英语词汇学复习要点

填空、选择、判断等：Featuresofword:1、aminimalfreeformoflanguage2、asoundunity3、aunitofmeaning4、aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceClassificationofEnglishwords:nativewordsandborrowedwords.Meaningandconcept:meaningiscloselytoaconcept.Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword.Awordisusedtolabelaconcept.TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:1、Easternsets:Balto-slavic,Indo-Iranian,Armenian,Albanian2、Westernsets:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic,Hittite,TocharianAffixes:theaffixisacollectivetermforatypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Theymaybedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes.Roots:rootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Stem:isofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology.Base:isanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;itmayalsobedefinedasaformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied.Backformation:isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.Reduplication:isaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofthesameelementwithlittleornochange.Wordsmakethiswayareknownasreduplication.Abbreviation(shortening):Initialisms:arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.Acronyms:arewordsformedfromtheinitialletterofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Clipping:isacommonwayofmakingawordbyshorteningorclippingalongerword.Metaphor:isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.Metonymy:isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes.Synecdoche:synecdochemeansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.Analogy:isaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords.Morphologicalmotivation:compoundsandderivativesaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.Oftenwhenoneknowsthemeaningofthemorphemesorbases,onecandeducethemeaningofthewords.Semanticfeatures:Thelinguisticmeaningofawordisthesetofabstractedcharacteristicnecessarytodistinguishthecategorywhichthewordnamesfromallothercategories.Theseabstractedcharacteristicsareknownassemanticfeatures.Kindofsynonyms:1、completesynonyms:arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning.2、relativesynonyms:arewordssimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadeofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.名词解释：Synonym:isatermusedinsemanticstorefertoamajortypeofsenserelationbetweenlexicalitems.Lexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferentinmorphemicstructurephonologicalformandusagearesynonyms,andtherelationshipbetweenthemisoneofsynonymy.Antonym:theterm"antonymy"isusedfor"oppositenessofmeaning";wordsthatareinoppositionareantonyms.Homonymy:aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundandspelling.Conversion:isalsocalledzeroderivation,itisaword-formationprocessbywhichawordischangedfromonepartofspeechintoanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Composition(compounding):isaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.Wordsformedbycompoundingarecalledcompounds.Blending:isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Euphemism:inEnglish,therearethingwhichareconsideredastabooandspecificunpleasantnesswhichrelatedtosuchthingsasaccidents,illness,death,excretionandsex.Peopletendtoavoidmentionthemdirectlyandtalkabouttheminaeuphemismway.Theytrytoemploypleasanttermstoexpresstheidea.Thereisasemanticchangeinvolvedastheexpressionsusedoftenhavelittletodowiththereferents.Vocabulary:referstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.简答：Affixation:Affixationisakindofderivation.Itisthemorphologicalprocesswherebygrammaticalorlexicalinformationisaddedtothebase.Awordthusmadeiscalleda"affixation".Englishaffixedarecanbedividedintoprefixandsuffix.Affixedthatcomebeforetherootarecalledprefixes,thosethatcomeaftertherootarecalledsuffixes.Mostprefixes,whenaddedtowords,effectachangeinmeaning,butwithoutconvertingoneword-classtoanother.Someprefixeshavetheeffectofconvertingoneword-classtoanother.Somesuffixes,whenaddedtowords,cantransformoneword-classtoanother;othersmerelymodifywithoutconverting.Hyponymy:Therelationshipofsemanticinclusioniscalledhyponymy,superordinateandhyponym(subordinate).Hyponymyreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweengeneralandspecificlexicalitems.(betweenthegenusandthespecies).Thelatterisincludedintheformer.Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinateortheupperterm,andthespecificitemiscalledtheHyponymorthelowerterm.Forexample,thecatisahyponymofthesuperordinateanimal.Thesuperordinateandthehyponymarerelativetoeachother.Forexample"animal"isasuperordinateof"cat",butitcanbeahyponymof"living".Changeofmeaning:meansthealterationofmeaningandthegenerationofnewmeaning.1)causeofchanging:①historicalreasons②socialreasons③classreasons④psychologicalreasonstypeofsemanticchange:1、Generalization:isatermofLatinoriginreferringtothestretchingofmeaning.2、Specialization:isatermofLatinoriginreferringtoshrinkingofmeaning.3、Elevation:themeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorablemeaning.4、Degeneration:themeaningofawordnarrowstowardanunfavorablemeaning.5、Theuseoftheabstractfortheconcreteorviceverse:istheapplicationofthenameofaqualitytoaperson.6、Commonwordsfrompropernames:theuseofapropernountoconveyageneralideaisknownasantonomasia.7、Transferenceofmeaning:theprocessbywhichthedifferencehasoccurredintheevelopmentofalanguage.dPolysemy:atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Theapproachestopolysemy:diachronicandsynchronicapproachDiachronically:therearetwokindsofmeaning①primarymeaning:referstowhatawordoriginallymeant②derivativemeaning:referstothemeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning.Synchronically:therearetwokindsofmeaning①centralmeaning:appearsatthecenterintheformofahub②secondarymeaning:itradiatesoutfromcentralmeaninglikethespokesofawheel.综述题：一、AmericanEnglish:AmericanEnglishcontainsarchaicfeaturesofthelanguagewhichhavedisappearedinEnglishitself.thecharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish:㈠Theconservativenessandcreativenessinusage.AmericanEnglishischaracterizedbycreativityoringenuity,conversionofword-functionorpartofspeech.㈡Theverbosityandbrevityofexpression.㈢TheheterogeneousnatureoftheAmericanvocabulary:①Themeltingpot②Slang,jargonandcantDifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish:㈠differenceinpronunciation:wordstressandsentencestressareweakerinAmericanEnglishthaninBritishEnglish.㈡differenceinspelling:㈢differenceinvocabulary:Association:WordassociationcanbehandledintermsofsyntagmaticandparadigmaticRelationsbetweenwords.Therearefourparadigmaticrulesandtwosyntagmaticrulestoaccountforwordassociations.㈠Paradigmaticrules①Theminimal-contrastrule:theruleofchangingthesignofonefeaturebeginningwithbottommostfeature.②Thefeature-deletionandfeature-additionrules:thereareruleseitherdeletefeaturesfrom,oraddfeaturesto,theendofthefeaturelist.Deletionoffeaturesgenerally