专业英语词汇小结

WaterSupply给水twomajorsources两大主要水源:surfacewater地表水、groundwater地下水composition组成:collection收集、purification净化、transmission传输、distribution分配MixingandFlocculation混合和絮凝=Coagulation混凝SedimentationorClarification沉淀或澄清FiltrationandBackwashing过滤及反冲洗Disinfection消毒常用化学药品：activatedcarbon活性炭、chlorine氯、chlorinedioxide二氧化氯、alum明矾、potassiumpermanganate高锰酸钾flexibility加药的灵活性：pre-intermediate-post-chlorination前、中、后氯化ProcessesforWaterTreatmentSludges污泥处理流程：storage储存－chemicalconditioning化学调节、thickening浓缩－mechanicaldewatering机械脱水－airdrying空气干燥－disposal处置、chemicalrecovery化学回收DistributionSystemConfigurationandAnalysis配水系统的构造与分析WastewaterTreatment污水处理WaterPollutantsandTheirSources污染物及其来源1、pointsources点源：domesticsewage生活污水industrialwaste工业废水municipalwastewater城市污水nonpointsources非点源：stormwater雨水urbanandruralrunoff城市和农村地表径流2、污染物：1)oxygen-demandingmaterial耗氧物质：DO溶解氧aquaticlife水生生物2)nutrients营养物：nitrogenandphosphoruseutrophication富营养化3)pathogenicorganics致病微生物：bacteria细菌、viruses病毒、protozoa原生动物4)totalsolids总固体：suspended悬浮态、dissolved溶解态、colloidal胶体态5)salts盐类：chlorides氯化物、carbonates碳酸盐nitrates硝酸盐sulphates硫酸盐6)heavymetalsandtoxicorganiccompounds重金属和有毒有机物：lead铅mercury汞Cadmium镉Chromium铬Arsenic砷zinc锌copper铜pesticides杀虫剂herbicides除草剂7)heat热WastewaterCollectionSystems污水收集系统combinedsystem合流制2、separatedsystem分流制sanitarysewers污水管stormsewers雨水管污水处理四类方法：1、物理法physicalmethods：格栅screen、沉砂desilting、重力沉淀gravitysettling、2、化学法chemicalmethods：混凝coagulation、中和neutralizaion、氧化oxidation、还原reduction、化学沉淀precipitation、软化/除硬度softening、淡化/除盐desalination、消毒disinfection3、生物法biologicalmethods：好氧的aerobic、厌氧的anaerobic、兼性的facultative悬浮的suspended活性污泥法activatedsludgeprocess附着的fixed生物膜法biofilmprocess4、物化法physiochemicalprocess：吸附adsorption、离子交换法ionexchange、萃取法extraction反渗透reverseosmosis污水处理三个程度：1、一级处理primarytreatment：物理法/化学法除SS2、二级处理secondarytreatment：生物法除BOD3、三级处理tertiary/advancedtreatment：物理法/化学法除NP、色素等ConventionalWastewaterTreatmentProcesses传统废水处理流程1、preliminarytreatment预处理－primarysettling一沉－biologicalaeration生物曝气－secondarysettling二沉－wastesludgethickenanddewatering废污泥浓缩和脱水preliminarytreatmentunits预处理单元：coarsescreening粗格栅、mediumscreening中格栅、communition粉碎flowmeasuring计量、pumping抽水、gritremoval除砂、preaeration预曝气flotation气浮、flocculation絮凝、chemicaltreatment化学处理primarytreatmentunits一级处理单元：sedimentation沉淀30~50%SS4、secondarytreatmentunits二级处理单元：activated-sludgeprocesses活性污泥法、biologicalfilmprocesses生物膜法5、sludgedisposal污泥处置处理：withdrawal抽取－holding集泥－thickening浓缩－anaerobicdigestion厌氧消化－mechanicaldewatering机械脱水－airdrying空气干燥—处置：landfill填埋、incineration焚烧微生物生长曲线三阶段：growthcurve对数增长期logarithmicgrowthphase、减速生长期declininggrowthphase、内源呼吸期endogenousrespirationphaseActivatedSludgeProcesses活性污泥法处理对象：domestic生活污水、biodegradableindustrialwastewater可生物降解的工业废水2、conventional传统—modified改进的：extendedaeration延时曝气法high-rateaeration高负荷曝气法stepaeration阶段曝气法contactstabilization接触稳定法oxygen-activatedsludge纯氧曝气法sequencingbatchreactor序批式反应器SBR3、重要参数parameters参数、typicalvalue经验值：BOD生化需氧量、COD化学需氧量、MLSS混合液悬浮固体、MLVSS混合液挥发性悬浮固体、volumetricloading容积负荷、food/microorganism食物（有机物）/微生物之比、detention/retentiontime停留时间、dailywastesludgeflow废污泥日流量BiologicalFilters生物滤池（tricklingfilters滴滤池）1、微生物组成：bacteriaprotozoafungi真菌sludgeworm蠕虫、filter-flylarvae池蝇幼虫、rotifer轮虫、algae藻类2、组成：filtermedia滤料、underdrainsystem排水系统、rotarydistributor旋转布水器材料：durable耐久、insoluble不溶、resistanttospalling

抗压syntheticmedia合成介质3、缺点：plug堵塞reoxygenation复氧（困难）anaerobiosis厌氧作用foulodors臭味改进biologicaltowers生物滤塔、rotatingbiologicalcontactors生物转盘AnaerobicTreatment厌氧处理1、对象：municipalwastewatersludge

城市污水处理后的剩余污泥、high-strengthorganicwaste高浓度有机废水2、三阶段反应three-stagereaction:1)SS—hydrolysis水解—soluble2)acidformer产酸菌volatilefattyacid挥发性脂肪酸3)methaneformer产甲烷菌methane3、环境条件要求：pHandalkalinityrequirementspH和碱度要求toxicity毒性nutrients营养好氧COD:N:P=100:5:1厌氧COD:N:P=100:1:0.2temperature温度mesophilic中温的thermophilic高温的methanogens产甲烷细菌mostsensitive最敏感acclimation驯化厌氧反应器anaerobicreactors1、悬浮生长系统suspended-growthsystems：anaerobiclagoon厌氧塘、anaerobiccontactor厌氧接触池、anaerobicupflowblanket厌氧上流式污泥床2、附着生长系统fixed-growthsystems：anaerobicupflowfilter厌氧上流式滤池、anaerobicdownflowfilter厌氧下流式滤池、anaerobicfluidizedbed厌氧流化床AdvancedWastewaterTreatment高级废水处理NitrogenRemoval除氮生物法：nitrification/denitrification硝化/反硝化NH4++2O2==NO3-+H2O+2H+2NO3-+organicmatter==N2↑+CO2+H2O化学法：NH4++OH-==NH3↑+H2O加碱如LimePhosphorusRemoval除磷化学法：FeCl3FePO4Al2(SO4)3AlPO4Ca(OH)2Ca5(PO4)3OH生物法：厌氧聚磷、好氧释磷SludgeStabilization污泥稳定theyareaestheticallydispleasing感观令人不愉快：odorandputrescibility气味和腐败性theyarepotentiallyharmful有潜在危害：pathogenicorganisms致病微生物theyhavetoomuchwater含有大量的水2、稳定方法：aerobicdigestion好氧消化anaerobicdigestion厌氧消化3、aerobicdigestion好氧消化:endogenousrespirationphase内源呼吸期4、anaerobicdigestion厌氧消化:biochemistry生物化学原理Fig3-11Page166primarydigester一级消化池:covered加盖、heated加热35C、mixed搅拌secondarydigester二级消化池:notheatedandmixed、floatingcover—storageofgas、concentratingsludge设计：solidsloading固体负荷气体产量：T温度、solidsloading固体负荷、solidsvolatility固体挥发性mesophilic中温消化35thermophilic高温消化45sterilization灭菌pathogenviability致病菌存活能力SludgeDewatering污泥脱水1、sand(drying)beds沙床、污泥干化床：原理：seepage渗透、evaporation蒸发mechanicaldewateringprocesses机械脱水工艺beltfilter带式压滤机pressurefilter板框压滤机vacuumfilter真空过滤机centrifuge离心机AirPollutionandControlTechnologies大气污染及其控制技术AirPollutantsSourceandEffect大气污染物来源及其影响1、分类：(1)primaryairpollutants一次：directemissions直接排放的secondary二次：chemicalinteractions反应生成的(2)particulatematter颗粒物如PM2.5、aerosol气溶胶gaseouspollutants气态污染物2、来源sources多样性diversity3、常见大气污染物：carbonmonoxide、carbondioxide――greenhouseeffect温室效应sulfuroxides硫氧化物nitrogenoxides氮氧化物particulatematter颗粒物lead铅等重金属hydrocarbon烃dioxin二恶英PAH多环芳烃TreatmentofAirPollutants大气污染物治理particulateairpollutants去除颗粒状污染物，除尘settlingchamber重力沉降室 cyclone旋风除尘器 centrifugalaction离心力 bagfilter布袋过滤器 entrapmentandsurfaceforces卷捕和表面张力adhere粘附 impingementandBrowniandiffusion撞击和布朗扩散 wetscrubber湿式洗涤器 electrostaticprecipitator静电除尘器3、gaseousairpollutants去除气态污染物absorb吸收 adsorb吸附 catalyticcombustion催化燃烧4、SOxreducingemissions:1)changetolow-sulfurfuel改用低硫燃