新版GMAT写作讲义

GMAT写作讲义主讲：韦晓亮欢送使用新东方在线电子教材教材说明：本教材包括老师授课时的主要结构和文章，老师最后讲的题库题库请到官方网站下载1.个人著作《GRE作文大讲堂－方法、题目、剖析》GRE、GMAT所有班推荐作文用书《GRE作文大讲堂－方法、题目、剖析》2.什么是GMAT考试，都考些什么题型，各个题型都要做多少个题目，分数多少比拟合理。GMAT――GMAT〔GraduateManagementAdmissionTest〕普通管理工程、会计学、艺术管理、行为科学、经济学、财政、保健事业、国际贸易、信息工程学和工商管理

●GMAT考试总分值为800分

GMAT:分AWA,Quantitative和Verbal三局部,Quantitative:75分钟37个题,包括DS,PS两局部PS:ProblemSolving.DS:DataSufficiency,Verbal:75分钟41个题,包括CR〔逻辑〕,RC〔阅读〕,SC〔句子改错〕三局部CR:CriticalReasoning(逻辑),约有12个题。RC:一般会出四篇阅读，两长两短。SC:SentenceCorrectionAWA:analyticalwritingassessmentAA——analyticalargumentAI——analyticalissue分析性写作考试〔AWA〕的特点：a.重点考辩证的分析能力，而不是语言表达b.有题库，题目就在题库里出题库在下载3.各个局部之间的联系GMAT表达的尤为典型〔1〕GMAT写作之立论文―――GMAT阅读“几百年来，大多数国家的货币制度建立在金属硬币和打印的纸币的交换的根底之上。但是，因为最近技术的开展，国际共同体应该考虑将整个硬币和纸币的系统用存款和贷款的电子帐目系统取代。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。〔2〕GMAT写作之驳论文―――GMAT逻辑logic例如：充分必要条件逻辑在写作和逻辑中都是考查重点1．充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。

它是谁成立，谁一定也成立，比方A→B,如果A成立，那么一定有B

2．必要：所谓必要条件就是没有这个条件结果一定不对。4.GRE和GMAT几乎一样，表达在：Issue：过程与结果：GRE：118"Inanyfieldofendeavor—thesciences,thehumanities,thesocialsciences,industry,etc.—itisnottheattainmentofagoalthatmatters,butrathertheideasanddiscoveriesthatareencounteredonthewaytothegoal."在任何领域如科学、人文、社会科学、工业等，我们最大的收获在于达成目标的道路上的偶然发现，而不是获取目标本身。GMAT：10.“在任何企业里，制作或实现某件东西的过程比最终的产品重要多了。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。科技的开展：GRE：66"Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate."人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却被消弱。GMAT：20.“自动化的时代里，许多人抱怨人类变得屈从于机器了。但是，事实上，机器正不断改善我们的生活。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。政府是否要支持艺术：GRE：85"Governmentfundingoftheartsthreatenstheintegrityofthearts."政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的独立性。GMAT：22.“很明显，政府对支持艺术富有责任。但是，如果需要这个支持产生任何价值，政府必须对产生的艺术不加限制。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。公益事业与公共责任感话题：GRE：67"Collegesshouldrequirestudentstoengageinpublic-serviceactivitiesinordertoassurethateachstudentreceivesabalanced,well-roundededucation."学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育。GMAT：34.“所有的市民都应该被要求完成一定量的公共效劳。这样的效劳将不但从整体上给国家带来好处，也能给个人的参与者带来好处。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。历史话题：GRE：221"Thechiefbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistobreakdowntheillusionthatpeopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistory."研究历史主要的好处就是消除了人们这样的错觉：一个时代的人们与以前任何一个时代的人有显著的不同。GMAT：43.“学习历史的最重要的原因不是历史知识能使我们成为更好的人或者更好的社会，而是它可以给我们解决今天面对的社会问题提供线索。”

讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的因and/or例子来支持你的观点。5.一定的词汇量作GMAT写作和GMAT考试的保障6.GMAT写作评分标准7.GMAT的题库特点题库在下载〔1〕Issue题库：20.“自动化的时代里，许多人抱怨人类变得屈从于机器了。但是，事实上，机器正不断改善我们的生活。”37.“由于对现代社会来说，科学和技术正在变得越来越根本，学校应该投入更多的时间教授科学技术而减少艺术和人文的教育。”

40.“随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家的公民的角色更重要。”65.“跨国公司的兴起导致全球一体化。因为所有地方的人们都开始需要同样的效劳和产品，地区差异正迅速消失。”32.“你可以从一个国家的广告区分出它的思想。”85.“广告是最有影响力的，因此也是20世纪最重要的艺术成就。”45.“商务人员在长期内实现利润最大化的最有效途径是遵循最高标准的道德。”111.“最有效率的企业领导是保持最高道德标准的人。”136.“在商务课程中，教授只应该教授实际的知识和技术，而非道德。”〔2〕Argument题库:Argu8和argu10Argu14和argu46Argument局部一.Argument的写作特点二.Argument整体结构第一段：开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。第五段：结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。三.如何写开头段？

例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折〔总论〕

InthismemothevicepresidentofNature'sWayCNW),achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandhealth-relatedproducts,recommendsopeningastoreinPlamesville.TosupportthisrecommendationthevicepresidentcitesthefollowingfactsaboutPlainesville:(1)salesofexerciseshoesandclothingareatall-timehighs;(2)thelocalhealthclubismorepopularthanever;and(3)thecity'sschoolchildrenarerequiredtoparticipateinafitnessprogram.Closescrutinyofeachofthesefacts,however,revealsthatnoneofthemlendcrediblesupporttotherecommendation.四.开头段的小宝式写法〔C－E－F〕Merelybasedonunfoundedassumptionanddubious(suspicious)evidence,thestatementdrawsaconclusionthat_____.Tosubstantiate(support)theconclusion,thearguerpointsoutevidencethat_____.Inaddition,heindicatesthat_____.Furthermore,hecitestheresultofarecentsurveyinsupportofthisrecommendation.Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Inmypointofview,thisargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.五.如何写正文段六.如何写结尾段七.结尾段的具体写法Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiateitsclaimthat_____,becausetheevidencescitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto_____.Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat_____.Therefore,iftheargumenthadincludedthegivenfactorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogicallyacceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study：(1)ProcedureA.SelectivesampleB.QuantityofthesampleUnlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberofanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge_____generally.Thenumberofrespondents/samplesinitselfdoesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesampleincludedonly,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest.Orif_____,(1200)wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrenderstheresultofthesurveymeaningless.(2)ResultofthesurveyA.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfullness?B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?①攻击“无相比照值”Theargumenttellsusthat“many”(anumberof)_____.However,thespeakerfailstoindicatethepercentageof_____,sothisevidenceisfartoovaguetobemeaningful.②攻击“无绝对数值”Theauthorfailstoprovideinformationregardingtheabsolutenumberof____.C.RespondentsTherespondentsmustbestatisticallysignificantinnumberandrepresentativeoftheoverall_____.(3)Whoconductedthesurvey?Thesurveyorshouldbenonaligned/cross-becher.(4)Whenwasthesurveyconducted?Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlyhesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthatthesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstoindicatecurrentinterestlevels.2.SufficientEvidenceandNecessaryCondition(1)SufficientEvidenceTheargumentassumestoohastilythat____willnecessarilyresultinthebehaviorthattheargumentpredicts.Perhaps,_____.Moreover,____.ThefactthatAisnotsufficientforthepredictionthatB.(2)NecessaryConditionTheeditor’srecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthisassumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,including___or____,mightjustaslikelybethecauseofB.Tobespecific,_____.Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannotjustifiablyconcludethatonlyby____can____.3.CauseandEffectFallacies(1)NonsequiturThearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthat____andtheclaimthat____.Thisargumentisunacceptableunlessthereiscompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.Perhaps,forexample,____resultsfrom_____.(2)Posthoc,ergoproperhoc(afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis)Basedonthefactthat____occurredafter_____,theeditorinfersthat____shouldberesponsiblefor_____.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsufficetoprovethatearlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Imighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:____________----tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariossuchasthese,theeditorcannotestablishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetween______and_______uponwhicheditor’stherecommendationdepends.(3)ConcurrenceTheargumentobservesacorrelationbetweenAandB,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanationsforAorB.Forexample,_____.AnyofthesefactorsmightleadtoB.WithoutrulingoutallotherfactorsitisunfairtoconcludethatAisresponsibleforB.(4)ConfusethecauseandeffectItispossiblethatthemayorhasconfusedcausewitheffectrespectingtherecentdevelopmentsinOceanView.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincethemayorhasfailedtoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthat_____iscompletelyunwarranted.4.ChangingScopeFallacies(1)DifferentconceptsAthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.IfAisdefinedasB,thenhowC,isirrelevanttowhether____.Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionofA,itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.(2)WhatistrueforamemberisalsotrueforthegroupTheargumentresetsontheassumptionthat个体案例typifynationwide整体情况.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout____nationwide,itisdifficulttoassessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.(3)AssumingthatcharacteristicsofagroupapplytoeachgroupmemberOneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide(characteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup)statisticsabout_____appliesequallyto个体成员，Yetthismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps______;orperhaps______.Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat_____.(4)Average5.IncompleteThought(1)FailingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughlyInaddition,theauthorfailstoconsiderthepossiblenegativeimpactsbroughtaboutby.(2)ProfitTheauthor’conclusionthat_____isunwarranted.Profitisfactorofnotonlyrevenue,butalsocosts.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostsof_________,orothercostsassociatedwith________,willoffset,evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherpossibleoccurrence,suchasunfavorableeconomicconditions,mightprevent______frombeingasprofitableintheforeseeablefuturesastheargumentpredicts.6.Allthingsremainunchangedovertime(1)PastconditionsremainunchangedinthepresentandfutureTheauthorclaimsthat______,because_____.Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttime.Theassumptionisunwarrantedbecausethingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodsoftime.TherearelikelyallkindsofdifferencebetweenAandB.Forexample,A_______;however,B______.Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat______(2)PresentConditionswillremainunchangedintothefuture7.Vagueevidence8.Analogyandcomparison(1)FalseanalogyThearguer’srecommendationreliesonwhatmightbeapooranalogybetweenAandB.Theanalogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat______inbothAandBaresimilar.However,itisentirelypossiblethatA与B存在很大的不同.Inshort,withoutaccountingforimportantpossibledifferencesbetweenAandB,thearguercannotreasonablyprovetheproposedmethodwillhelpA_____.(2)Incompleteorselectivecomparison(3)ComparisonandVariation9.FalsedilemmaEvenassumingAisnotthereasonfortheB,theauthorfalselyassumesthattheBmustbeattributabletoC.This“either-or”argumentisfallaciousinthatitignoresotherpossiblecausesoftheB.Forexample,perhaps其他可能原因,orperhaps其他可能原因10.UnwarrantedAssumptionTheauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat______.However,noevidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Forexample,itismostlikelythat______.Therefore,theargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility.11.HastygeneralizationInaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifA,itdoesnotfollowthatB.ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtoB.Forinstance,__________.Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerningB.WithoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetoB,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat______.范文：48.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.“TheprofitabilityofCroesusCompany,recentlyrestoredtoprivateownership,isaclearindicationthatbusinessesfarebetterunderprivateownershipthanunderpublicownership.”BasedupontheprofitabilityoftheCroesusCompanyandthefactthatitwasrecentlyconvertedfrompublictoprivateownership,theauthorconcludesthatprivateownershipisbetterforbusinessesthanpublicownership.Ifindthisargumentunconvincingintworespects.Inthefirstplace,theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion.UnlessitcanbeshownthatCroesusCompanyisrepresentativeofallcompaniesthathaveconvertedfrompublictoprivateownership,theconclusionthatallcompanieswouldbemoreprofitableunderprivateownershipiscompletelyunwarranted.Infact,inthefaceofsuchlimitedevidenceitisfallacioustodrawanyconclusionatall.Inthesecondplace,theauthorassumesthatthereasonforCroesus’profitabilitywasitsconversionfrompublictoprivateownership.Thisassumption,however,isnotsupportedintheargument.IntheabsenceofevidencetosupportthisassumptionmanyotherexplanationsforCroesusCompany’sprofitabilityarepossible.Forexample,itssuccessmaybeduetothefactthatCroesushasfewcompetitorsorbecausetheproductorserviceitprovidesisunique,orbecauseithasanexceptionallyskilledmanagementteam.Inconclusion,thisargumentisunconvincing.Tostrengthentheconclusion,additionalexamplesofsuccessfulcompaniesthatconvertedfrompublictoprivateownershiparerequired.Additionally,theauthorwouldhavetoshowthatthereasonforthesuccessofthesecompanieswasthefactthattheywereprivatelyowned.Issue文章结构_________?Thediscussionofthisissueamongindividualsandinsocietyasawholehascomeintovogueduringthelastdecade.People’sopinionsaredivergentonsuchacomplexandcontroversialissue.Theauthordeclaresthat___,however,itoversimplifiesthisissue.Thefinaljudgment,inmypointofview,shoulddependonacase-by-caseanalysis.Firstandforemost,attheriskofsoundingtoosimplistic,mymainpropositionfor___canbesummarizedinonesayingthat___.Whatismore,Iapprovethestatementthat____withoutreservationsinrespectthat____.Asaconsequence,____.Let’sbringourdiscussionheretoamorepresentandpracticalcontext,itcanbegivenaconcreteexample:_____.Meanwhile,accordingtoarecentsurvey,itisestimatedthat____.Similarly,______.Fromapersonalperspective,anotheressentialfactorwhyIadvocate____involvestherealmof____.Noonecandenythat____.Movingontowiderthemes,____.Historyisrepletewithampleevidencetodemonstratethispoint.Anotablecaseinpointrefersto____.However,weshouldconcedethatdespitethemeritsof____mentionedabove,overextended___willbeindeedharmful.Theharmitproducesis,inmyview,bothpalpableandprofound.Fortheindividual,ithasadebasingimpacton_____;forthesociety,itmaypromotethetendencytoward_____.Tosuccessfullycurbsuchunfavorableblights,itisimperativeforustotakeseveralefficaciousstepsintoconsideration.Inthefirstplace,weshouldappealtotheauthoritytoworkoutrelevantregulationsto_____.Inthesecondplace,weshouldcultivateandenhancepeople’sawarenessthat_____.Inthethirdplace,_____shouldpourmoreinvestmentinto_____.Fromtheanalysesmadeabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat_____,notonlybecause_______,butalsobecause_______,butitdependson_________.写作必背单词和短语counterproductiveadj.产生相反效果〔结果〕的

e.g.Itiscounterproductivetobetootough:itjustmakesthestaffresentful.

seminaladj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的

e.g.intheseminalstate〔在萌芽状态〕||seminalthoughts||seminalprinciple〔根本原那么〕

forgov.放弃e.g.Thechoicetoforgohissecurityisalwaysavailable,althoughitmightcarryunpleasantuitionn.直觉e.g.Iwilltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumans.satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由

e.g.Inthefinalanalysis,governmentcannotphilosophicallysatisfyassistinglargecitiesforthepurposeofeitherpromotingorpreservingthenation'sculturaltraditions;norisgovernmentassistancenecessarytowardtheseends.resortto… 诉诸…

e.g.thereisnonecessitytoresorttoviolentactionssuchasdemonstration,riotorrebel.hingeon…以…为转移，靠…转动

e.g.Theclaimthatsociety’sdestinyhingesonhowchildrenaresocialized,whileappealinginsomerespects,isanover-statementatbest.lendsomecredenceto…提供支持

e.g.Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothisposition,bysuggestingthatthesedeterminingphysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup.dimensionn.大小；体积；程度；范围

e.g.Ididnotrealizethedimensionsoftheproblem.amountto…相当于；等于

e.g.Whatyousayamountstoadirectaccusation.inspirev.鼓励或鼓舞

e.g.Tobeginwith,learningaboutkeyhistoricalfiguresinspiresustoachievegreatthingsourselves---farmoresothanlearningabouttheconditionsofgroupsofvidenecessaryimpetusfor…给与…动力

e.g.Itisalmostalwaysakeyindividualwhoprovidethenecessaryimputesforwhatotherwisemightbeagroupeffort,asdiscussedbelow.paradigmn.样式；典范；范例e.g.educationalparadigmsobscurev.使阴暗；使朦胧

e.g.Generallyspeaking,then,undueattentiontotheeffortsandcontributionsofvariousgroupstendstoobscurethecauseandeffectrelationshipwithwhichthestudyofhistoryischieflyconcerned.nascentadj.初生的e.g.inanascentcondition/stage/state||anascentindustry/literature/artirrespectiveofwhether…无论如何

e.g.Whilewemustinvestinresearchirrespectiveofwhethertheresultsmightbecontroversial.drawadistinctionbetween…区分…e.g.Oneusefulapproachistodrawadistinctionbetweenpersonalmoralityandpublicmorality.catalystn.催化剂；刺激因素

e.g.circumstanceoftenservesasacatalystforvison.限制性条款；〔附带〕条件

e.g.Asidefromthetwoforgoingprovisos,however,Ifundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.proceeding n.行动,进行,会议录,学报e.g.legalproceeding||governmentalproceedingsthwartv.反对；阻碍；挫败

e.g.thegovernment’sstrategiesforthwartingspecificplansofaninternationalterroristoradrugtrafficker.unprecedentedadj.空前的，史无前例的e.g.thesocietyischangingataspeedwhichisquiteunprecedented.inexorableadj.不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的e.g.Factsareinexorable||theinexorablemarchofsciencetakeprecedenceover…居先于…;优先于…

e.g.Thisinterestmighttakeprecedenceoverthehistoricvalueofanoldstructurethatstandsinthewayofaparkingstructure.serveasasubstitutefor …取代…

besupercededby代替；取代

e.g.Pragmaticbehaviorguaranteessurvival,whereasidealisticviewstendtobesupercededbysimpler,moreimmediateoptions.emergefrom…源自于：〔ineveryageandculturesomeworthwhileartandliteratureemergesfromthemediocrity.〕名人

notablefigures

celebrity

elite

personality〔televisionpersonalities〕普遍；普及

prevailingadj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的〔theprevailingviewinWesterncorporateculture||prevailingprinciple〕灌输；教育

instill v.〔Courtesymustbeinstilledinchildhood||Moralitymaybeinstilledintotheirminds〕

inculcatev.〔inculcatetheyoungwithasenseofduty.〕

impart v.〔Agoodteacherimpartswisdomtohispupils.〕

foster v.养育,抚育,培养,鼓励〔Frequentculturalexchangewillcertainlyhelpfosterfriendlyrelationsbetweenourtwouniversities.||detectandfosterartistictalent.||tofosteraninterestinmusic〕

nurturev.养育,给与营养物,教养〔Whilethespeakermightoverlookthebenefitsofnurturingcertainemotionsandfeels,onbalanceIagreethat…〕假设干重；假设干刃

adouble-edgedsword双刃剑

e.g.Thistypeofadvertisementcanbeadoubt-edgedsword,whentheproductdoesnotmaketheperson“belike”thepersonintheadvertisement,therecanbedisappointmentanddisillusionmentwiththeproduct.

atwo-edgedweapon双重武器

e.g.Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil.

twofold/threefold/manifoldadj.双重/三重/多种

e.g.Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseri