:IoTdevicesproducealargeamountofdatatransmittedthroughachannelandstoredsomewhere.Tostoresuchdata,theuserhastobelieveinthirdpartyproviders,andtherefore,dataleaksatsomepointarepossible.

Security:IoTdevicesareresource-constrained,andtheyhaveverylowcomputationalpowerandmemory.SomewellstandardencryptionalgorithmslikeAESdonotfitwiththem,andthereforethesedevicesrequiredsomelightweightencryptionschemes.

Storage:MillionsofIoTdevicesproducesamassiveamountofdatainreal-timethatisnoteasytostoresomewhere.AsingleblockinaBlockchainonlystorestransactions,andthesizeofitisgenerally1-2MB,andthereforethisissueisthemainbottleneckintheintegrationofIoTdeviceswithblockchain.

Contribution

ThefirstpartofthepaperpresentsthemainchallengesofintegratingblockchainandAIwith5G-enabledIoTdevices.IoTdevicesproducebillionsofdatainasecond,whilemajorblockchainprotocolshaveslowthroughputandnotscalabletodealwiththesesmallIoTdevices.ThispapersolvesthenetworkscalabilityissuewiththehelpofBlockchainDistributedNetwork(BDN)andslowthroughputissuewiththeRaftConsensusalgorithm’shelp.Theotherissues,suchasprivacyandanonymity,canbesolvedusingZero-KnowledgeProof.WealsopresentedseveralapplicationsofsuchcombinedtechnologiesinHealthcare,SupplyChain,SmartHome,etc.

Outline

Section

2

describesthepreliminaryofblockchainwherewediscussedthearchitectureofblockchain,typesofblockchainandseveralconsensusalgorithms.Section

3

andsection

4

describestheapplicationofblockchainin5Genabledindustrialautoma-tionsuchasinHealthcare,SmartHome,SupplyChain,IndustryandE-Voting.Section

5

givesdetailedinformationaboutthechallengesofintegratingblockchainwithIoT.Thesechallengesarestorageandthroughputscalability,privacyandanonymity,networkscalabilityetc.Section

6

givesthesolutiontothesechallengesmentionedbefore.ThesesolutionsarebasedonusingBlockchainDistributionNetwork(BDN)thatimprovesthenetworkscalabilityissuesandusingRaftconsensusthatprovideshighthroughput.Toremoveprivacyandanonymityissues,ZeroKnowledgeProofisused.Finally,section

7

givestheconclusionofthiswholework.Table

3

showsthereviewofrelatedliterature.

PRELIMINARYOFBLOCKCHAIN

Blockchainisdistributedledgertechnologyinitiallyusedforcrypto-currencyBitcoin

22

.Ithasattractedthewholeworldinthepastfewyearsduetoitstransparentanddistributedbehaviour.VariousnodesofthepeermaintainaDistributedLedgerTechnologytopeernetwork.Theessentialfeaturesofblockchainaresecurity,scalabilityanddecentralization.Though,todate,onlytwoofthemcanbetrulyachievedbyblockchaintechnology.Theconceptofachievingtwooutofthreeiscalled“TheBlockchainTrilemma".Ontheonehand,“Decentralization"isthemostcommonwordthatisusedinblockchaintechnologyresearch,butontheotherhand,thisisalsoperhapsthemostpoorlydefinedword.Centralizationanddecentralizationaremostlyrelatedtothelevelsofcontrolofthesystem.Inacentralizedsystem,thesystemcontrolisgiventooneentity,whileinthedecentralizedsystemcontrolissharedamongvariousentities.Whenwetalkaboutdistribution,itreferstothelocationdifferences,i.e.allpartsofthesystemdonotexistinthesameplacebuthaveadifferentphysicallocation(Forallthreetypes,seeFigure

1).

Thebitcoinblockchainisdecentralizedaswellasdistributedledgertechnology.

Theblockchainisorganizedintoachainofblocksthatcontainsinformation.Severalblockscanbeaddedtoblockchainbutfollowanappend-onlystructure.OtherdatastructuresinablockchaindonotfollowchainrulesandrepresentedintheformofaDirectedAcyclicGraph(DAG);however,theyarenotverypopular.Nowadaysblockchainisverypopularinvarious

Author Description YearMerits

Skoubyetal.

12

Authorsproposeda4-layerframeworkthatcombinessmartcities,smarthomesandInternetofThingsdevices.

2014Theframeworkusessmarttechnologiessuchas5GandAI(ArtificialIntelligence).

Marcoetal.

13

Inthisdigitalera,mobilenetworksareconnectedwitheverythinglikecloudresources,sensors,vehiclesandevenrobotics.Theauthorspresentedusecasesandtechnologiesof5Gnetworks.

2019Authorsdiscussedtechnologiesthatevolvewirelessnetworkstowards5Gnetworks.Papersummarizestheusecases,potentialsandmainchallengesofenablingtechnologies.

Nguyenetal.

14

presentedastateofartsurveyaboutblockchainfor5Gandbeyondnetworks.Authorsexploredopportunitiesofblockchainin5Gnetworksandpresentedextensivediscussionsbasedonliteraturepapers.

2019PaperalsodiscussedseveralchallengesofintegratingIoTandblockchainandhighlightedthemotivationtointegratethe5Gnetworkwithblockchain.

Liuetal.

12

AuthorsproposedEthereumblockchain-basedsecuresharinganddatacollectionframework.

2019Thewholesystemcanprovidestrongresistanceagainstdatabaseattacks.Thesystemhashighsecurityduetotheuseofblockchainfunctionality.

Shenetal.

15

Authorsproposedaprivacy-preservingsecuresupportvectormachine(SVM)thatisbasedonblockchain.

2019TheproposedsystemtackledtheissuesofdataintegrityanddataprivacyusingsecureSVM.

WUetal.

16

AuthorsdevelopedanApplication-AwareConsensusManagementframeworktoenhancetheflexibilitybetweenInternetofThingsandBlockchain.

2020Currentstaticconsensusmanagementcannotprovideintelligentconfigurationcapabilities,andtheproposedsystemresolvethisissue.

Hewaetal.

17

Authorspresentedapaperabouttheroleofblockchainin6Gwhereauthorsbrieflydescribechallenges,oppor-tunities,andresearchdirectionsofintegrating6Genableddeviceswithblockchain.

20206Gwirelessnetworksdrivenbyheterogeneousandenormousdemandsofhyper-connectedexistenceofeverything.Thisarticlecanvassedandhighlightedtheblockchainroletomitigatesomeoftheissues.

Alsharifetal.

18

Authorspresentedanarticlethatdescribesthevision,challengesandpotentialsolutionsof6Gwirelessnet-works.Morespecifically,thepaperexploredthecriticalissuesandkeypotentialfeatures,includingresearchactivities,keyfeaturesandvision,challengesandspe-cificsolutions.

2020Thestudyshowskeyfeaturesandvisionsatfore-casting6Ginthefollowingdimensions:intelligence,energyefficiency,privacy,security,spectralefficiency,secrecy,affordability,andcustomization.

Mistryetal.

19

Inthispaper,authorspresentedasystematicreviewof5G-enabledIoTforindustrialautomation.Authorspresentedanapplicationofblockchainintheindustry,smartcity,healthcareandsupplychainetc.

2020Paperpresentsseveralissues,challengesandsolutionsof5G-enabledIoT.Acomparisonofexistingproposalsarealsopresentedalongwithvariousparameters.

Quetal.

20

Inthispaper,authorsdevelopedaD2CplatformthroughthecombineduseofblockchainandfederatedlearningforIndustry4.0.

2021Federatedlearningaddressesissuesofefficiencyandprivacy.Blockchainfacilitatespoisoning-attack-prooffunctionality.

Guptaetal.

21

Inthispaper,authorspresentedablockchain-basedsecuredronecommunication.

2021Theframeworkprovideefficientdronecommunicationsystemusingsmarttechnologiessuchas5GandAI.

TABLE1Comparisonofexistingliteraturewiththeproposedframework.

otherresearchareassuchas:electronicvoting

23

,supplychainmanagement

24

,Healthcare

25

,Digitalrightmanagementsystem

26

etc.Anotherimportantcomponentofablockchainissmartcontract.Smartcontractsareprogrammableapplicationsusedtoperformataskbasedonspecifictermsandconditionsautomatically.Thesesmartcontractsaresimilartotraditionalcontracts,butinsteadofrunningbycentralauthorities,theyareprogrammedtoperformthetaskitselfinadecentralizedframework.A

FIGURE1Centralized,DecentralizedandDistributed

generalarchitectureofthewholeblockchainsystemisdefinedinFigure

2.

Eachboxrepresentsseveraloptionstochoosebasedontherequirement.Theblockchainsystemcanbedividedintothreecategories(alsoseeTable

2):

SupplyChain

E-Voting

SmartHome

InternetofThings

Healthcare

DRM

ApplicationLayer

Ripple

Hyperledger

Ethereum

PlatformSoftwares

PoET

PoA

Ripple

PoW

PoS

pBFT

ConsensusLayer

Signature

Encryption

TimeStamp

Merkle

DataBlock

Hashing

DataLayer

Permissionless

Permissioned

BlockchainType

Mechanism

Verification

P2P

BloXroute

NetworkLayer

FIGURE2BlockchainArchitecture.

Publicblockchain:Publicblockchainaretreatedastrulydecentralizedblockchainswhereanynodecanmineorvalidatenewblocks.Publicblockchainstermedaspermissionlessasanynodecanjointhenetworkanddonotrequireanypermis-siontovalidatenewblocks.BitcoinandEthereumarefewexamplesofpublicblockchains.Thesetypesofblockchainsaredesignedtoallowalargenumberofparticipantsinthenetwork.Insuchatypeofblockchain,eachtransactionhasacertainprocessingfeeusedasanincentivetothenodeswhopublishtheblock.

Privateblockchain:Privateblockchainstermedaspermissionedandarenotlikepublicblockchainwhereanyonecanjointhenetworkandareallowedtominenewblocks.Theseblockchainsaresuitablesingleorganizationsorenterprisesolutionswhereblocksarepublishedbyonlyafewdelegatednodesfromthesamenetwork.Suchblockchaindoesnotrequireanytypeofprocessingfeeortokentopublishnewblocks.Organizationsmayrollbacktheblockchaintoanypointinthepast,andthereforetheseblockchainsarenotcompletelytreatedasdecentralized.Ripple

27

isacrypto-currencyandtreatedasaprivateblockchain.

Consortiumblockchain:Theconsortiumblockchainisakindofhybridblockchainwithsomeprivateandsomepublicblockchainproperty.Theseblockchainsarealsocalledthefederatedblockchain.Federatedblockchainsusepermis-sionednetworkbutinvolvemultipleorganizations.Theseblockchainsdonotposeanyprocessingfee.someexamplesofconsortiumblockchainsare:Hyperledger

28

,Quorum

29

etc.

Properties PublicBlockchainPrivateBlockchainConsortiumBlockchainAccess Public Restricted Restricted

Permissioned No Yes Yes

SystemThroughput Slow Fast Fast

Consensusparticipants Allnodes Anorganization MultipleOrganization

TABLE2Public,PrivateandConsortiumBlockchain.

Theotherimportantcomponentofablockchainisaconsensusmechanism.Thismechanismaimstoachieveconsensusinanyblockchainnetworkwherethenetworkparticipantsdonottrusteachother,andthenetworkdoesnothaveanycentralauthorities.Abriefintroduction(alsoseeTable

3)

ofafewimportantconsensusesareasfollows:

ProofofWorkThefirstconsensusprotocolwasProofofWork(PoW),aPermissionlessblockchain,seeninBitcoin.Inthebitcoinnetwork,anynodecanparticipatethenetworktopublishtheblock.Thenodeswhichcreateanewblockarecalledminers.Theseminerssolveacryptographicpuzzlethathascertaindifficulties.Tosolvesuchpuzzles,minersrequirealotofcomputationalpower

30

31

.Onceanodesolvesthepuzzle,itbroadcasttheirblocktothewholenetwork.Othernodesinthenetworkverifytheblock,andoncetheblockisaddedtotheblockchain,theminergetstherewardintermsofbitcoinandalsogetthetransactionfee.However,themajorissuewithPoWbasedconsensusisahighcomputa-tionalrequirementbythenodes,andthereforeenergyconsumptioninsuchcaseisalsoveryhigh.

ProofofStakeTheProofofStake(PoS)protocol

32

isalsoaPermissionlessblockchainwhereavalidatorreplacestheminers.Insteadofsolvingpuzzles,avalidatordirectlyaddsablocktothenetwork.Everyvalidatorshouldhaveastakeinthenetworkanddepositanamountintothesystem.Thevalidatorischoseninapseudorandomfashion.However,anodethathasmoreshareinthenetworkhasmoreprobabilityofbecomingavalidator.PoSprotocoldoesnotrequirehighcomputationalpowertomineanewblock,andthereforeenergyconsumptionisalsoverylow.ThereisnorewardinPoSbasedconsensus,butonlyatransactionfeeisgiventothevalidatorasanincentive.

PracticalByzantineFaultTolerance(pBFT)PracticalByzantineFaultTolerance

33

basedconsensusbelongstothepermissionedblockchainsystem.Therearealwayspossibilitiesofmaliciousnodesinthenetwork.Thenetwork’sabilitytoestablishconsensuswhenmaliciousnodessendthewronginformationtothenetworkiscalledByzantineFaultTol-erance(BFT).pBFTconsensusprovides33%ByzantineFaultTolerance,whichmeansiflessthan33%ofthenetworknodesaremalicious,insuchcase,thenetworkperformswell.

BlockchainSystem

Consensus

Permissionless

Smartcontractlanguage

Bitcoin

22

PoW

Yes

C++,Golang

Ethereum

10

PoS

Yes

Serpent,Solidity

Hyperledger

11

pBFT

No

Java,Golang

Ripple

34

Ripple

No

C++,Golang

IOTA

35

DAG

Yes

Java

ZCash

36

PoW

Yes

C++

Litecoin

37

PoW

Yes

C++,Golang

Quorum

29

QuorumChain

No

Golang

TABLE3Comparisonoffewknownblockchainsystems.

BLOCKCHAINUSAGEIN5G-ENABLEDSMARTINDUSTRIALAUTOMATION

Blockchainhasseveralindustrialapplicationsinthe5G-enablednetwork,whichincludesHealthcare5.0,Autonomousvehicles,Industry5.0,Supplychainmanagement,e-Voting,Smarthomeetc.Blockchainand5Gtogethercanbeusedtoimprovetheoverallperformanceandsecurityparametersdiscussedintheabovesections.Theapplicationofblockchainintheseindustrialnetworksisdiscussedasfollows.

Healthcare5.0

Thegrowthofthepopulationworldwidedemandsmoreenhancementinhealthcaretechnology.Remotehealthmonitoringbecomesmorepopularnowadays,whichuseswirelesshealthcareapplications.TheuseoftheArtificialIntelligence(AI)conceptandhigh-speeddatatransmissionandsmart,intelligentdevicessetabenchmarkintheHealthcareindustry.Nowadays,thehealthcaresectorisadoptingseveraladvancedInternetofThingsdevicestosupportremotepatientmonitoring.Thesedevicescanbedividedintofourtypes:

Wearablehealthmonitoringdevices,e.g.Fuelband,Fitbitetc.

Medicalwearabledevicesprescribedbydoctors,e.g.insulinpump.

Medicalembeddeddevicesthatcanbeimplantedinsidethebody,e.g.pacemakers

Stationarymedicaldevicescanbeusedanywhereatacertainphysicallocation,e.g.,chemotherapydispensingstationsforhome-basedhealthcare.

Electronichealthrecords(EHR)isacollectionofpatients’information,whilepersonalhealthrecord(PHR)isarecordofanindividualpatient.EHRallowsreal-timemonitoringofpatientsbyusingsharedpatientsmedicaldata.Dwivedietal.

38

,presentedapaperaboutdecentralizedprivacy-preservinghealthcaresystemfortheInternetofThingsdevicesthatusedblockchainasadistributedledgerforstoringhealthcareevents.Theauthorsproposedanoverlaynetworkbaseddistributednetworkthatusescloudserverstostorepatienthealthcarerecords,andthehashoftheclouddatawasstoredontheblockchain.Anychangesonclouddatacaneasilybedetectedasthehashofthedatawasstoredontheblockchain,andthereforechangingasinglebitinthecloudwillcauseadifferenthashvalueofthatdata.Theauthorsalsoproposedseverallightweightcryptographicalgorithmsforthefastimplementationofthenetwork.

SmartHome

InternetofThingsprivacyandsecurityisamajorchallengeduetothemassiveamountofdevicesusednowadays.Dorrietal.

39

presentedacasestudyofablockchainforIoTsecurityandprivacyusedinsmarthomes.Theauthorsproposedanoverlaybasednetworkandeliminatedtheproofofworkandconceptofcoins.Thenetworkconsistsofthreemaincomponents:smarthome,cloudstorageandoverlay.Anoverlaynetworkisalsoknownaspeertopeernetworkandusedfordistributednetworkarchitecture.Todecreasedatatransmissionandoverheaddelay,nodesaregroupedintoclusters,andeachclusterelectsaClusterHead(CH).Theideasinthepaperwerediscussedusingthesmarthomeasarepresentativecasestudy.Theauthorsalsopresented

theprivacyandsecurityanalysisofthesystem.ThesimulationresultshowsthatthemethodusedhaslessoverheadtothenetworkandmanageableforlowresourceIoTdevices.

SupplyChainManagement

Singhetal.

40

presentedasupplychainmanagementpaperbasedonthecombinationofblockchainandtheInternetofThingstopreventcounterfeitpharmaceuticalsandtomonitorthetemperatureofmedicin